Thousands of miles of horses
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"What was the development of seal books in the Northern Song Dynasty? Why is it said to be the third small climax of the seal book"? I really don't know for what reason this is, the Northern Song Dynasty appeared a small climax of the seal book, so how did the first two "small climaxes" appear? Maxima really couldn't understand.
However, the Northern Song Dynasty did have seal calligraphers, and in the Xuanhe Shu Genealogy - Seal Book, the only eight seal calligraphers in the Tang and Song dynasties recorded the three seal calligraphers of the Northern Song Dynasty.
One was Zhao Shu (1056----1088), the fourth son of Emperor Yingzong of Song, and the other was Xu Xuan (徐铉) of the Fifth Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. There is also a Fujianese Zhang Youzhi (1006----1062) who is half hidden and half-shi, and they are almost two generations, but this Zhao Fu is a gentleman and prince, who likes calligraphy and painting, and the seal and lishu are good. Zhang Youzhi is also a very talented scholar.
The seal book of the Northern Song Dynasty Zhang Youzhi
But you can't prove it anyway that the seal book was a "small climax" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was still the third time. This is not the same as the mainstream calligraphy of calligraphy after the Tang Dynasty, which was unified into calligraphy, calligraphy and cursive calligraphy.
Although it is impossible for the seal book to disappear like the Lishu, there has been no climax atmosphere since the late Western Han Dynasty, which is the actual situation of the development of Chinese characters and calligraphy.
Here, Maxima will talk about the status of the "Seal Book" and the Northern Song Dynasty Seal Book.
First of all, there has been no "small climax" in the seal book, and there is no "climax".
From the perspective of historical background, the history of Chinese calligraphy and the history of writing are not synchronous history, and we should be clear about this.
It does not mean that there is a history of writing, there is a history of calligraphy.
In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Tangqing's book "Zu Wuxue Three Words and Poems" seal book, penmanship of the great seal, similar to "Stone Drum Text", opened the "Stone Drum Text" calligraphy precedent
The history of Chinese characters is far longer than the history of calligraphy. Therefore, after Qin Shi Huang unified Chinese characters, it cannot be said that the history of Chinese calligraphy was unified, let alone that the climax of China's seal writing has arrived. Because, in the Qin Dynasty, there were already Lishu, and the text on some bronze weights and measures in the Qin Dynasty was still Lishu! This has never been done before.
The history of writing and calligraphy in the history of Chinese calligraphy are often confused, so we often confuse calligraphy and writing.
The history of the seal book is very long, at least from the Zhou Dynasty, because there is no tradition of oracle bone study and research in Chinese history, so there was no oracle bone calligraphy in ancient times, and there was no golden calligraphy.
The real seal calligraphy began with the "small seal".
So why did China's seal book go from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, so that today, the mainstream of seal books is "small seal" rather than big seal? But can't we think that there has been a climax of the seal book?
This is because after Qin Shi Huang unified China, he also unified the Six Kingdoms script with a small seal, and the Han Dynasty inherited the system of Qin Shi Huang unifying the script.
Therefore, from the Han Dynasty onwards, the real standard character in China was the Chinese character based on the small seal, and later the great philological work of Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Shuowen Jiezi", because it was mainly based on the small seal, it consolidated the cultural status of the small seal, and was far away from the more ancient scripts such as the Jin script.
Song Changyu's "Song Ren Word Album" ink, calligraphy absorbs the meaning of jin, is a rare seal book work in the Song Dynasty.
However, we all know that whether it is a small seal or a large seal, the seal book has been covered up in reality by the popular Lishu in the late Warring States period.
From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, Chinese calligraphy has been evolving, and eventually from the Tang Dynasty, it has formed today's calligraphy system of calligraphy, calligraphy, and cursive writing. Before the Tang Dynasty, Lishu and Seal Calligraphy completely withdrew from the practical field of calligraphy.
Nevertheless, the status of Xiaozhuan has not wavered, and it is still basic philology, a necessary basic discipline of Chinese characters, but not the mainstream of calligraphy.
Therefore, this does not mean that the seal book has a practical status, but because the small seal is an integral part of the "primary school" of Traditional Chinese studies. Readers must study the seal book according to the "Explanation of Words and Characters" in order to better understand the Confucian classics. Therefore, seal books are still used to a certain extent.
