The Qing Dynasty was a landlord class regime established by the Manchurian nobility after entering the Central Plains, with the Manchu nobility as the main body, and the nature of the regime determined the difference in the status of Manchu and Han in the ruling group. After the Manchus entered the customs, they implemented the policy of "first worshipping Manchuria". In the Qing Dynasty, the six ministries in charge of the "Quanshu, Xunjie, and Dethronement Of the Government" were all set up by Manchu and Han Shangshu, and the Manchus held real power. The Qing government also emphasized that military attaches should be filled by Manchus, and the Qing system stipulated that the eight banners and vice capitals were all the emperor's clan branches, relatives, and trust ministers, and the eight banners were controlled by the Manchurian capital[1]. In the institutions where the Manchus were reinstated, the power of the Manchu officials was greater than that of the Han officials, and all the deliberations on political affairs were "one person in charge", while the Han officials "followed each other and did not return to the question" [2]. Since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu and Han dynasties have had deep barriers, clear boundaries between the flag and the Han, and racial discrimination has always existed. The Manchurian landlord class not only enjoyed various privileges and held real power at all levels of government, but also imposed many restrictions on Han officials, trying their best to prevent them from holding real military and political power. It is reported that "all six have plaques, written in a certain year." The Manchu Minister waited for the time to go to a certain palace in Ouchi and respectfully read the imperial monument erected by a certain dynasty." And "the monument erected in the palace is a special edict to the Manchu Minister." Roughly speaking, the king of this dynasty came to the Han dynasty, and although the Han people were known to be servants, they were not of the same ethnic group. Although the Han people are used as ministers now, they are only used for restraint. My descendants must always remember this meaning, not to give the Han people great power, but to make the battle of the run cloud", of which the intention can be described as "far-reaching" [3]. The centralization of power in the Qing Dynasty has been strengthened to an unprecedented level, as Mei Zengliang, who was once a hubu lang, said: "East, west, south, and north, the square system is more than 100,000 miles, the hands and siblings move and move to see the Chinese leaders, the governors of the provinces and provinces are the officials who hold the festivals, they are afraid of the cold, and the temple is as close as it gets." "One of its powers, the discipline of the discipline, pushes the school to the ancient, and there is no comparison" [4]. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty were well aware of the role of the Han landlord class in stabilizing power. In order to consolidate the qing dynasty's political power and strengthen the rule over the Han people, they from time to time emphasized the Manchu and Han families, recruited a large number of Han gentry to join the government at all levels, especially when unifying the whole country and suppressing the Han people, they even implemented the policy of relying on the Manchus and uniting the Han people, and used the Han people as a precursor to serve them.
After the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion, SuShun, a major minister of the Xianfeng Dynasty and a Manchu clan, advocated breaking the Manchu and Han stereotypes and giving the Han generals, especially the Zeng Guofan clique, real power in the local military and political power. Although it was blocked by the Manchu magnates, its strategy of using Han to control Han was eventually adopted by the Xianfeng Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, thus saving the Qing Dynasty through a dangerous situation.
One
In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Peasant Revolt broke out in Guangxi. The Great Peasant Revolt, centered on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, dealt a fatal blow to the Qing bureaucracy. In order to suppress the Taiping Rebellion as soon as possible and remedy the shortage of troops in the Eight Banners and Green Camps, the Xianfeng Emperor successively appointed more than 40 Han regimental training ministers. On December 13, 1853 (January 21, 1853), Zeng Guofan received a letter ordering him to assist the Inspector of Hunan in running the Hunan regiment. At that time, Hunan's troops were insufficient, and Zhang Liangji, the governor of Hunan, asked for the selection and transfer of township heroes, concentrated in the provincial capital of Changsha for training, and entrusted Zeng Guofan, the minister of regimental training, to handle it. On December 22 of the second year of Xianfeng (January 30, 1853), Zeng Guofan proposed to the Xianfeng Emperor the idea of training troops. He was well aware of the bad habits of the Eight Banners and the Green Camp, and believed that "we must do our best to recruit new braves, not mix a single soldier, not indiscriminately collect a bento, sweep away the old traces, open up new faces, establish new ground in red, and reap the results of the harvest" [5]. Zeng Guofan saw the corruption of the Green Camp soldiers, resolved to reform the military system, drew up the battalion system, camp rules, salary seals, etc., and was determined to sweep away the shortcomings of the Green Camp and reorganize a strong military brigade, which was the beginning of Zeng Guofan's creation of the Xiang Army. On the tenth day of the first month of February in the third year of Xianfeng (March 19, 1853), after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established the capital of Tianjing, it sent troops to march west, and the Qing government's rule in the Jiangnan region collapsed. In 1853, Zeng Guofan successively prepared for the preparation of the Xiang Army's land camp and water division in Hunan, and the preparation was completed in the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854). Although the Qing government only used the Xiang Army as an auxiliary force for the Green Battalion, this army gradually became the most important main force in the Two Lakes region.
