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preface
Wang served solidly during the Wanli period in the Jin Dynasty. Quite political. The gradual growth of the feudal region of the main government laid the foundation for him to hold important positions in the military department and Liaodong during the Taichang and Apocalypse years.
Although Wang Zaijin caused controversy over his claim to guard Liao during his tenure as Liaodong Jingxiao, he should also give this historical figure an objective and fair evaluation in the light of his life and publicity activities, especially his achievements in the Wanli Dynasty. At the same time, the exploration of Wang's activities in the Jin Dynasty also helps to deepen the understanding of the late Ming Dynasty.
The period of service in the ministry
Wang Zaijin was an important and controversial figure in late Ming politics. This is not only due to his experience as an eunuch who is almost a powerful courtier, but also because he strongly advocated guarding the vicinity of Shanhaiguan during his tenure in Liaodong Jingliao. It conflicted with Sun Chengzong, Yuan Chonghuan and others' advocacy of defending Ningyuan.
Therefore, the evaluation of Wang Zaijin's strategy, and even the derived evaluation of Wang Zaijin, has become the focus of controversy in later generations, and scholars in the field of Ming and Qing history mainly study the situation in eastern Liaoning and the figures involved during the Ming, Qing, and Yi dynasties. There are many opinions and evaluations about Wang Zaijin and his policy ideas.
In April of the 25th year of Wanli, the chief of the Wanli Ministry of Works was the property of the concubine Li Shi, and the emperor decided to build a mausoleum for the concubine at Yinqian Mountain, and Shangshu Xu Zuo of the Ministry of Works ordered Wang Zaijin and Yin Congshu, the chief of the government, to supervise the construction. As Wang Zaijin said: "Mountain workers are not ordinary test people, and they are not ordinary people who are not ordinary test people, and it is difficult to ask for their favor."
After the division of labor, Yin Congshu had been in Beijing for a long time to deal with the negotiations to raise money, grain, materials and other matters to various departments, and Wang Zaijin went to Yinqian Mountain to be responsible for the specific supervision of construction. At the beginning of the construction of the mountain tomb, the conditions were very difficult. Wang Zaijin "first arrived in the mountain, led more than 1,500 people, but the mountain had no Yushe, and the night was scattered in the forest, etc., the summer rain and mountain wind, invaded the skin to the bone", he immediately ordered the craftsman to find a vacant room outside the nearby tomb for resettlement, and sent the sick to the greenhouse for tuning, changing the situation of the mausoleum workers exposed to the valley! !
On the construction site, the phenomenon of "the tyranny of the many, the strong bullying the weak" was very serious, "the husbands or the crowd seized food, or fought with each other and broke their cauldrons", Wang Zaijin "severely punished his head and put an end to his strife" and "he was hungry and fed." In response to the oppression of the craftsman, there were those who could not bear to denounce, and Wang Zaijun "set up a book to investigate, and all those who came to report were registered in the book." The craftsman did not dare to arbitrarily torture and suppress the slave laborers, achieving the effect of "the strong have no power, and the small people have to stretch out their tongues".
After three months of sight, the mausoleum was completed, and the Wanli Emperor decided to engrave and bury the tomb master Concubine Li on September 3. "From the beginning of the work to the earth, counting one hundred and ten days, the spiritual hub is in the mountain hut for three out of forty days, and during this period the wind and rain account for one-third, and the water on the road can still make waves. There has always been no such harsh and difficult labor. "Wang Zaijin has accomplished his task brilliantly, which is a good start to his career as a courtier.
In November of the 26th year of Wanli, Wang Zaijin was transferred to the Ministry of Works Dushui Qing Commander Wailang Lang Zhong Shi. February XXVII. He was promoted to the post of chief of the Dushui Qing Commandery. Dushui Qingji is referred to as Dushui Division, together with Yingji, Yuheng and Tuntian three divisions, listed as the four divisions under the Ministry of Engineering. The main officials of the Dushui Division are Lang Zhong, Yuan Wai Lang, and the director. Divide the affairs of chuandu, bochi, bridge, boat, weaving, coupons, and weighing and weighing. Wang Zaijin's "Shui Heng Jiluo" is a record of his service experience. The word "water heng" comes from the ancient official name Han Dynasty, that is, "water heng du lieutenant", "shui heng cheng" "Hanshu hundred official gongqing table" "shui heng du lieutenant" Yan Shi ancient note quotes the jin day: "the official of the ancient mountains and forests, the day heng, is in charge of the pond garden, so it is called water heng."
The term "water balance" refers to the official who manages the water conservancy. Wang's tenure in Jin coincided with the middle and late Wanli period, when the finances of the Ming Dynasty began to show signs of collapse, and the Dushui Division was in charge of write-off and construction. Not only that, in the middle and late Wanli emperors, in order to solve the financial difficulties, the emperor sent tax supervisors and tax envoys to squeeze everywhere. Wang also needed to fight against such local officials.