Because the "primary school" of the Han Dynasty was mainly based on textual exhortations, the two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties added phonology, the Sui and Tang Dynasties added epigraphy and calligraphy that explored calligraphy and gestures, and then to the Song Dynasty to study the golden stone inscription of the golden stone inscription, none of them could make the seal book have room for improvement in the practical field.
Therefore, the seal book is only the scope of the "primary school", especially the literati and scholars who occasionally play with the seal book.
Song Dynasty Seal Book "Epitaph of The Taijun Zhang Clan of The Song Dynasty De'an County"
This is why it is said that the seal book in the Eastern Han Dynasty no longer uses the seal book in mainstream calligraphy, but there are still people who can write the seal book, because in the "primary school" is to learn the seal book, which is the tradition of the Chinese culture system since the Han Dynasty.
So, did the Han Dynasty have a "climax" of seal books? Since history has not left us more records of seal calligraphers, it is difficult for us to think that the Han Dynasty had any climax of small seal calligraphy.
Now the "Yuan An Monument" of the Eastern Han Dynasty is one of the representative works of the Han Dynasty Seal Book.
Judging from the "Yuan An Stele", the seal books after the Han Dynasty basically did not go beyond the scope of "small seals".
For example, the seal book of Li Yangbing in the Tang Dynasty and the seal book of Zhang Youzhi in the Song Dynasty, because they are all within the system of small seals, and the scope of study of this seal book is completely different from the seal calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty and modern epigraphy.
The status of the seal book can also be glimpsed from the "Xuanhe Pictorial Notation". In the Xuanhe Shu Bibliography - Seal Book compiled between the Northern Song Dynasty Xuanhe Nian (1119 - 1125), only Li Yangbing, Wei Bao, Tang Yuandu, Shi Yuanya, Yiduan Xianwang, Xu Xuan, and Zhang Youzhi are recorded.
Song Dynasty "Epitaph of The Taijun Zhang Clan of De'an County, Song Dynasty"
There were only three of them in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that the status of the seal book in the Song Dynasty was already very lonely. The Lishu is even more tragic, recording only the Tang Dynasty calligrapher Han Zemu alone.
So, isn't it clear what the status of the seal book was in the Northern Song Dynasty?
In fact, since the Han Dynasty, the seal book has been hidden behind the Lishu. In each dynasty, the position of the seal book hidden behind the mainstream script has not changed significantly. This was the case in the Tang Dynasty, it was also like this in the Song Dynasty, and we are still like this today, and this is the special cultural status of the seal book.
In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Tangqing wrote the seal book "Zu Wuxue Three Words and Poems"
Therefore, although the Xuanhe Book Genealogy only records three seal calligraphers of the Song Dynasty, this is not surprising. The seal calligraphers of all dynasties have been a minority.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there was a high monk who could be called a seal calligrapher. He is Mengying, a senior monk from Hengzhou, Hunan, with the name Ofunyi. Mengying was proficient in the "Huayan Jing", gong calligraphy, at that time, the calligraphy of Mengyingshan was highly evaluated, and some people thought: After Zhiyong, there was Yang Bing, and after Yang Bing, Meng Ying composed.
And Mengying's calligraphy is really good.
According to Tao Zongyi's "Book History Huijiao" of the Ming Dynasty, Mengying "practiced the seal at the same time as Guo Zhongshu, and Li Yangbing, both emperors" and "Guo Zhongshu".
Guo Zhongshu was a great painter of the early Northern Song Dynasty, Guo Zhongshu (?) –977) painter from the end of the Five Dynasties to the beginning of the Song Dynasty, he was also a calligrapher who specialized in seal writing.
Mengying's "Seal Book of a Thousand Words and Preface"
If Mengying and Guo Zhongshu are classmates, then Mengying should also be a person of the early Song Dynasty.
Ming Dynasty calligrapher Yang Shiqiyun: "The Dream Ying Kai Method is a book of Liu Cheng hanging, but the bones and spirits are weak and cannot be reached." ”
Wang Shizhen commented: "The Ying seal pen is also self-correcting, and the letter "Emperor Fujun Monument" is published in the main book, and the bones are slightly exposed. ”
Ming Zhao Han: "Graphite Engraving" said, "The Book of English justice is the first, the seal is second, and the division is second."