At the urging of the Qing government, in the first month of the fourth year of Xianfeng (January 1854), Zeng Guofan led his troops from Hengzhou to march east, and on the second day of April (April 29), the Jinggang War was unfavorable, Zeng Guofan attempted suicide by throwing water, and was impeached by local officials. Subsequently, Zeng Guofan's subordinates Taqibu, Yang Zaifu, and Peng Yulin led the Xiang army to capture Xiangtan. The victory in the Battle of Xiangtan attracted the attention of the Qing government to the Xiang army, and Zeng Guofan's practice of recruiting brave soldiers into an army was tacitly approved by the Xianfeng Emperor. Later, the Xiang army won victories in several major battles such as Wuchang and Tianjiazhen, which greatly enhanced its military prestige. On August 23, 1854 (October 14, 1854), Zeng Guofan led an army to retake Wuchang, which had been occupied by the Taiping Army for one year and eight months. When the news reached the capital, the xianfeng emperor was even more overjoyed, and even ordered Zeng Guofan to act as the governor of Hubei, and commented in the middle of the recital: "The feeling of the concert is deep and deep. This great victory was not unexpected. But he is conscientious and self-sustaining, and he quickly forgives the people and the people. [6] The Xianfeng Emperor said to the military chancellor, "I don't want Zeng Guofan to be a scholar, but I can build this miracle." At this time, a certain military minister of the DPRK said: "Zeng Guofan is registered as a waiter, YuPifu'er." Pi Fu lived in LuLi, a call, more than 10,000 people from it, I am afraid that it is not the blessing of the country. The Xianfeng Emperor immediately remembered the ancestral admonition of the Qing Dynasty that the Han people could not be ordered to lead the han people with local real power, and "those who change color silently for a long time" immediately withdrew the order that Made Zeng Guofan act as the governor of Hubei [7]. Emperor Xianfeng also cleverly approved Zeng Guofan's recital: "Ru bi resigned, and remembered that the whole division went east, and the signature Fukong had its name, so he had ordered Ru Yong to act as the governor of Hubei and reward him with the rank of military attendant." Finally, he also punched a rake: "Although Ru is not stubborn in this performance, the official title is not written and caressed, and the good name is still small, and the crime of violating the will is very large." Strict practice of shen rao. [8] Zeng Guofan thus lost his position as inspector of Hubei. After the defeat of the Xiang army in Jiujiang in December of the fourth year of Xianfeng (January 1855), Zeng Guofan reorganized the army in Nanchang from the fifth year of Xianfeng and wanted to have real local power, but was opposed by Jiangxi officials, so he impeached Chen Qimai, the governor of Jiangxi, and Yun Guangchen, the envoy of The Inspector of Jiangxi, which caused more slander from local officials. The Qing government only knew how to constantly urge the Xiang army to fight on the battlefield in spite of fatigue in an attempt to eliminate the Taiping Army as soon as possible, without giving the Xiang army real power to the localities, making it subject to local governments everywhere, and repeatedly trapped and unable to solve. In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), Zeng Guofan commissioned the army to return to the home system, and proposed not to return to the Jiangxi military camp without appointing an inspector. The Xianfeng Emperor believed that victory on the front line was imminent, so he allowed him to finalize his reign, causing Zeng Guofan to have a bitter word, and the guest army was suspended for six or seven years, "not to be widely pursued".[9] The reason for the commentary was that the Xianfeng Emperor was well aware that Zeng Guofan was "not of my race, but his heart will be different" [10].
Su Shun (1816-1861), who was born in the clan, was a Manchurian blue flag man, ai Xinjue Luoshi, ziyuting (also known as Yuting, Yuting), the sixth son of Prince Zheng Urgong'a, who was succeeded by his brother Duanhua. In his early years, Sushun was idle and idle, so that he spent his days wandering the streets, "it is good to travel for the narrow and evil, but it is a matter of drinking eagles and dogs" [11]. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844), he assigned Qianqingmen to walk. In July of the 30th year of Daoguang (August 1850), he was conferred the rank of Cabinet Scholar and Ceremonial Attendant. Later, on the recommendation of Duanhua and Prince Zaiyuan of Yi, SuShun was appreciated by the Xianfeng Emperor, and on the fifteenth day of the first month of the seventh year of Xianfeng (February 9, 1857), he moved the capital to the left capital of the Chayuan, and on August 17 (October 4) the Shangshu of the Jinli Domain, he was promoted to a rapid increase in power and power. In the face of the decline of the Qing Dynasty, Sushun saw clearly that only the Han people could save this defeat, revealing the political sensitivity of "everyone sleeps and wakes up alone". SuShun believed that it was necessary to reuse capable Han bureaucrats in order to tide over the difficulties. Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi, and others formed their own regiments to train, and then formed a new private armed force, raising their own military salaries to feed more than 100,000 troops, so Sushun "often folded zeng Wenzheng's knowledge and Hu Wenzhong's talent" [12]. Of course, giving local real power to Han bureaucrats may lead to the decline of centralized power, but if Zeng Guofan and others do not hold local real power, not only will the Xiang army be like a moth to the fire, but it will also be difficult for the Qing Dynasty to escape death. Su Shun "chose the lesser of two evils", determined to reuse Han Shi and secretly assist Zeng Gong.
Two
Sushun "is the most happy to marry Han People"[13], "Extremely happy to recruit talents, the residence is often full" [14]. He recruited a wide range of well-known officials and celebrities, and in his private residence, "all the literary and artistic people in the world were welcomed by the cloth kundi" [15]. He said to "the unruly people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, who are stretched to the throne, and pleased." Although the home is not rich, the squandering is not stingy, the great hole in the North Sea is often full, and the bottle of wine is not empty" [16]. It was precisely because of Sushun's "love is like thirst, a famous man for a while, and Xian Congzhi's tour"[17], that he had the so-called "six sons of Sumen", namely Guo Songtao, Wang Minyun, Yin Gengyun, Gao Xinkui, Li Shourong, sheng kang, in addition, Li Hongyi, Long Rulin, Deng Fulun, Mo Youzhi, Xu Zhengen, Wu Rulun, Zhao Shuji, Liu Shutang and others. These people are all han literati who are famous for a while, or introduce each other or come to them in admiration. Sushun summoned talents, in addition to the purpose of "extending the reputation of the tree party", but also for the purpose of "extending heroes to collect things"[18]. Many of them, such as Guo Songtao and Wang Minyun, later joined the Zeng Guofan Group.
Guo Songtao (1818-1891), zi Bochen, No. 1 Yunxian, late Yuchi Old Man, Hunan Xiangyin people. He was erudite and talented. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he was elected as a scholar of the Hanlin Temple. Between the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854) and the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), he entered the shogunate of the Xiang Army of Zeng Guofan, handling donations, paying salt, and counseling military and political plans. Xianfeng entered Beijing in November of the seventh year (December 1857), and in the first month of the following year (February 1858), he served in the Hanlin Academy and was awarded editing. Guo Songtao was favored by Chen Fuen because he liked to talk about foreign affairs, and Chen Fuen recommended him to Sushun, who valued him and had close contacts. On the recommendation of Chen Fuen and Su Shun, Guo Songtao was ordered to walk in the South Study[19]. On the seventh day of december in the eighth year of Xianfeng (January 10, 1858), Mianyu the Prince of Hui, Duanhua the Prince of Zheng, Zaiyuan the Prince of Yi, and Sushun confronted Guo Songtao for Russia's invasion of the border. However, this did not affect the importance that Su Shun placed on Guo Songtao. In June of the ninth year of Xianfeng (July 1859), Guo Songtao wrote a treatise on the salt law at the behest of the then Hubu Shangshu Sushun. Guo Songtao had said that the Minister of Qin, Monk Greenqin, should do a good job in the defense of Tanggu and other places, but was not accepted by the monk Greenqin, and was ostracized, and was investigated by the monk Greenqin in the name of handling the improper tax in Shandong, so he resigned in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) and returned to the south. In June of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (July 1861), he entered the shogunate of The Great Saga.
