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The "Correcting Names" talks about the relationship between the name and the content it refers to, and how the name should be formulated. This is one of the important chapters on the logic of language in ancient China. Xunzi believed that if the holy king formulated the name, things could be distinguished, the people could communicate, and the way of the holy king could be implemented. However, there are many people in society who make names without authorization, confusing the correct names, and making the people confused, so they have to write a "Correct Name Chapter" to correct it. Xunzi proposed that the name was conventional, and believed that the name was not fixed, and it was named after the appointment, and it was not appropriate to use a different name from the appointment, and the content of the name was not fixed, and the content of the appointment was named, so it was conventional. It also criticizes some heresies associated with the name.

22.1 The fame of the queen: the name of the criminal is from the business, the name of the lord is from the Zhou, the literary name is from the "Rite", and the addition of the scattered name to all things is from the vulgar song period of Zhuxia. The distant and vulgar land is connected by it.

Those who are scattered in people: those who are born are called nature. The sum of sexuality is born, the essence is inducted, and it is naturally called sex without doing anything. Sexual good, evil, joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure. Emotions but the heart for the choice of words. The mind can be moved by the hypocrisy.

Pondering and accumulating, being able to get used to it, and then becoming a hypocrisy. Righteousness is the thing that is said, and justice is the thing that is said. Therefore, those who know are in others are called knowing, and those who know are in harmony are called wisdom. Wisdom is the ability to be in the person, and the ability to have the ability to be said. Sexual injuries are called diseases, and festivals are called lives. It is the one who is famous, and the one who is famous after the king.

Literal translation:

Modern monarchs determine their names: the names of the criminal are modeled after the Shang Dynasty, the titles are modeled after the Zhou Dynasty, and the ceremonial ceremonies are modeled after the Book of Rites.

The names of all things are agreed upon by the customs and customs of the Central Plains and remote areas, and they rely on these names for communication. For human beings, what is innate is called sexuality. The harmony of nature and yin and yang, and the induction of the spirit into the external world, which arises naturally without human effort, is called sexuality.

The good, evil, joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness in nature are called emotions. Emotions are like this, and choosing them with the heart is called thinking. After thinking about it, people will act on it, which is called artificial. Long-term use of thought, often put into practice, and then can be successful, this is also called artificial. Do what is in line with your interests, this is called a career.

Doing what is morally appropriate is called virtue. Human beings are born with the ability to perceive things, which is called perception.

People gain knowledge through acquired efforts, and this is called wisdom. And the ability of human beings to deal with things is called instinct. This ability is appropriate to the thing to dispose of, and it is called talent.

When human nature is hurt, it is called disease. Accidental encounters are called fate. These names are all about the people themselves, and they are also the names determined by modern monarchs.

22.2 Therefore, the name of the king: the name is determined and the truth is discerned, the way is the way and the will is clear, and the people are cautious and consistent.

Therefore, if the analysis is good at making a name to correct the name, so that the people are confused, and many people distinguish lawsuits, it is called a great rape, and its crime is still a crime of conformity and measurement. Therefore, its people dare not use strange words to justify chaos, so its people are happy. It is easy to make, and easy to make it public.

Its people don't dare to use strange words to justify chaos, so they are careful to follow the order for the Tao.

If so, then the trail is long. The track is long, and the cure is extreme. It is the merit of keeping the name and covenant.

Translations

Therefore, if the king determines the names of things, and the names are determined, he can distinguish things clearly, and with the basic principles of making names, people can communicate their thoughts with each other, and then he must carefully guide the people to observe these names. Those who play with words, who alter names without permission, who confuse people, who confuse people, who cause many people to fall into non-arguments, are guilty of the same crimes as forgeries of symbols and weights and measures. The common people are very honest, and they do not dare to spread strange theories and disturb the correct name. Honesty is easy to rule, and easy to rule is effective. The common people do not dare to spread strange talk and disturb the correct name, so that they can concentrate on the law and follow the law.

