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Dong Zhongshu (179~104 BC) was a political thinker and a master of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. A native of Guangchuan, Hebei (now Jingxian County, Hebei). Specializing in the "Spring and Autumn Ram Biography", the master of literature and classics, Emperor Jing was a doctor. "Being honest and upright" ("Historical Records: The Biography of Confucianism"), "Elegant and Botong" ("Taiping Yulan" quotes He Yanyu), and "Specializing in Thinking" ("On Balance and Confucianism"), he was called "Confucius of the Han Dynasty" by the people of the time. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he was highly appreciated for his virtuous and virtuous three measures against the imperial court, and successively served as the state minister of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, and the state minister of Liu Duan, the king of Jiaoxi. After resigning, he wrote books at home, and was still respected by Emperor Wu, and whenever there was a big discussion in the imperial court, he sent people to consult his family. Dong Zhongshu's proposal to depose Confucianism from the Hundred Schools of Thought and Confucianism, which was adopted by Emperor Wu, had a profound and complex impact on the development of Confucianism and even Chinese thought and culture.
Dong Zhongshu's main work is "Spring and Autumn Dew", and his political treatises are contained in "Historical Records: The Biography of Confucianism" and "Hanshu: The Biography of Dong Zhongshu". Dong Zhongshu's three answers to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's questions (commonly known as the Three Strategies of Heaven and Man) contained in the Hanshu Biography of Dong Zhongshu reflect Dong Zhongshu's thoughts and political propositions of heaven and man. The rest of the materials scattered in historical books were compiled by later generations as "Dong Zi's Anthology".
When Dong Zhongshu is mentioned nowadays, everyone says that he suggested that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "depose the hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", and adopted Yunyun for Emperor Wu. In fact, neither of them said these eight words. Dong Zhongshu has two sentences related to this, both of which can be found in "Hanshu Biography of Dong Zhongshu". One sentence is Dong Zhongshu's book: "The ministers foolishly think that those who are not in the six arts of Confucius's sorcerers are all out of their own way, and do not make them go hand in hand." The other sentence is described by the historian Ban Gu: "And Zhong Shu (strategy) to the book, to promote the Kong family, and to suppress the hundred schools." The officials who established the school, and the state and county raised Mao materials and filial piety, all of which were issued by Zhong Shu. "Emperor Wu of Han was in a similar situation. "Hanshu Wudi Ji": "Filial piety and martial arts were established at the beginning, Zhuoran deposed the hundred schools, and the chapter "Six Classics". "This is the language of Banguzan, not the edict of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Who did the eight words "depose the hundred schools and respect Confucianism" come from, and when did they settle on the heads of Dong Zhongshu and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this is a case of study, and I will not mention it here. Let's move on to Dong Zhongshu.
Dong Zhongshu is based on academic history with "Spring and Autumn Ram Studies" and is the founder of the sect. His knowledge has been studied by specialized researchers for more than 2,000 years. Dong Zhongshu is honest and knowledgeable, and he is worthy of being a scholar and thinker. He suggested that the state should set up a government school to select talents, who can also be called educators, and can also get out of prison. Therefore, Dong Zhongshu is not only a professional master, but also a Confucian master.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was superstitious about ghosts and witchcraft, and Dong Zhongshu advised him several times that this was not the right way. Emperor Wu then ordered Wu Qi to curse Zhong Shu to investigate his claims. Dong Zhongshu was wearing court clothes, chanting scriptures and books facing south, calm and relaxed. Wu Ji used all kinds of tricks, but he couldn't hurt Zhong Shu. Before long, the sorcerer himself died. (Cf. Han Yingshao, "Customs and Customs, Volume 9")
In his later years, Dong Zhongshu devoted himself to studying at home, regardless of his family's industry. When there was a major event in the imperial court, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys such as Zhang Tang, the court captain, to consult his family. Dong Zhongshu answered correctly and was clever and methodical, and gave Emperor Wu one hundred and twenty-three books. The case of Dong Zhongshu's imprisonment is also contained in the literature. Song Wang Yinglin's "Chronicles of Sleepy Learning, Volume 6" clouds: "Dong Zhongshu's book "Spring and Autumn Prison Break" is not passed on today, and "Taiping Yulan" contains two things, one of which cites "Spring and Autumn" Xu Zhi into medicine, and the other cites his wife to Qi. The "General Dictionary" contains an incident, citing the righteous father of the "Spring and Autumn Period" as the son hidden. Ying Shao said that Zhong Shu wrote 232 things in "Spring and Autumn Prison Break", and now only three things are seen. ”