Wang Minyun (1833-1916), also known as Nongqiu (壬秋), was a native of Xiangtan, Hunan Province, and a fellow countryman of Zeng Guofan. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), he was 19 years old at the time and supplemented his life. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), he set up the Chengnan Academy in Changsha and set up an account to teach his children. He once entered the shogunate of the Zengguo Clan and advised him. In April of the ninth year of Xianfeng (May 1859), he would try to fall in the first place, live in Fayuan Temple, and be recruited to teach his son to read at sushun's home. Wang Minyun "has a rough outline of vertical and horizontal"[22], and Sushun "saw the prince of the palace and was excited to reward him." The custom of the Eight Banners, the joy of a different surname as a brother, but also want to enter the house as a lang. Fujun Gu did not allow it to be also [23]". Sushun attached great importance to Wang Minyun's talents, and even wanted to marry him as a brother with a different surname, and wanted to obtain an official and a half-job for him. SuShun "serves as a teacher, and the military consults" [25]. Wang Minyun also claimed that "Yu wei Yu Ting zhi reward, also good Yin and Guo, and called him 'Su Dang'".
Gao Xinkui (1835-1883), Zi BoKuo, Tao Tang, Jiangxi Hukou people. Xianfeng yuan year (1851) raised people, Xianfeng ten years (1860) into the soldier. He twice served as Zhi County of Wu County,Jiangsu (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu Province), and was an official in Zhi Prefecture(知州). Gao Xinkui "young and sensitive, eighteen in the township, will try to produce art to 1,500 words." Su Shun, knowing of his talent, extended him into the palace, and asked Gao Xinkui to teach his son to read, "Jiuguan Old Shangshu Su Shun's family, treat it thickly." When Gao Xinkui was in the Shogunate of Sushun, he strongly recommended Zeng Guofan to Sushun to "influence his affairs", and finally allowed Zeng Guofan to be appointed as the governor of Liangjiang.
Li Hongyi (1831-1885), zimei sheng, alias Xiangyan, a native of Zhongjiang County, Sichuan. In the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang (1849), Hegongsheng was born, and in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), he was a test man in Shuntianfu Township, donated funds to be the chief of the military department, and met Zeng Guofan in the military department and was valued by him. Li Hong's son claimed that Sushun had a friendly relationship with his father. In the Xianfeng Decade (1860), he was sent to Beijing to charge hulin wing staff. In the autumn and winter of the first year of Tongzhi (1862), he entered the Zengguo provincial curtain. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), he moved to Jiangsu according to the envoy, responsible for drafting the recital, "diligent and honest, comprehensive and precise, trying to manage the military supplies of the state domain, and paying more than three million a year".
Deng Fulun (1828-1893), formerly known as Deng Lun , was a native of Wugang Prefecture , Hunan ( present-day Wugang , Hunan Province ) . Father Deng Renkun, brother Deng Xuan. In his early years, he studied at Changsha Chengnan Academy and became a classmate and in-law with Wang Minyun. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1849), he was paid tribute to assist the Zhongshu Sheren in the cabinet of officials. During the Xianfeng period, Zeng Guofan and the Xiang army were trapped in Jiangxi, and Deng Fulun went to the rescue with Xu Zhengang to raise soldiers to retake Ji'an. Later, he entered the shogunate of the Zengguo Domain. It is closely related to Wang Youling, the governor of Zhejiang.
Mo Youzhi (1811-1871), courtesy name Ziwei (字子偲), was a native of Dushan Prefecture, Guizhou (present-day Guizhou Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture). Son of Mingshi Mo and Li. "Family inheritance, through the Han and Song", the knowledge is on a par with Zheng Zhen. In 1831, Zhongju (the chief examiner of the township examination was Jia Zhen), and repeatedly failed to pass the examination of the ceremonial department. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he went to Beijing to take the test, and met Zeng Guofan in the bookstore, so he became a friend of Mo Rebellion. According to Zeng Guofan's diary, "Daoguang met in a bookstore in the capital in the twenty-seventh year, and Xuan and Liu Shuwen became friendly. ...... Knowledgeable, unscrupulous, fearful of friends. Later, Zeng Guofan called it "Tongxu, Zheng Zhixue, and Southwest Shuoru". Mo Youzhi is "approachable, funny, and sits and sprays rice every time he talks"[30], which is quite similar to Sushun's personality. Later, Mo Youzhi left the Beijing Division and successively entered the shogunate of Hu Linyi and Zeng Guofan, serving as a branch of the Compilation Bureau. He was sentenced to the prefecture by tribute, and was later recommended by Zeng Guofan to Shengzhi County.
Xu Zhengeng (1827-1899), also known as Xianping, was a native of Fengxin County, Jiangxi. A disciple of Zeng Guofan, he was deeply respected by Zeng Guofan. Xianfeng entered the shogunate of Zengguo twice in the third and eighth years (1853 and 1858). After the Xiang army was trapped in Jiangxi, Xu Zhengen "accompanied the cabinet secretary Deng Fulun to recruit soldiers to attack the thief Jinxian, Xuanfu Ji'an, And Xu Gong, and to choose Tongzhi Quan".[31] In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Zhongxiang tried to raise people, and in the second year of Tongzhi (1863), he entered the army.