Then the performance of the monarch will live forever and forever

If you save, you will achieve fame and fame, and the world will be governed, which is the effect of strictly abiding by the unified name.

22.3 Now that the holy king is not there, the name is slow, the strange words are rising, the name is confused, and the form of right and wrong is not clear, even if the law-abiding officials and the Confucianism who recites the number are also chaotic. If there is a king, some will follow the old name, and some will follow the new name. However, what is done is famous, and it is similar and different from the fate, and it is important to make a name, and it must not be ignored.

Literal translation:

Now, the wise sage king is gone, and the uniform name is no longer observed, strange theories have appeared, the relationship between name and reality has been confused, and the standards of right and wrong have not been clarified, so that even if the officials obey the laws and regulations, and the Confucian scholars are familiar with the rules and regulations, they are all confused. If a new holy king is created, he will take some of the old names and create some new ones. Since this is the case, everything must have a definite name, but the basis for formulating the name and the essentials of formulating the name must be understood.

22.4 Alien centrifugal metaphor, the name of the foreign body is real, the high and low are unknown, and there is no difference between the same and the different.

If so, then there will be unspeakable troubles in the will, and there will be the disaster of failure. Therefore, those who know for it distinguish the name to refer to the truth, the upper to the noble and the low, and the lower to distinguish the same and different. If so, there will be no trouble, and there will be no trouble. This is famous.

Literal translation:

Different people will have different opinions, so we should tell each other, different things are mixed together, there will be no distinction between high and low, the same and different. In this way, there will be evils, the minds will not be able to understand each other, and things will get into trouble and be abandoned. Therefore, the Holy King gave names to all things to describe all kinds of things, to distinguish between the noble and the poor, and to distinguish the same from the different. Clarify the noble and the low, distinguish the similarities and differences, so that there will be no drawbacks in the exchange of ideas, and things will not be in trouble and cannot be done, which is why the Holy King determined the name.

22.5 But what is the reason for the similarities and differences?

All those who are of the same kind and sympathetic are also the same as the meaning of the heavenly officials, so the suspicion of the other is the same, so the name of the agreement is also the same period.

Shape, color, reason, different to the eye; voice, voice, voice, tone, strange sound, different to the ear; sweet, bitter, salty, light, pungent, sour, strange taste, different to the mouth; fragrant, smelly, fragrant, depressed, fishy, shameful, sprinkled, sour, strange smell, different to the nose; disease, nourishment, ě, heat, slippery, beryllium, light, heavy, different in shape; to say, therefore, joy, anger, sorrow, happiness, love, evil, desire, different to the heart. The mind is informed.

If you know something, you can know the sound because of your ears, and you can know the shape because of your eyes, but you will know it when you are a heavenly official.

If you don't know the five senses, and you don't know what the heart signs, then you don't know. This is due to the similarities and differences.

Literal translation:

In that case, on what basis distinguishes the similarities and differences in the names of things? Where all nations are the same, their senses are the same, and so is their perception of things. So, through various analogies, as long as they are generally similar, they can communicate with each other, which is why people communicate with each other and agree on common names for things. The eyes can distinguish the shapes, colors, and materials of things; the ears can distinguish the clear, mixed, and chaotic sounds, and the harmony of music; the mouth can distinguish between sweet, bitter, salty, light, spicy, sour, and all kinds of strange tastes; the nose can distinguish between fragrance, aroma, fragrance, richness, fishiness, shame, horse gas, ox gas, and all kinds of strange smells; the body can feel pain, itching, coldness, heat, lubrication, coarseness, lightness, and heaviness; and the heart can distinguish between comfort, suffocation, joy, anger, sorrow, happiness, hobbies, disgust, and desires. The mind can verify and know things. In this case, we can rely on the auditory organs to distinguish sounds, and the visual organs to distinguish the shape and size of things, but outside the mind, we must rely on the sensory organs to contact the perceived objects. If there is contact with a sensory organ but you can't recognize it, you can't verify it with your heart, but you can't say it, then there is no one who doesn't say it's unwise. That's why the names of things are similarities and differences.