The above evaluation of Mengying is not exaggerated, now, according to the Xi'an Forest of Steles Collection, Mengying's seal books and calligraphy are available, such as the "Seal Book Thousand Characters and Preface" Song Qiande three years (965) carving, "Mengying Eighteen-Body Seal Book" Qiande five years (967) carving, "Song Mengying Confucius Temple Stele", also known as "Fufeng Confucius Temple Record" Taiping Xingguo Seven Years (982) carving, "Huayan Fa jieguan remnant stele" and other eight kinds of calligraphy inscriptions have been passed down to the world.
Mengying calligraphy inscription "Huayan Dharma Circle View Remnant Monument"
However, such a famous calligrapher is not listed in the Xuanhe Book Genealogy.
In addition to the early Northern Song Dynasty monk was a seal calligrapher, the hermit Zhang Youzhi (1006----1062) of the Northern Song Dynasty was also a calligrapher who was good at seal calligraphy
Zhang Youzhi was born in the third year of Jingde (1006) and was a highly accomplished calligrapher whose seal calligraphy was taken from the Tang Dynasty sages such as Xu Xuan and Li Yangbing.
Because his seal book resembles Seo Hyun's calligraphy, some people misrepresent him as a disciple of Seo Hyun. Xu Xuan (916-991) was a writer and calligrapher from the Fifth Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty. It is famous for its annotation of the Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts. On behalf of Lord Li Hou, he talked with Zhao Kuangyin on the issue of reunification. Xu Xuan said that Nantang and Da Song are like father and son, and the son has no place to be sorry for LaoZi? Zhao Kuangyin said that since he knew that it was father and son, how could father and son be separated? Xu Xuan was speechless.
In fact, when Xu Xuan died, Zhang Youzhi was not yet born, so he was definitely not Xu Xuan's disciple.
In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Tangqing's book "Zu Wuxue Three Words and Poems" seal book, penmanship of the great seal, similar to "Stone Drum Text", opened the "Stone Drum Text" calligraphy precedent
During the reign of Emperor You (1049----1053), Song Renzong listened to the music of his courtiers and praised Zhang Youzhi's good writings, good calligraphy, and good seal writing, and Song Renzong wanted to summon him to see his true talent, but Zhang Youzhi said that illness should not be called.
Later, Taixue prepared a tree stone to carve the Five Classics stele, to use a seal book, and the dprk was not good at seal books, so the courtiers recommended Zhang Youzhi, and Emperor Renzong summoned him to Beijing to write the scriptures. This time, Zhang Youzhicai was instructed to travel from Jian'an in Fujian Province through Wanli to Beijing, and together with Yang Nanzhong and others, he completed the work of sealing the Stone Classic.
The stone scriptures have been completed, and there are many imitators, and the taixue is a plug for a while. After Zhang Youzhi wrote the Stone Sutra for Taixue, Emperor Renzong wanted to grant him the title of overseer, that is, the head of the Ministry of Construction, but he refused to resign. Emperor Renzong gave him 100 taels of silver and 100 horses of silk.
During this period of writing the Shijing, Zhang Youzhi also had the honor of writing an inscription with a seal for the famous Tang Dynasty painting "Bu Ren Tu" collected by the Inner House. "Step Map" is the work of Yan Liben, a master painter of the Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Youzhi's seal book "Seal Of Two Thousand Characters"
Now we can glimpse the style of Zhang Youzhi's "Two Thousand Characters of Seal Writing" of his seal book.
These words are written strong and upright, simple and dissipated, it can be said that it is very ancient, and it also has the concise and loose beauty of the small seal, and the shape is more square.
Zhang Youzhi was also good at painting turtles and snakes, and he did not return to his hometown of Fujian as he wished, but died in the capital shi Bieliang, the year of Jiayou seven years (1062), he lived for 57 years.
The seal book of the Song Dynasty also handed down an inkblot of the "Song Ren Dictionary" that is often handed down.