For example, at that time, Shaanxi tax supervisor Liang Yongjiao was a huge marryman, and under the pretext of Shaanxi Jin to solve the rough evil of cashmere, he played impeachment. The intention is to weave cashmere for his own benefit. Wang Zaijin suggested to his superiors to reappear, emphasizing that "Guanzhong is difficult to weave, and it is advisable to take turns in shirts" to thwart Liang Yong's conspiracy." It's going to be over." During Wang's reign in Jin, the river works on the Yellow River Sanxiantai and Zhaojiaquan were completed, alleviating the harm of the Yellow River's bursting embankment and being punished by the imperial court for meritorious service
Fujian Province military brigade experience
April of the twenty-eighth year of Wanli. Wang was promoted to the rank of deputy envoy of Xingquan Military Province and Fujian. According to his "Records of the Ping of the Min Hai", he was appointed to Fujian in the first month of the 29th year of Wanli, and as the deputy envoy of the Fujian Inspectorate, he "patrolled Zhangnan Road on his behalf." Although the situation during the Wanli period was not as severe as in the Jiajing period, the invasion of coastal areas by the Wokou still occurred from time to time, and according to the records of the "Records of the Mingshen Sect", the areas affected by the Wokou in the past few decades were mainly concentrated in Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other regions.
From the middle and late Wanli period, the coastal defense of the Ming Dynasty was increasingly abandoned: "Officers and soldiers shrunk their chests, a hundred soldiers could not be the king of ten thieves, and in order to prevent the harassment of the coastal area by the Wozhen after the Jin Dynasty, he recruited 800 soldiers, raised merchant ships, 24 were only divided into two posts, and Shen Yourong and Zhang Wanji were promoted to patrol the sea. Shen Yourong's division went to sea and quickly transmitted good news. Beheaded 32 Wokou and recaptured 1 Zhang Jing's ship in South Australia. It was under Wang Zaijin's importance and promotion that Shen Yourong gradually rose to prominence and eventually grew into a famous general in the late Ming Dynasty.
Term of office. Wang Zaijin also cooperated with Fujian commander-in-chief Zhu Wenda and led the Ming army to achieve great victories in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, and Penghu, "nine sunken boats, captured sixteen thief boats and sailed fishing boats, captured 42 bonobobos alive, and beheaded 86 people." Won the first fifteen thieves. Rescued one hundred and sixty-four captives and captured 1,293 weapons" Wang Zaijin, as a general who participated in it, was commended and promoted by the imperial court. Wang Zaijin is in a solid job in Fujian Province, "The secret investigation machine should be surprisingly useful, and the performance of planning and scheduling the night is remarkable."
Participating in the reconstruction of King Teng's pavilion was another act of Wang in Jiangxi, an official in Jin. Tengwang Pavilion is a very prestigious scenic spot in the mainland, Tang Yonghui fourth year Tang Taizong Li Shimin brother Teng King Li Yuanying was built in Nanchang, Jiangxi and got its name, and because of the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Bo's "Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion" is well known to posterity, the Tengwang Pavilion has been burned down many times since its completion.
In the 46th year of Wanli, when Wang Zaijin was serving as Jiangxi's political envoy, Tengwangtu had already been burned down two years earlier, and Wang Zaijin and Jiangxi Governor Wang Zuo said that the Tengwang Pavilion "is a monument of thousands of years, and how can I endure the abolition of the world," so he called on his colleagues to donate funds to build "all my colleagues, refer to the gold formation." The fundraising was completed, "so the material was selected and Zhang Gong was selected, and the cage was ordered to follow his legacy." Rectify its secret and confront the Pavilion. After the completion of the restoration, Wang Zaijin composed the "Reconstruction of the Stele of King Teng" to commemorate this grand event, and in October of the same year as the rebuilding of the Tengwang Pavilion, Wang Zaijin was examined.
During his tenure, Wang also paid special attention to Jiangxi's education, especially the development of Bailudong Academy. White Deer Cave Academy has a long history and rich cultural heritage. At that time, Shu Rijing and Li Yingsheng successively entered the White Deer Cave Academy. Shu Rijing creatively introduced the teaching method of "meeting text" and "knowing how to speak" to the academy, "Speaking six days a month, and meeting literature six days.
Li Yingsheng inherited Shu Rijing's teaching methods, and formulated the "Rules of the White Deer Cave Academy", and also compiled the excellent works written by the students in the essay competition into the "White Deer Comparative Art Collection". Wang affirmed this move of Shu Rijing and Li Yingsheng in the preface to the "White Deer Art Collection"! Mr. Shu's paper is in the track of the format, and Yuan Junbo and Li Sili read the fine core. Several cave selection courses, entitled "White Deer School Art Collection" Jiangyou Humanities Yu Si Daguan Yan. At the same time, he depicted the grand situation of the White Deer Cave Academy: "There is an appointment in the text, the lesson has a schedule, please have a meeting to be polite to the way, the beginning of the unity of the county, the name of the four directions." The mountain waste stopped it from being new, and the people could not be tolerated, and the Taoist temple was lived several times. The Taoist Temple that came later could not be tolerated, and Fu Zazhi's "admiration can be seen from this."
epilogue
In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the situation was turbulent, heavy taxes, and frequent natural disasters, and the people's living conditions were very difficult, and Shandong was no exception.
bibliography
Inaba-kun. The Complete History of the Qing Dynasty, Dantai, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press
XIAO Yishan. General History of the Qing Dynasty. Taipei Taiwan Commercial Press
ZHAO Guangxian. Ancient History Discernment. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press