22.6 Then follow it: the same is the same, the different is different, the single is enough to describe the single, the single is not enough to describe the both, the single and the two are not avoidable, although the same, it is not harmful. The different names of those who know different realities are also, so that those who are different from the reality have different names, and they should not be confused, and those who are different from the reality have different names. Therefore, although all things are numerous, sometimes they want to enumerate them, so they are called "things".

"Things" are also common names. By extension, there is a common, and there is no common, and then it stops.

Sometimes they want to enumerate it, so they are called "birds" and "beasts". "Birds" and "beasts" are also big aliases. Push it away, don't do it differently, and stop if there is no other. There is no fixed name, the appointment is fateful, the convention is appropriate, and the difference from the covenant is inappropriate.

There is no solid name, the appointment is true, and the real name is customary. The name is solid and good, and the path is easy but not brushed, which is called a good name. If there is a difference between the same state and the same place, and if there is a difference but the same place, it can be different. Those who are in the same form but are different places, although they can be combined, they are said to be two realities.

Those who change the state but have no difference but are different are said to be transformed, and those who are transformed but have no difference are said to be one reality.

The reason why this matter is confirmed is also certain. The pivotal point of this system is also. The fame of the queen must not be overlooked.

Literal translation:

Then, according to this distinction, the things are named: the same thing is given the same name, and different things are given different names; if a single name is sufficient to indicate it, a single name is used, and if a single name cannot be indicated, a compound name is used; and if there is no confusion between a single name and a compound name, it is used together, and even if they are used together, there is no harm. Since different things deserve different names, it is not permissible to give different names to different things. It's like the same thing has the same name.

Although there are many things, sometimes we want to summarize them all and refer to them collectively as "things". The concept of "thing" is the largest common name.

And so on if you give things a common name, then there will be a common name on top of the common name, and it will not stop until the common name can no longer be used. Sometimes it is necessary to summarize things in part, so they are collectively called "birds and beasts".

The concepts of "bird" and "beast" are the names that distinguish the most. Extend all the birds and beasts, and give them different names, and there will be differences within the differences, until they can no longer be distinguished.

The name of a thing is not inherently appropriate, but is named by a common agreement between people, and if it is conventional, the name is appropriate, otherwise, the name is inappropriate. The name is not born to mean something, but because of convention, people use this name to call this kind of thing, and when they get used to it, it becomes the name of this kind of thing.

Having an inherently good name, simple and clear without contradicting each other, is called a good name. It is possible to distinguish between things having the same shape but different entities, or having different shapes but the same entities, and the names of things having the same shape but different entities can be said to be two physical objects, although they can be combined with one name.

If the shape changes, but the substance is not different and becomes another physical object, it is called a change, and if the shape changes but the quality does not change, they are still the same physical object.

This is to examine the essence of things, which is the key to determining the name of things. Modern monarchs want to name things, and you can't help but understand it.

"Seeing insults is not insulting", "saints do not love themselves", "killing thieves is not killing people", this is confusing by those who use their names to make names.

The test is famous, and the practice can be forbidden. "The mountain is flat", "the lust is low", "the slaughter is not sweet, the big bell is not happy", this is confused by the use of reality, and the name of the person is also. The reason for the test is the same and different, and the tone of the test can be forbidden. "Instead of confessing", "there are cows and horses, not horses," this puzzles those who use their names to mess with the truth. If the name of the covenant is forbidden, it can be forbidden, according to what it has received, and contrary to its words.

　All heresies that deviate from the right path and are good at writing are all similar to those who are confused. Therefore, Mingjun knows the difference and does not distinguish it.

