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In the south of China, there is a small country that is curious because of its unique history and reality. The country, once inextricably linked to China, is now part of South Asia. So, what exactly has happened in the history of this country? What is its current state?
In the early history of Bhutan, there is a theory that the Monba ancestors established a regime called the Monsumi, and although there is no direct written record of this period, legend has it that King Mensumi led an army south and conquered some areas of present-day India. However, the authenticity of these deeds remains controversial.
Around the 7th century AD, the Tubo regime rose rapidly and expanded its territory into present-day Bhutan. The Tubo lord Songtsen Gampo ordered the construction of Buddhist temples, thus laying the foundation of Buddhism in Bhutan. However, after the collapse of the Tubo regime in 842, the surrounding areas of Bhutan fell into an era of tribal separatism. Buddhist temples became the nucleus of some separatist powers, but soon after, Mongol cavalry entered the Tibetan Plateau and Bhutan, incorporating Bhutan into the Mongol Empire.
During the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, Bhutan belonged to the Xuanzhengyuan of the Yuan Dynasty. Multiple Buddhist sects have emerged in Bhutan and competition is fierce. With the decline of the Yuan Dynasty, the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism gained dominance in Tibet, causing monks from some other Buddhist sects to flee to Bhutan. The Zhupa Kagyu sect is widely spread around Bhutan.
Around 1594, Ngawang Langjiao was born into the Jia family in Relong Township, Gyantse County, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. His family had an important influence on the Zhupa Kagyu sect, but later clashed with local separatist forces that forced him to move to Bhutan. In Bhutan, Ngawang Langgyal led his people to defeat the men of other sects, establish his own regime, and become the religious and secular leader of Bhutan, revered as Xia Zhong.
Over the next hundred years, Ngawang Langgyal's sect defeated armies in Tibet and elsewhere, consolidating his rule in Bhutan. However, Bhutan still maintains clan relations with the local government and central government of Tibet. After Ngawang Langjie's death, his followers declared him in retreat and kept it secret for 54 years.
By the beginning of the 18th century, Bhutan's power had grown and it had incorporated the Kochibihar region in West Bengal, India, as a vassal. However, after the British East India Company invaded the Kochbihar region, the Bhutanese regime was locked in a more than 200-year-long entanglement with the British.
In 1772-1773, East India Company troops invaded Bhutan for the first time, and although Bhutan did not lose its country, it had to sign an unequal treaty, pay tribute to the British, and allow the British to mine timber in Bhutan. The British then forced Bhutan to agree to do business with it, turning Bhutan into a springboard for infiltration into Tibet, China. However, Bhutan did not become a British colony and remained independent.
In 1864, civil strife broke out in Bhutan and the British invaded Bhutan again. After months of fighting, the Bhutanese army was finally defeated by the British and had to cede land to the British. The incident uncovered more than 200 years of a complex relationship between Bhutan and the United Kingdom.
In 1907, Bhutan underwent a political reform from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Although Bhutan is a member of the United Nations, it is largely under India's diplomatic control, making it one of the countries with the fewest diplomatic relations among the member states of the United Nations. Bhutan's economic development is relatively slow, with GDP per capita at the lower and mid-range levels.
As of 2021, Bhutan's total population is about 777,000 and is made up of multiple ethnic groups. The situation within Bhutan is dominated by the Arlo ethnic group, to which most of the nobility, including the Wangchuk family of the Bhutanese royal family, belongs. In addition, the Luochang are an ethnic group of South Asian descent and have cultural and linguistic differences from the indigenous ethnic groups. Despite the conflict, a significant number of Nakchan people still live in Bhutan.
Overall, Bhutan has a rich history
Scenery and special national conditions of the country. Despite its complicated historical relationship with China and the United Kingdom, Bhutan has maintained its independence and uniqueness.
Bhutan's history is full of ups and downs, but the country has managed to maintain its own cultural and religious traditions. Buddhism took root in Bhutan and became part of the national spirit. The rise of the Wangchuk dynasty and political reforms in Bhutan also marked the development and evolution of the country.
Despite certain constraints in international relations, Bhutan has shown a strong determination to preserve its independence and uniqueness. The treaty with India, while bringing economic dependence, also ensured the country's security and stability.
Although Bhutan's population is small, it is made up of multiple ethnic groups, each with its own culture and traditions. This diversity enriches Bhutanese society and makes it a special and unique country.
Although Bhutan's economic development is relatively slow, the country focuses on protecting the natural environment and has made environmental protection an important part of its national policy. The beautiful mountains and nature have become a calling card of Bhutan and attract tourists from all over the world.
In the history and present of Bhutan, we can see a country that adheres to cultural traditions and pursues independence and peace. The story of Bhutan teaches us that even small countries can play an important role on the world stage and protect their identity and values. The uniqueness and tenacity of this country is admirable and has provided us with profound inspiration.
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