The "General Dictionary" is a collection of canonical history books compiled by Du You of the Tang Dynasty, which contains two events of Dong Zhongshu's imprisonment instead of one, which are recorded in the Song Dynasty Wang Nan's "Wild Guest Series, Volume 1". There are four existing incidents of Dong Zhongshu's imprisonment, and I record them as follows:
1. A's father argues with someone, and someone pulls out his sword and stabs A's father. When A saw that his father was about to be stabbed, he struck someone with a wooden staff. Unfortunately, he didn't hit someone, but he accidentally injured his father. In ancient times, children beating their parents was a crime of "ten evils" and should be beheaded. The official of the yamen said: "If a son beats his father, he should be punished with a beheading." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent someone to consult Dong Zhongshu, and Zhong Shu said: "The minister foolishly thinks that the father and son are close relatives, and the son is not anxious and frightened when he sees his father being beaten." He swung his staff to save his father, not to harm him. "Spring and Autumn" cloud, Xu Zhi's father was sick, he fed his father medicine, and his father died. The gentleman thinks that Xu Zhi has no intention of harming his father, and he will not be punished. Therefore, A's behavior is not the assault on his father as the law says, and he should not be punished. (cf. Taiping Yulan, Vol. 640)
2. A's husband went to sea and the boat sank, and his husband died in the sea, so that his body could not be buried. Four months later, A's maiden mother planned to let A remarry. The government wanted to punish her crimes, saying: "Her husband died without being buried, and according to the law, he is not allowed to remarry without permission, and he should be beheaded." Dong Zhongshu said: "The minister foolishly thinks that the righteous words of "Spring and Autumn" are returned to Qi, and the husband is dead and there is no man, and there is a way to remarry. Her actions are not arbitrary, and her choice should be followed. A woman marries a return. She has a mother in charge, and she has no lust when she remarries, and she is not a private wife. The prison sentence should be reasonable, and both mother and daughter are innocent and should not be punished. (cf. Taiping Yulan, Vol. 640)
The "Mrs. returned to Qi" in "Spring and Autumn" refers to the fact that after the death of Duke Lu Wen, his wife Jiang returned to her mother's house in Qi. The widower returns to her parents' home and no longer returns to her husband's house is called "Dahui", and the married woman who returns to her parents' home for a short time is called "Guining". A woman marries a man in order to have a home, that is, a destination.
3. A has no children, and he picks up a child on the side of the road and adopts him as an adopted son. When the child grows up, he commits a crime, so he tells his adoptive father, A. A then hid his adopted son to avoid being pursued by the government, and asked A what crime he should discuss? Dong Zhongshu said: "Although the criminal is not A's own son, the "poem" clouds: 'The moth has a son, and the moth bears it. The righteousness of "Spring and Autumn" says that the father is hidden by the son. A should hide his adopted son, which is not a crime. (cf. General Dictionary, Vol. 69)
Moths, moths. Moths, bees. The ancients believed that moths raised moths as their own children (in fact, moths caught moths to feed their own larvae). Confucianism advocates that the father is hidden for the son, and the son is hidden for the father. That is, if a father or son commits a crime, neither father nor son has the obligation to report, and they can hide from each other, which is called "intimacy and concealment". Dong Zhongshu believes that although he is an adopted son, if the father and son attach great importance to their own kindness, they can also hide each other.
4. A gave away his son B, and someone else raised B. A was drunk and said to B, "You are my son." "B was angry and hit A for twenty boards. A sued B to the government, claiming that B was his son. Dong Zhongshu said: "A gives birth to B but does not raise him, and gives his son to others, and the father-son relationship is broken." Although B beat A, it does not belong to the son beating the father. Sin should not be punished according to this law. (cf. General Dictionary, Vol. 69)
Dong Zhongshu is strategic, and the righteousness of "Spring and Autumn" runs through everywhere. Although the above few things are small things, they are small and big. Dong Zhongshu's prison break pattern is broad, interpreting the scriptures with facts, from the surface to the inside, dissecting clearly, following the law and feelings, and seizing in an orderly manner. It can be regarded as clear and useful.