Literal translation:

"To be bullied is not to be humiliated", "A saint does not cherish himself", "To kill a thief is not to kill a thief" are all confusing the use of names to confuse names. Verify it by the name that has been formulated, and see which of these claims or the usual ones works, and this error can be banned. "Mountains and abysses are as flat," "people have few desires," "meat is not sweeter than ordinary food, and hearing music does not make people particularly happy," are expressions that confuse people by confusing the similarities and differences on the surface of the real thing. In this regard, it is only necessary to verify it according to the difference between the same and different things, and then see which of these statements is in accordance with the common statement, and then we can put a stop to this error.

"Arrows stop after a long time after they pass through a pillar" and "There are cows and horses, and it is said that cows and horses are not horses", these are confusing sayings that use the similarities and differences in the names of things to confuse the similarities and differences in the essence of things. In this case, it is possible to put a stop to this error by verifying it with the convention of making names, and by refuting the views that these people can accept, which he rejects. All kinds of heresies and fallacies created without authorization are similar to these three situations. Therefore, a wise monarch understands their differences, and does not argue with them.

　　It is easy for the people to unify their words and deeds with righteousness, but it is not possible to explain to them why.

22.8 The people are easy to use the Tao and cannot be with the common cause, so the Ming monarch is in power, the Tao is in the way, the Shen is life, the chapter is discussed, and the prohibition is punished. Therefore, the way of his people is also like a god, and he can distinguish between power and evil? Now that the holy king is not, the world is in chaos, treacherous words arise, and the gentleman has no power to come to him, and there is no punishment to prohibit it, so he also discerns it.

Literal translation:

Therefore the wise ruler rules them by power, guides them with righteousness, admonishes them with commands, makes them understand with speech, and renews them with criminal law. Now that the holy king is dead, and the world is in chaos, and treacherous remarks have appeared, and the gentlemen have no power to rule over them, and there is no criminal law to prohibit them, so debate has arisen.

22·9

Literal translation:

If you don't understand the real thing, you have to give it a name, and if you can't understand it, you can explain it, and if you can't understand it later, you can identify it through repeated arguments. Therefore, the exchange of views, the selection of names, the analysis and identification, and the explanation, the most important form in the use of names, are also the starting point of the great cause of the emperor. As soon as you hear the name of a thing, you know what it represents, and that's what the name does. Accumulating names to form articles is a combination of names. The use and coordination of the name are in line with the requirements, which is called mastery of the name. Names, which represent all kinds of things. Words are the combination of the names of different things to express a complete meaning. Argument and explanation is to analyze the names of different realities to explain the truth of right and wrong.

22.10 Those who are destined for the period are also used for discernment, those who discern and speak are also the image of the Tao of the heart, those who are also the workers of the Tao, and those who are the managers of the Tao. The heart is in line with the Tao, the words are in the heart, and the words are in the words.

Correct the name and expect, the quality and the metaphor, distinguish the difference but not, the inference but not the contradiction; listen to the text, distinguish the reason: to the right way and distinguish the adulterous, like the rope to hold the straight, so the heresy can not be chaotic, a hundred schools of thought have nothing to do; If you say yes, the world is right, and if you say no, you will be poor in vain: it is the argument of the saints. "Poems" said: "The wind and the horse, such as the Zhang, make the sound of the order." Brother and gentleman, the Quartet is the key. That's right.

Literal translation:

The naming is used for debate and commentary. Discernment and explanation is the expression of the mind's understanding of the Tao. The heart is the master of the Tao, and the Tao is the fundamental principle of governing the country. The mind is in accordance with the Tao, the explanation is in accordance with the mind, and the words are in accordance with the explanation, so that the names are correct and mutually agreeable, so that they can be adapted to the actual situation of things and facilitate mutual understanding, and they can distinguish different things without making mistakes, and deduce the categories of things without going against reason, so that when listening to opinions, they can conform to the law, and they can understand the reasons for things by analyzing them. Using the right way to discern evil is like using the rope and ink of a carpenter to measure the straightness. Therefore, heresies cannot disturb the right path, and there is no place to hide the fallacies of various schools. There is wisdom to listen to the merits of each doctrine in its entirety, without an expression of arrogance, and there is a measure that embraces each doctrine without boasting of virtue. If his doctrine can be put into practice, the whole world will return to the right path, but his doctrine will not work, so he will explain the right way and then go into seclusion, this is the argument of the saints.