Wu Rulun (1840-1903), courtesy name Zhifu, was a native of Liuzhuang, Gaodian, Nanxiang, Tongcheng, Anhui (now part of Zongyang County, Anhui Province). His father, Wu Yuanjia, was once hired by Zeng Guofan as a master to teach his son. Wu Rulun also studied under Zeng Guofan, and together with Zhang Yuzhao of Wuchang, Li Shuchang of Zunyi, and Xue Fucheng of Wuxi, he was called the "Four Disciples of Zengmen". He also had a close relationship with Li Hongzhang, and successively served in the secretariat of the shogunate of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang.
Sushun often attended cocktail parties held by guo songtao, Wang Minyun, Gao Xinkui and other literati, and sheltered these people. Sushun was "lightly full of people", while "Ya heavy Han celebrities" [32]. [33] He was "extremely humble in his treatment of Han", claiming that "han chinese cannot be offended, and his pen is very powerful". His emphasis on the Han celebrities was not only in words, but also in action, and often selected and promoted sponsor talents in an eclectic manner, such as the use of Gao Xinfu in the selection of people who violated the rules and regulations of the science field. Also, when Su Shun visited Li Huan, a Daoist member in Jiangxi, who was talented, he asked Li Huan to hand him a "protégé post" and be promoted to a higher position.
Su Shun is quite capable of knowing and making good use of people. The Qing Dynasty Speaks New Languages says: "Su Shun is a virtuous man, and he has the knowledge of others." [34] These people "all went in and out of their doors, adopted speeches, and secretly chen"[35] and became members of the think tank of Su Shun. At that time, the Banner People were more evil than interacting with the Han People, and Su Shun was able to respect the Han people with the respect of the clan and treat them with unusual etiquette, so as to be respected by them. Most of these people met when they participated in the examination in the Beijing Division, were young and ambitious, cared about current affairs, ridiculed current affairs, and showed a high degree of concern for state affairs. They came from all over the country, especially in the south-east, and were familiar with the situation on the front line. For example, Guo Songtao, Wang Minyun, Long Rulin, Li Shourong, Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi are all from Changsha Province, Hunan Province, and have been known for their contacts. Zeng Guofan met Liu Rong in Changsha on his way to Beijing in November of the fourteenth year of Daoguang (December 1834), and in the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837) in Changsha, through Liu Rong, he met Guo Songtao, who was taking part in the township examination, and at first sight, Guo Songtao not only became a golden stone friend with Zeng Guofan, but also a good friend with Hu Linyi. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Zeng Guofan's mother returned to her hometown to keep the system, and was invited by Guo Songtao to go out of the mountains to run a regiment to practice. Other celebrities, such as Gao Xinkui and Yin Gengyun, were also friendly with Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi, such as when Zeng Guofan was a waiter in the ceremonial department, Yin Gengyun was his subordinate, and Zeng Guofan was "extremely important"[36], and they mostly entered the shogunate of Zeng Guofan and participated in battles with the Taiping Army. These staff members actively advised Su Shun, who was able to accept it with an open mind, and then guided the Xianfeng Emperor to adopt it. Sushun's swaying attitude toward the British and French enemies during the Second Opium War was influenced by them. Wang Minyun said in the "Preface to the Feast of the Liuchun Meeting of The Fayuan Temple": "At that time, the beginning of the Yi Disaster, the Imperial Peace And War, the Yin Xingnong Main War, the Guo YunXian Lord and the War, and the QingLiu, Su Yu Ting yi violation and war. ”[37]
Guo Songtao once pointed out to Emperor Xianfeng that one of the reasons for the deterioration of the situation in Jiangnan was that "Wang Chancellor went too far away from the people, everything was isolated, and yu Minqing and Military Intelligence Committee qu could not fully understand" [38]. Through these staff, Sushun had a very good understanding of the war in Jiangnan and a deep understanding of the "generals of the Xiang Army", so he was "quite able to convince Zeng and Hu". In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Xianfeng Emperor fled north to Rehe, and before he died of illness, he was still haunted by the war in Jiangnan, "Ask if there is a military report in Jiangnan nearby?" Su Shun replied: "Anqing can be restored in the future, because of Ji Yan Zeng and Hu Zhonggan." Di Pin nodded. [40] The policy of using Han to control Han by Sushun was more solid and powerful than that of Du Shoutian and Wen Qing, the minister of military aircraft, and eventually became the fundamental policy of the Qing government in the late Xianfeng Dynasty to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution. A large number of Han chinese celebrities were united around Sushun, which became an important channel for him to understand the information of the surrounding society, but did not form a shogunate like Zeng Guofan. The reasons for Sushun's reuse of each person are different, and the reasons for many members to obey Sushun are also different. The "Cixi Transmission Record" said: "Although Sushun was violent and fierce, he paid homage to the Han people alone. [41] The reason why these Han celebrities rallied around Sushun was because they saw that Sushun was quite chivalrous and showed a fresh atmosphere in the entire corrupt bureaucratic political arena, and these people also wanted to promote the Qing government to increase the use of Han people through Sushun.
Su Shunsu knew that Zeng Guofan himself trained troops and raised salaries, but the results were not smooth, and he was suspected and restrained by the Qing court at every turn, which directly affected the progress of the war in Jiangnan, so he realized that only by giving Zeng Guofan real power at the local level could he raise salaries and train soldiers well. In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), Zeng Guofan was reluctant to continue to lead the army as a "guest mail" to the Qing government, "The minister carefully inspects today's situation, is not an inspector, has the power of an inspector, and must not rule the army." Even if we can govern the army, we must not be able to raise salaries at the same time. If the subjects send vacant positions and do not have the talent to change, I am afraid that they will not be able to miss the overall situation in the end[42]." It reflects the inseparable internal relationship between the leadership of soldiers, the raising of salaries and the local authorities at that time. SuShun intended to sponsor Emperor Xianfeng and his group members, but he was well aware that Emperor Xianfeng was afraid of using Han officials, and there was also the obstruction of manchu magnates, which caused him to take great pains, but his consideration, or let his friends recommend him, or personally play the guarantee, eventually led to the zeng guofan group becoming a trend.
Three
Sushun's strategy of reusing the Han people and using The Han to control the Han was not only echoed by Prince Zheng and Prince Yi, but also began to be supported by the Xianfeng Emperor.