Chang Yu's seal book work has a certain characteristic, that is, it absorbs some of the penmanship of the golden text, which has never been seen in the small seal calligraphy since the Tang Dynasty
The first paragraph is based on the small seal book Su Shi's words as "Whistle Deviation". The second paragraph is Han Yu's essay "Pangu Preface" written in conjunction with the handwriting of the bronze inscription.
Chang Yu's seal book, starting and closing are all lufeng penmanship, and the line pen uses a center. The third paragraph of Xiao Zhen wrote "Red and White Lotus Words". The calligraphy has the penmanship of Tang LiyangBing, which is round and has an ancient style. It can be seen that his teaching method is informal.
However, on the whole, the achievements are not very high, and it is very rare to be able to use seal books and create calligraphy works in the Song Dynasty.
The Epitaph of Zhang Shi, the Taijun of De'an County, Song Dynasty, is more than 900 words throughout. The whole text is written in seal script, the author is the famous calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty, Chen Xi, the writer is the famous minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, Kumamoto, and the epitaph is the mother of the Northern Song Dynasty Jiangxi Zhuangyuan and the literary scholar Peng Ruli, so this fang epitaph is a collection of calligraphy value and documentary value in one of the fine works.
The seal book "Tombstone of Taijun Zhang of The Former De'an County of the Song Dynasty" is in the style of iron wire, with the legacy of Tang Liyang Bing, and is a good model for a small seal calligraphy work of the Song Dynasty.
However, the best work of the Song Dynasty, a seal calligraphy work, I think is the Zu Wuxue "Three Words Poem" written by Su Tangqing in the third year of the Qing calendar (1044). They were all contemporaries, and Su Tangqing was still a good friend of Ouyang Xiu. In the year of Qing (1041----1048), Emperor Renzong of Song zhao zhen ordered the world to flourish, and Emperor Renzong of Song wanted to make Confucius's descendant Duke Wenxuan. Zu Wuxue said: "The previous generation has already canonized Confucius as a sect saint, a saint, a saint, and a praise, and during the Tang Kaiyuan period, confucius was also honored as the King of Wenxuan, and now he will add the title of his ancestor to his descendants, which is not in line with the etiquette system." It is proposed to change the name to Yan Sheng Gong. His opinion was later adopted.
Zu Wuxue studied in present-day Lianyungang in the East China Sea. In the fourth year of the celebration calendar, Zu Wu chose to be the zhizhou of Haizhou, and during his tenure, he built a school museum in Haizhou, placed students and apprentices, and better promoted the cultural development of Haizhou.
The "Three Words poem" is engraved in Haizhou. Zu Wuxue did not feel guilty in his life, and he said confidently in the "Three Words and Poems": "For thousands of years, the moss is gone, and there are people after me, for me." This "Three Words poem" seal book was written by his good friend Su Tangqing. The engraver was also a very famous engraver at that time, Gong (Zi Junzhang), which was a collection of articles, calligraphy, and engraving. The engraving was completed in July of the fourth year of the calendar.
When we look at this calligraphy work today, it really jumps out of the authentic framework of the small seal since the Han Dynasty. It should be said that this is a calligraphy with the style of the "Stone Drum Text". However, I see that many people say that this is a small seal, and I really don't know if I can distinguish the difference between the big seal and the small seal. If we compare it with several other small seal calligraphy works in this article, isn't it very clear?
"Stone Drum Text" is not a typical big seal nor a typical small seal, generally called 籀文, which is also the source of small seals. Su Tangqing's stone carving of "Zu Wuxue Three Words poem" is closer to the "Stone Drum Text", so this is a point of view representing the calligraphy of the Song Dynasty.
Before the Qing Dynasty, such seal calligraphy works were very rare.
Let's summarize the calligraphy works of the Northern Song Dynasty that we have browsed, and in general, they are still within the scope of the Tang Dynasty seal books.
In terms of application and social influence, the calligraphic status of seal books in the Song Dynasty, like the status of seal books in previous dynasties, was very limited. This is not the same as the Qing Dynasty's advocating of epigraphy, and the trend of "epigraphy" arising from seal books, Lishu, and Wei steles.
Of course, there is a calligraphy miracle like Su Tangqing's writing of a seal book with a large seal pen, which is already a very rare calligraphy miracle.