The Book of Songs says: "The physique is humble, the ambition is high, the moral character is like Yugui and Yuzhang, the reputation is good, and the prestige is prestigious." The gentleman of harmony is a model for the people of the Quartet. That's what I said.

22.11 The festival of resignation is carried out, and the old and young are straightened out; taboos are not worthy of praise, and they cannot be resigned; they speak with benevolence, listen with learning, and discern with public hearts; they do not move the reputation of the people, they do not cure the ears and eyes of the spectators, they do not bribe the power of the nobles, and they do not favor the words of the propagators. Therefore, it can deal with the Tao without being second, spitting without taking away, benefiting without flowing, and being fair and despicable: it is the argument of the gentleman.

"Poem" says: "The long night is long, and the thoughts are always long." The ancients are not slow, the etiquette and righteousness are not ashamed, how can the words of compassion be compassionate?"

Literal translation:

Possessing the etiquette of humility, clarifying the order between the elder and the younger, not saying taboo words, not making wild and strange remarks, reasoning with a benevolent and righteous heart, listening to others with a good learning heart, and arguing right and wrong with a fair heart, not being swayed by slander and praise from the outside world, not embellishing words to confuse the ears and eyes of others, not giving away money to buy off the power of the noble, and disliking the words of those who spread heresies; such a person can adhere to the right path without half-heartedness, dare to insist on his own ideas without being coerced by external forces, speak fluently but not debauchery nonsense, and advocate just speech while despising vulgar and crude arguments。

The ancient poem says: "The night is so long, I often think about my mistakes." Don't dare to snub the teachings of the ancients, and don't violate etiquette and righteousness, why worry about others saying bad things about you?"

12 The words of a gentleman are refined, refined, and similar, and uneven. He is right, and he should be resigned, and he will be the one who is righteous. Those who are also famous and righteous are also the envoys of righteousness, and they are enough to communicate with each other.

Therefore, the name is enough to refer to the truth, and the words are enough to see the extreme, so it is abandoned. Those who are outside are said to be false, and they are abandoned by gentlemen, and fools take them as their own treasures. Therefore, the words of the fool are coarse and coarse, tsk but not classy, and they are scheming and boiling. He seduces his name, dazzles his words, and has no deep ambition. Therefore, the poor are endless, the hard work is fruitless, and the greed is nameless. Old. And the fool is the opposite. "Poem" said: "This is also the word.

Literal translation:

The gentleman's remarks are in-depth and subtle, close to human feelings, sophisticated, and lawful, which do not seem to be consistent on the surface, but in fact they explain the same truth from different angles. He made the name unerrable, the words appropriate, and did his best to express his thoughts. Those names and phrases are used to express thoughts, as long as they can communicate with each other.

Those things that are not in line with etiquette and righteousness are heresies. Therefore, as long as the name is enough to reflect the reality of things, and the words and sentences are enough to fully express the idea, it is fine. To deviate from this standard is to deliberately say those difficult and incomprehensible words, which are to be discarded by a gentleman, and yet a foolish person picks them up as his own treasure. So stupid people talk, flirtatious and rude, quarrelsome and disorganized, gossipy and noisy. They use all sorts of seductive names and charming phrases, but the content of his ideas is not very deep. Therefore, the endless pretense of various names and phrases fails to grasp the main idea, the effort is very large, but the result is very small, and the greed for fame does not get fame. Therefore, the words of the wise are easy to understand when they think about it, easy to settle down when they put it into practice, easy to establish themselves in their persistence, and to achieve something must be loved by the people and not hated by the people, but the foolish man is the opposite.