Su Shun "poured out his heart and soul" to Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi, Zuo Zongtang and others, and believed it without doubt. "At the beginning of the Xiang Army, Su Shunli said that it was usable and upward"[43], and he also repeatedly "proposed to the Xianfeng Emperor to reuse Han Chen", making him gradually realize the importance of reusing Han people to maintain the safety of the Qing Dynasty, so he appointed Zeng, Hu and other Han bureaucrats to "lead the army and hold the symbol".[44] Li Yuerui, who was the editor of the Commercial Press at the time, said in "Spring Ice Room Wild Ride": "His talent is incomparable among the ministers of the time. The reason for the rebellion and peace is all about reusing Han Chen, so that Zeng Hu Zhugong can make the best of his talents. ”[45]
On February 27 of the 5th year of Xianfeng (April 13, 1855), the Xianfeng Emperor appointed Hu Linyi as the acting governor of Hubei to replace Tao Enpei, the governor of Hubei who died in the taiping army during the capture of Wuchang City. Sushun's move remedied Emperor Xianfeng's mistake of revoking Zeng Guofan's order to act as the governor of Hubei, thus becoming an opportunity for the Xiang army to turn defeat into victory in the future. On March 16, 1860 (May 6, 1860), the Taiping Army once again attacked the Jiangnan camp, and then marched into Changzhou and Suzhou, and the governor of Liangjiang, He Guiqing, abandoned the city of Suzhou and fled, at which point, the largest Green Battalion unit of the Qing government was completely destroyed. On April 19 (June 8), the Xianfeng Emperor removed He Guiqing from his post as governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Trade affairs of various countries, and issued a decree to investigate and deal with it. On the same day, zeng guo, a former military attendant, was rewarded with the title of shangshu of the bingbu, acting governor of Liangjiang, and before his arrival, he was concurrently appointed as the governor of Jiangsu, Xu Youren. Soon after the Qing court learned that Xu Youren was dead, the Xianfeng Emperor successively urged Zeng Guofan to quickly move east to conquer Su and Chang and maintain the overall situation in the southeast. At first, the Xianfeng Emperor wanted to transfer Hu Linyi, the governor of Hubei, to be the governor of Liangjiang, and Su Shun took the opportunity to say: "Hu Linyi has done a good job in Hubei and has not moved. It is better to use Zeng Guofan to supervise the two rivers, then the upstream and downstream are all well-known. It is called 'good'. As agreed, the pawn succeeded. [48] At this time, the Qing government had no other troops to adjust except for the Xiang army, and the development of the situation did not allow the Xianfeng Emperor to waver, and to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, it was necessary to use the Xiang army, and to dispatch the Xiang army, it was necessary to give Zeng Guofan the real power of local supervision. The Xianfeng Emperor "looked around at no one and had to use it as a last resort." Commenting on this appointment, Zhao Liewen said: "At the end of Emperor Wenzong's reign and the fall of Jiang Zuo, he was first given the title of Governor. Between the appointments and dangers, the Gai imperial court looked around at no one, and had to use it as a last resort, and the non-negative can really be simplified, and when the axis can really be elected. [49] "Using it as a last resort" expressed the unspeakable suffering of the Xianfeng Emperor, and Su Shun's merits in guiding the way out of snobbery were even more important. In June, the Qing government granted Zeng Guofan the governorship of Liangjiang and the minister of Chincha to supervise the military affairs of Jiangnan and other places, and the edict stated that "all the armies in the south and north of the great river are subject to moderation, and the power is unified, and the responsibility is unshirkable." In the "Guilu Tan Past Record", it is said: "He Guiqing, the governor of Liangjiang, has taken questions by fleeing death, but the substitute appointment has not been determined, and the head of the su has taken Zeng as a request, and he has done what he wants." [50] Soon after, the Xianfeng Emperor, at the request of his courtiers, successively issued decrees ordering Zeng Guofan to sponsor the personnel of the generals of the feudal provinces and to control the military affairs of the four provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, so that the generals of the Xiang Army would have real local power, which became a major event to reverse the change of the situation. On August 25 (October 9), the Xiang army kefu Anqing, the Xianfeng Emperor issued an edict on the grounds that Zeng Guofan was "dispatched well", and decreed that Jia En conferred the title of prince Taibao.[51] In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), after the Xianfeng Emperor fled north to Rehe, he ordered the governors of various places to enter the King of Jingqin, "Zeng Guofan had neglected to invite the King of Qin, but was rejected by the will of the dynasty", because Zeng Guofan zheng commanded the Xiang army to attack the Taiping Army, such as the King of Qin in the north, which was bound to fall short. Only then did the imperial court reject The request of King Qin of Zeng. The Xianfeng Emperor's attitude toward Zeng Guofan changed so much that SuShun must have played a big role in it. Shi Ren also said that "at that time, the so-called imperial will, Gusu Liushou commanded also" [52].
Su Shunzhi's rescue of Zuo Zongtang not only cultivated an outstanding military commander for the Xiang army, but also created a powerful minister for the Qing court. When Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885), a famous scholar in Hunan, served in the shogunate of Luo Bingzhang, the governor of Hunan, he vigorously rectified the administration and finances of Hunan officials, increased tax revenues, and made Hunan an important base for supplying grain and grass soldiers to the Xiang Army. The Xianfeng Emperor ordered Zuo Zongtang and others to be sent to the Ministry of Examination. Luo Bingzhang used military necessities to ask Zuo Zongtang to continue to use Hunan. From then on, Zuo Zongtang began to receive the attention of the Xianfeng Emperor and was able to take the position of Jian Ba. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Zeng Guofan kefu Wuchang, played Chen ZuoZongtang's merits of Jishi and Ji Yuan, and the Xianfeng Emperor issued an edict to use it as a soldier, and immediately added the title of Four Pin Qing.
Zuo Zongtang was known for his talent, but he was often arrogant and arrogant, which led to the disaster of killing himself. In the second half of the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Zuo Zongtang dismissed Fan Xie, the commander-in-chief of Yongzhou Town, for the crime of not kneeling and being arrogant when he met. Fan Xie was not convinced, so he colluded with the governor of Huguang, Guan Wen. Wen Ge, the envoy of Hunan Province, was jealous of Zuo Zongtang and secretly assisted Fan Xie, and the two wanted to use Fan Xie's case to remove Zuo. In order to combat the forces of the Xiang army, Guan Wen also impeached Zuo Zongtang and summoned Zuo Zongtang to Wuchang to confront Fan Xie. If Zuo Zongtang goes, he is afraid that there will be no return, and if he does not go, it will be difficult to blame him. Luo Bingzhang fought hard. The imperial court ordered the official Wen Micha to "if Zuo Zongtangguo has an illegal affair, he can immediately correct the law on the spot." Su Shun was shocked and quickly revealed this news. He first told his guest Gao Xinkui, gao told Wang Minyun, and Wang then told Guo Songtao, the editor of the Hanlin Academy. Guo Songtao "shared the same county as Zuo Gong, and su admired his economy, poured it into the future, and was shocked to hear it." Guo Songtao asked Wang Minyun for help from Sushun, who was given the art of rescue: "Only when there is a loose sponsorship of internal and external ministers, Yu can open his lips (or teeth). At this time, Hu Linyi Baoju Zuo Zongtang's recital "Respecting the Virtuous Talents and Trying to Remedy" was also presented to the Xianfeng Emperor's case in the starry night, saying that Zuo Zongtang had great talent and could be of great use, and also said that the reason why Zuo Zongtang was slandered was that "the name is all over the world, and the slander is also followed". Emperor Xianfeng did indeed ask Su Shun: "Fang has a lot of trouble today, Zuo Zong Tangguo has a long army, and he should abandon his flaws and hire." Su Shun said: "Wen Zuo Zongtang praised the military strategy in the Hunan Governor Luo Bingzhang Curtain, and repeated the results. Luo Bingzhang's merits are also his achievements. Talents are rare, and they should be cherished. Please send the official documents in secret, record the Chinese and foreign sponsors, and let them handle them as appropriate. "The Xianfeng Emperor followed him." The official knew that the imperial court intended to use Wenxiang, so he negotiated with his subordinates to close the case, but Wenxiang did not check the book. In Russia, Zeng Wenzheng recommended Wen Xiang to run military affairs with sipin jingtang, and he was expected to run the day. [53] Zuo Zongtang's participation in the Fan Xie case almost led to the disaster of killing, but in the end he was blessed by the disaster, not only his death was spared, but his reputation was greatly enhanced. This lawsuit lasted for more than a year, during which there were many dangers and twists and turns, and Su Shun was not alarmed, first instructed others, and then inspired and induced the Xianfeng Emperor, rescued inside and outside, and finally enabled Zuo Zongtang to escape death. The high dexterity of the political struggle to suppress Shun is vividly demonstrated. More importantly, the Xianfeng Emperor began to accept the policy of reusing Han Chen and using Han to control Han, and there was no distinction between Han and Han in employment, and meritocracy was shang, all of which were the merits of Sushun Kuangfu. On April 20, 1860 (June 9, 1860), the day after Zeng Guofan was appointed acting governor of Liangjiang, he took Bingbu Langzhong Zuo Zongtang as an alternate for sipin Jingtang and took charge of Zeng Guofan's military affairs. In May of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (June 1861), he was appointed secretary of the Taichang Temple to handle the military affairs of Jiangnan. In July of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (August 1861), Mao Hongbinshi entrusted Hou Shangshu to the governor of Hunan: "Zuo Zongtang is superior in knowledge, and his talent is not under the wing of Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi, but now he is brave, and he is not enough to make the best of his strengths, if he takes the heavy responsibility of sealing the territory, he will be able to protect the border and the people, and take into account the overall situation." [55] Later, Zuo Zongtang helped Zi out of the customs to quell the rebellion in Xinjiang, and Mao Hongbin's previous words were indeed fulfilled.
It is precisely because of Su Shun's strong recommendation that many members of the Zeng Guofan Group have been able to reuse them one after another. In particular, after Xianfeng's ninth year of February (March 1859), After Sushun was executed by means of the Pengwu Kechang case, he tried his best to let go of the use of the Han people. In April of that year (May 1859), the Qing government ordered The Hubei envoy Luo Zundian to be moved to Fujian to be the inspector, and in September (October) Luo Zundian was transferred to the inspector of Zhejiang, and on October 26 (November 20), Lei, who had made meritorious efforts in planning and was dismissed at the time, was given the title of envoy to Shaanxi. In January before Zeng Guofan became governor of Liangjiang, the Qing government had appointed Liu Changyou as the governor of Guangxi. After Zeng Guofan became the governor of Liangjiang, a large number of his generals, subordinate officials, and staff members were protected, and each time there were three or four few, and eight or nine, and almost all of them approved. Sometimes the personnel who were guaranteed violated the convention and were rejected by the Qing court, so Zeng Guofan slightly modified it and played it again, and the Qing government had to approve it; At the request of Zeng Guofan, among the new recruits distributed from other provinces every year, 16 were specially added to Anhui Province, and "other provinces are not allowed to help take as an example" [57]. On May 21, 1860 (July 9, 1860), the Xianfeng Emperor ordered du, the former hubu attendant, to be the minister of shandong regimental training. Subsequently, the Xianfeng Emperor successively appointed a group of Han Chinese to supervise regimental training in various places. On May 29 (July 17), Yan Ruishu, the secretary of The Dali Temple, was appointed as the minister of training of the Jiangbei Supervision Regiment, and Pang Zhonglu, a scholar in the cabinet, was appointed as the training minister of the Jiangnan Supervision Regiment. On the fifth day of the first month of June (July 22), Shao Can, the former governor of Caoyun, was made the governor of Zhejiang. On June 15 (August 1), Sang ChunRong, an alternate cabinet scholar, was made the minister of training of the Suncheon Directly Subordinate Supervision Group. On August 12 (October 13), Hu Linyi's illness worsened, and for the first time, the Qing government temporarily appointed Li Xuyi, the governor of Anhui, and the general of the Xiang Army to concurrently hold the functions and powers of two provinces.