The Book of Songs says: "If you are a ghost, I will not be able to see clearly, and if your face is so ugly, people will see it clearly, and I am writing this good poem to expose your capricious face." That's the kind of person you're talking about.

Whoever treats the language and waits for the desire, there is no way to desire and is trapped in the desire. Whoever treats those who have few desires with words, and those who are trapped in many desires without abstinence. There is desire and no desire, heterogeneity, life and death, and non-chaos.

The number of desires, the number of differences, the number of feelings, and the non-chaos. If you want to get it, you can get it, but you can get it. If you want to get what you want, you will receive it from heaven, and those who seek it will receive it from your heart. The desires of heaven are subject to the number of hearts that are received, and the difficulties are also received by heaven. However, a person is born from the dead, and he wants to die instead of not wanting to live, and he cannot be born but can die. Therefore, if you want to pass it, you can't move, and your heart stops.

The heart can be reasonable, although there are many desires, ridicule and hurt in the cure? Therefore, the control of chaos lies in what the heart can do, and the death depends on the desire of love. I don't ask for where it is, but I want it to die, although I get it, I lose it.

Literal translation:

　　Anyone who talks about the principle of governing the country and wants to get rid of people's desires will not be able to guide people's desires correctly, but he will be trapped by them. Whoever talks about the principles of governing the country and wants to reduce people's desires by reducing them, there is no way to control them, but they will be trapped by them.

Having desires and not having desires are different types, the difference between life and death, but not the cause of national stability or turmoil. The desire to be more or less is not the same kind and is an inevitable phenomenon of human affection, and this is not the cause of national stability or turmoil. Human desires do not arise when what they want is possible, but those who seek to satisfy their desires always strive for what they want. It is in human nature that desires do not wait for what they want to be obtained, and those who pursue desires always start and work according to what he thinks is appropriate, which is governed by the heart.

Of course, the simple desires of man who are endowed by nature and are tempered by all kinds of inner concerns cannot be compared with the simple desires that were originally endowed by nature. However, if people want to live and die, they are not unwilling to live and are willing to die, but they think that they should die instead of stealing life.

So, sometimes the desire is very strong, but it doesn't exactly do it, and it's because of inner self-control. If the heart thinks that it is reasonable, then even if there are many desires, what harm will it do to the stability of the country! Sometimes the desire is not strong, but the action goes beyond the boundary, and this is due to the command of the heart. If the heart thinks that it is against reason, then how can the chaos of the state be stopped, even if there are few desires! Therefore, the stability and chaos of the state depends on whether the heart agrees with the reasonableness, not on the number of human desires. He did not explore the root cause of the country's chaos, but looked for the cause from a place where it didn't matter, even though he thought he had found the key to the chaos, but in fact he lost him.

　Sexuality is the nature of nature, affection, the nature of sexuality, and desire, affection. Seek what you want to get it, and love will inevitably be what you want. I think it can be done, and I know what I must do. Therefore, although it is a gatekeeper, you can't go if you want to, and you have sex.

Although he is the Son of Heaven, he can't get enough of it. Although the desire is inexhaustible, it can be close to it.

Although you can't go, you can ask for it. Although what you want cannot be exhausted, those who seek it are still close to it, and although you cannot go to what you want, you cannot ask for it, and those who worry about it want to be sparing. Those who are on the road are nearing the end of their advances, and those who retreat are seeking to be restrained, and there is nothing in the world.

Literal translation:

Human nature is innately created, human emotions are the essence of human nature, and desire is the reaction of emotions to external things. It is inevitable to pursue what you want to get and pursue it, and it is a wise necessity to think that you can get what you want and do it.