On the one hand, Sushun reused Zeng Guofan and its members, and on the other hand, restricted Manchu officials who hindered the development of Zeng Guofan's group. On August 29 of the 10th year of Xianfeng (October 13, 1860), the vice-governor Tongsheng Baoshou asked a man to coordinate the military affairs of the north and the south, and Sushun and others ordered him to first block the area around the south of Qi, and then wait for the zhidong border to be cleared, and then wait for the edict to be obeyed. On the second day of September (October 15), Sushun again urged Katsuho to leave quickly to the camp to suppress the office. On the seventh and twentieth day of the first month of the same month (October 20 and November 2), Sushun twice accused Katsuho of failing to undertake military affairs, and finally warned that if so, "I am afraid that I will not be able to bear the blame for this". On September 17 (October 30), the Qing court learned of Hu Linyi's death, so it issued a pension, "Hubei Inspector Hu Linyi was loyal and honest in nature", "In the military camp for nine years, the rewards and punishments were strict, and the people were good and good", "The military was mighty Pi Zhen, and the xiang Kejie", hearing of his death, "I really mourned his death", and then gave him a pension according to the governor's routine, and the title of Wen Zhong. "Order people to worship the xianliang ancestral hall, and make Hubei and the native to establish a special shrine, and give the gongzi Zixun to raise people, and try it all" [62]. At this time, when Su Shun presided over the central government affairs in the name of the eight ministers of Praise, the favor given to Hu Linyi was better than that of the ordinary Han overseers. In order to reflect the importance of the Han people, on September 20 (November 2), he summoned the Hubei envoy and the bannerman Yu Lin to come to Beijing, and appointed Yan Jingming as the hubei envoy. In the same month, the governor of Sichuan, Luo Bingzhang, participated in the impeachment of The Sichuan envoy and bannerman Xiangkui for his greedy nature, and the Qing court issued a decree to remove him from his post, ordering Liu Rong, a close friend of Zeng Guofan, to take over. The comparison between the two shows that Su Shun is very important to the Zeng Guofan Group.
Before the Xianfeng Emperor fell ill and died in Rehe, Sushun promised him that Zeng Guofan could have high hopes. According to Xue Fucheng's "Marquis of Zengzuo Erxiang", "Emperor Wenzong xian, who took care of the orders of Emperor Wenzong, said that those who could restore Jinling could be crowned king of the county." [64] When the Xianfeng Emperor fell ill and died, Sushun and others were instructed to praise Xiang's government affairs, "Yizhong (Zeng) Guo domain". In July of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (August 1861), the Qing court ordered Mao Hongbin to be the governor of Hunan, and Luo Bingzhang to be the governor of Sichuan. In September (October), Peng Yulin was appointed as the inspector of Anhui, Li Xuyi was transferred to the inspector of Hubei, and Liu Kunyi was appointed as an envoy to Guangdong. It is Precisely sushun that "mainly uses the Xiang Army", and the Xiang Army has developed even more. On the same day that the Qixiang coup d'état occurred, on September 30, 1861 (November 2, 1861), The Minister of State of Zanxiang also received a note from the Governor of Jiangnan: Guan Wen and others asked long'a, Yang Zaifu, and others to be released, Zeng Guofan reported that Bao Chao's army was victorious and recaptured the county town of Leadshan, and asked for a reward for the fallen soldiers; Zeng Guofan specially folded the song and asked Bao Chao to make up for the actual vacancy of the viceroy and reward his deployment, and the governor of Hubei, Li Xuyi, played Chen's overall situation and asked for permission to return to Anhui as his own, Zeng Guofan asked si dao to send a large member of the si dao to the provincial capital to take charge of the task, and Ba Dong'a and Feng Zicai reported the consecutive victories in Zhencheng and imposed martial law in Shacheng and other places. Soon, SuShun was executed, and the rewards for the members of the Zeng Guofan clique were taken over by Empress Dowager Cixi and Prince Gong Yi, who practiced the strategy of killing them without abolishing the "Han dynasty with Han".
On the sixth day of the first month of October in the eleventh year of Xianfeng (November 8, 1861), Sushun, Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and others were ordered to be executed because of their defeat in the political struggle with Empress Dowager Cixi and Yi at the court, known in history as the "Qixiang Coup". After Su Shun was killed, Guo Songtao, Zeng Guofan and others sighed. Zeng Guofan "said miserably: 'This unjust prison is also self-destructive. [67] Zeng Guofan was well aware that there were few people in the capital who could understand the general situation except Sushun, and he was afraid that the Qing government's policy of using the Han people would have twists and turns, so that not only would the Taiping Rebellion be difficult to quell, but he would also be in danger of being framed. Later, Empress Dowager Cixi and others inherited the strategy of using Han to control Han, which made Zeng Guofan feel relieved. Wang Minyun once wrote an article entitled "The Story of Qi Xiang" to defend Su Shunli, saying that the Xianfeng Emperor shifted his use and restriction of the Xiang army from the initial use and restriction to the vigorous use, and That Su Shunxiang had done the most, "Whenever Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi had Chen Xiang, they would be rewarded with more, and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River would be retaken" [68]. From Zuo Zongtang's rescue and his reuse to the promotion of other Xiang generals, "all the plots of the drapery were presided over by SuShun"[69]. Therefore, Wang Minyun commented: "The academic economy of Sushun is not the morality of the people of the times, the noon time next to the military book, and the time of the temple and the broad transportation, all of which are the strategies of Sushun, so they can become the merits of Zhongxing." ”[70]
exegesis:
[1] There are many examples of the book "Cases of the Canon of the Qing Dynasty (Jiaqing Dynasty)" compiled by Tuojin et al., see Shen Yunlong," "Three Series of Historical Materials of Modern China", No. 65, Taipei Wenhai Publishing House, 1984, Vol. 30-39, total pp. 1307-1796.
[2] Zhao Yi and Yao Yuanzhi, Miscellaneous Records of The Exposure of The Curse, Vol. II, Li Xiemin Dian school, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1982, p. 34.
[3] Xiao Hengxiang room master edited "Qing Dynasty Wild History Grand View", vol. 3, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1915, p. 95.