Therefore, even if it is an inferior person who is a gatekeeper, his desires cannot be removed, which is inherent in human nature. Even if it is the Son of Heaven, it is impossible for the desire to be completely satisfied. Although desires cannot be completely satisfied, they can be close to complete satisfaction, and although desires cannot be removed, the pursuit of desires can be controlled. Although it is impossible to completely satisfy desires, the person who pursues them can still be close to satisfying them; although desires cannot be removed and the desires pursued cannot be achieved, the desires that are pursued can be controlled. According to this principle, if you advance, you can get close to completely satisfying your desires, and if you retreat, you can control your pursuits, which is the best principle in the world.

15 No man shall go from what he may not do: he who knows nothing and does not follow the way, there is nothing. If there are people who want to go south and there are no widows in the evil north, how can they be the husband of the south, and go north from the south?

Now that people have not much to desire, and there is no evil for the widow, how can it be that the husband cannot do what he wants, and he will take what he is evil from the way of desire?

Therefore, it is possible to follow the way, and to make chaos by the loss of it? It is not possible to leave the way, and it is not possible to cure it by benefiting? Therefore, the knower is just talking about the Tao, and everything that Xiao Jiazhen says is declining.

Literal translation

As long as it is a human being, he does not follow what he thinks is right, and discard what he thinks is wrong. There is no such person who knows that there is nothing as good as the right path but does not follow the right path. If someone wants to go south, no matter how far the road is, he will go, and if he does not want to go north, no matter how close the road is, he will not go.

Is it possible that the man will go north because of the distance to the south? They don't want too much for what people want, and they don't want anything for what they hate. Do people give up the pursuit of their desires because they can't satisfy what they want, and go after what they already hate?

Therefore, what can be used to harm the righteous path and cause chaos in the country if it is in favor of the right path and follow it! What else can be used to increase it and make the country love and settle if they do not agree with the right path and follow it! Therefore, the wise man acts according to the right path, and the different opinions of the people are very little desired.

22.16 Whatever a mortal desires comes without tasting it, and he goes away without tasting the evil. Therefore, people are not moved and can not be without power: if the balance is not correct, the county is heavy on Yang, and people think it is light, and the county is light on the county, and people think it is heavy: this person is confused about the weight. If the power is not right, then the misfortune is entrusted to desire, and man thinks it is a blessing, and the blessing is entrusted to evil, and man thinks it is a curse: this is also why people are confused by misfortune and blessing. Those who are Taoist, the righteous power of ancient and modern times, deviate from the Tao and choose their own choice, and they do not know the blessing and misfortune.

Literal translation

　　Not everything people want can be obtained, and not everything that people want to throw away can be thrown away. Therefore, human action cannot be measured without a criterion. If it is not accurate, then the hanging heavy object will be raised up, and people will think that it is a light thing, and if the light object is lowered, people will think that it is a heavy thing, so people will be confused about the lightness and weight. If the criterion of man's behavior is not accurate, the calamity will be included in the things he pursues, but people will think that it is happiness, and happiness will be included in the things that he hates, but people will think that it is a calamity, and so people will be confused about the good and the bad.

Those who are the Taoist are also the righteous power of ancient and modern times, and if they deviate from the Tao and choose their own choices, they do not know the blessings and misfortunes. The one who changes, with one for one, people say: there is no gain and no loss, and one for two, people say: there is no loss and there is gain. With two for one, people say: There is no gain and there is mourning. The planner takes as much as he can, and the planner gets what he can. With two for one, people do not do, and the number is clear.

Coming out of the road, it is still one for two and two for one, and it is for the sake of mourning! Leaving the road and choosing oneself within is still two for one and one for one, and it is ridiculous! Its desire for a hundred years is easy to be suspected of a moment, and then for it, it is not known how many of them are numerous.

Literal translation:

The Tao is the correct standard for measuring things since ancient times, and if you deviate from the right path and choose by yourself at will, then you will not know where the good and the bad exist.