[4] Mei Zengliang: The Complete Works of Mei Boyan, The Collected Works of Bai Feng Shan Fang, vol. 2, Guoxue Rotary Society, 1917, p. 1.
[5] Zeng Guofan: The Complete Works of Zeng Wenzheng and Shuzha, vol. IV, Hunan Chuanzhong Bookstore, Guangxu II (1876), p. 20.
[6] Zeng Guofan: Zeng Wenzheng Gong Gong Song Manuscript, vol. 3, Hunan Chuanzhong Bookstore, Guangxu II (1876), p. 62.
[7] Xue Fucheng: The Complete Works of Yong Lu and the Continuation of Yong Lu Wen, Vol. II, Shanghai Drunken Liu Tang, Lithograph Guangxu Thirteen Years (1887), pp. 7-8.
[8] Same as [6], p. 79.
[9] Li Yuandu: TianyueShanguan Wenqian, vol. 14, Guangxu Sixth Year (1880) Pingjiang Li Shi Periodicals, p. 35.
[10] Wang Shi Nong: Records of What Was Heard, "The Wild History of China" (Qing Dynasty Vol. 4), Taishan Publishing House, 2000, p. 3501.
[11] Xue Fucheng, Notes on Yongdi, Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 1983, p. 17.
[12] With [11], p. 14.
[13] Zhang Shizhao, "Rehe Mizha Shu Evidence Supplement", Wenshi, Vol. 2, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1962, p. 96.
[14] [33] Huang Mao, "The Remembrance of the Sacred Cup of Flowers with People", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983, p. 497.
[15] Wu Guangyao, Records of the Three Great Virtues of Cixi, vol. 1, Chengdu Changfu Company Republic of China Edition, p. 24.
[16] Same[13], p. 104.
[17] [45] [69] Li Yuerui: "Spring Ice Room Wild Ride", in History of the Wild in the Qing Dynasty, Vol. 5, Bashu Book Society, 1987, p. 106.
[18] Wang Yunwu, ed., Wang Daigongshu, "New Compilation of Chinese Celebrity Chronology", Vol. 6, Qing Wang Xiangqi Mr. Min Yun Chronology, vol. 1, Taiwan Commercial Press Co., Ltd., 1978, p. 32.
[19] Guo Songtao's diary of the eighth and ninth years of Xianfeng (1858-1859), "Self-Narration of the Old Man of Yuchi", and some personal letters, recorded his close relationship with Chen Fuen and Sushun and his gratitude to Chen Fuen.
[20] Guo Songtao: The Diary of Guo Songtao, vol. 1, Hunan People's Publishing House, 1981, p. 205.
[21] Xue Fucheng's book Notes on Yongyi states that Wang Minyun was a native of Hengyang.
[22] Nakako Wochu, A Biography of a Modern Celebrity, China Bookstore, 1988, p. 47.
[23] Xu Yishi, "A Collection of One Scholar Manuscripts and One Soldier", Chongqing Publishing House, 1998, p. 27.
[24] Same [18], pp. 31-32.
[25] Same [22], p. 3.
[26] Same[23], p. 29.
[27] [50] Xu Zongliang: "Guilu Talks about the Past", Gu Hongming, Meng Sen, et al., The Wild History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 2, Bashu Book Society, 1988, p. 1019.
[28] Ibid.[22], p. 110.
[29] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 486, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 13410.
[30] Same[22], pp. 21-22.
[31] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 450, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 12550.
[32] Same [23], p. 52.
[34] Same [27], p. 430.
[35] [68] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 387, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 11700.
[36] Wu Kuntian: Table of the Tomb of Yin Jun, Heshan Rudao, see yin Gengyun's "Heart Day Collection", vol. 1, Guangxu Decade (1884).
[37] Same [18], p. 20.
[38] Same [11], p. 215.
[39] Same [11], p. 14.
[40] Woqiu Zhongzi: Records of Cixi Transmissions, Chongwen Bureau, 1987, p. 20.
[41] Same [40], p. 4.
[42] Zeng Guofan: Zeng Wenzheng Gong Gong Manuscript, vol. IX, Hunan Chuanzhong Bookstore, Guangxu II (1876), p. 76.
[43] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 385, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 11676.
[44] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 386, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 11687.
[46] Zhu Dong'an: A Biography of Zeng Guofan, Hundred Flowers Literature and Art Publishing House, 2001, p. 116.
[47] Records of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty (V), vol. 316, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, p. 652. Press: The Qing court did not know that Xu Youren had been killed in battle.
[48] Same[11], pp. 14-15.
[49] The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum, ed., A Brief Series of Historical Materials of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, vol. 3, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1962, p. 346.
[51] Records of Emperor Muzong of the Qing Dynasty (I), vol. 2, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, p. 115.
[52] Same[13], p. 115.
[53] Same [11], p. 15.
[54] Records of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty (V), vol. 316, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, p. 653.
[55] Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 424, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, p. 12217.
[56] Lei Yi, due to the rout of the camp in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), was dismissed from his post and investigated, and was charged with troops in Xinjiang. After the pardon was returned, he first appointed Shaanxi as an envoy, and then moved the envoy to the guanglu temple. He was removed from office in the first year of Tongzhi (1862).
[57] Zeng Guofan: The Complete Works of Zeng Guofan, vol. 6, Yuelu Book Club, 1989, p. 3219.
[58] Records of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty (V), vol. 320, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, p. 715.
[59] [60] Records of Emperor Muzong of the Qing Dynasty (I), vol. 3, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, p. 121.
[61] Records of Emperor Muzong of the Qing Dynasty (I), vol. 5, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1987, pp. 140-141.
[62] Same [59], p. 136.
[63] Ibid.[51], pp. 132-133.
[64] Same[11], p. 36.
[65] With [14], p. 428.
[66] The First Historical Archives of China, ed., Historical Materials of the Qing Government's Suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, vol. 23, Social Sciences Literature Publishing House, 1999, pp. 465, 467-470, 470-471, 476-477, 495-498.
[67] Liu Housheng, Appendix to The Biography of Zhang Xiao, Shanghai Bookstore, 1985, p. 35.
[70] The Second Opium War, vol. 2, Edited by the Chinese Historical Society, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1978, p. 300.