　　Exchange, if you exchange something for something, people will think that it is nothing to gain or lose. If one thing is exchanged for two things, people think that there is no gain or loss. If two things are exchanged for one thing, people will think that there is nothing to lose. Scheming people want to exchange less for more, and they follow what they approve of. No one wants to trade two things for one thing, because they all understand the stakes and the stakes. Acting according to the Tao is like taking one for two, and where is there anything to lose! Turning away from the right path and choosing at will is like taking two for one, and what is gained! Accumulating desires for a long time, which can only be exchanged for temporary satisfaction, and such things are still done, because he does not understand the benefits and disadvantages of it.

22.18 There are those who try to look deeply at the hidden things but it is difficult to perceive: those who are light on reason and do not pay attention to things, there is nothing, those who are heavy on the outside and do not worry about internal worries, there is nothing for those who deviate from reason without external dangers, and those who are dangerous outside but not afraid of inside, there is nothing.

If you are worried, you will not know the taste, you will hear the bell and drum but you will not know its sound, you will not know the shape of the eyes, and you will not know its safety. Therefore, if you can't ask for the beauty of all things, you can't leave it. Therefore, it is worried about the beauty of all things, and it is harmful for the benefit of all things.

Therefore, they want to nourish their desires and indulge their feelings, want to nourish their sex and endanger their shape, want to raise their pleasure and attack their hearts, and want to raise their names and mess with their actions. In this way, although the marquis is called the king, it is no different from the husband and thief; The husband is said to take himself as a servitude!

Literal translation:

I've tried to look closely at the subtle and subtle things that are hard to detect. There is no such person who despises the truth in his heart but does not pursue material desires, and there is no such person who attaches importance to the pursuit of material desires but has no worries in his heart. There is no such person who behaves contrary to the right path but is not harmed, and there is no such person who is harmed by an external but is not afraid in his heart. If you are worried and fearful, you will not be able to taste the food even if it is beautiful, you will not be able to appreciate the beauty of the music, you will not be able to appreciate the beauty of the beautiful clothes, and you will not feel comfortable sleeping on a warm mattress or a flat bamboo mat. So, such a person enjoys the good offerings of all things, but still cannot feel happy, even if he is temporarily happy, but the state of worry and fear cannot leave. Therefore, even though they enjoy the good offerings of all things, they are very worried, and they take advantage of the benefits of all things, but there is a great evil.

So, people like this, do they pursue material desires to preserve their lives, or do they sell their lives? Therefore, they want to satisfy their desires but indulge their lusts, they want to preserve their lives but harm their bodies, they want to cultivate their own happiness but destroy their emotions, and they want to preserve their reputation but ruin their conduct. Such people, even if they were made princes and called kings, were no different from the thieves, and even if they rode in high-class carriages and wore tall official hats, they were no different from the common people who were not well fed and clothed. This is called enslaving oneself to material gains.

22·19 。 Therefore, there is no beauty of all things and you can be happy, and you can be famous without the position of power. If so, and add the world, it is more in the world, and its harmony is less, and the husband is said to be a heavy servant.

Literal translation:

If a person is in a happy mood, even if the color is not as bright as usual, it can be used to nourish the eyes; even if the sound is not as pleasant as usual, the ears can be maintained; even if the coarse rice soup can also nourish the appetite; even if the coarse cloth clothes and shoes made of coarse linen can meet the needs of the body; even if the small room, the curtains made of reeds, the straw mat, and the broken table can maintain the body. Therefore, although you do not enjoy the beauty of all things, you can cultivate your own happiness, and you can cultivate your own fame without the status of a powerful official. When such a person rules the world, he will surely benefit more for the people of the world and less for himself. In this way, it can be called valuing oneself and serving all things.

22·20 Nonsense, unseen, unheard, gentleman cautious.

Unfounded remarks, unseen behaviors, and unheard stratagems should be treated with caution.