How do the usage habits of apps such as Weibo, Hupu, and Douban affect college students' views on marriage and childbearing? What are the biggest concerns that inhibit college students' willingness to marry? What is the fertility preference of the "Lying Flat Pie"? Recently, the "Report on the Concept of Marriage and Childbearing of Chinese College Students" released by the Population and Development Research Center of Chinese University shared the relevant survey results.
The report pointed out that the use of App habits will affect the marriage and childbearing concept of college students, of which the use of Weibo is negatively correlated with the willingness of college students to marry and have children, the use of Tiger Flutter is positively correlated with the fertility willingness of college students, the use of Douban is negatively correlated with women's fertility willingness, the use of Xiaohongshu is positively correlated with women's willingness to marry and have children, and the use of game Apps mainly reduces women's willingness to marry and have children, which has almost no impact on men.
In terms of information exposure (exposure to the impact of different types of information), the report said that "dog food" and love parenting variety shows will significantly enhance college students' willingness to marry and have children, exposure to emotional gossip news will inhibit college students' willingness to marry, and the country's fertility policy and expert views play a positive role in college students' willingness to marry and have children.
Sixty percent of the university students surveyed made it clear that they would get married, with the cost of housing and parenting having the greatest impact
Earlier, at the "Seminar on the Concept of Marriage and Childbearing of Chinese College Students" jointly sponsored by the Population and Development Research Center of Chinese University, the Family and Gender Research Center of Chinese Min University, and the public account "Serious Demography Gossip", experts and scholars discussed the concept of marriage and love, mate preferences and mental outlook of Chinese college students in the Internet age.
Professor Zhai Zhenwu, president of the Chinese Society and director of the Population and Development Research Center of Chinese Min University, pointed out that China is in a stage of rapid social transformation today, and one of the most striking changes is the marriage behavior and concept of marriage and love among young people. As an important part of the current young people, college students are the focus of social attention.
At the meeting, Professor Li Ting, Director of the Family and Gender Research Center of Chinese Min University, gave a report on the concept of marriage and childbearing among Chinese college students.
The survey sample came from 30 universities (including 4 double-first-class universities, 18 general universities, and 8 junior colleges), covering 26 cities in 22 provinces. After data cleansing, a total of 9775 valid questionnaires were obtained. The average age of the respondents was 20.29 years old, mainly Han Chinese, urban hukou accounted for 43%, only children accounted for 35.71%, and the monthly disposable living expenses were concentrated in 500-2000 yuan.
Professor Li Ting made a report that 61% of college students clearly said that they would get married, 7% clearly said they would not get married, and the ideal age of marriage was 27.82 years old, and the average number of loves was 1.62, and overall, the willingness of college students to marry was higher than expected. However, there is a heterogeneity of the population in the willingness to marry, which is mainly reflected in gender, family, school level and region. Among them, female college students, urban hukou, double-first-class colleges and universities, eastern regions, and people with higher parents' education level are less willing to marry.
In terms of factors that inhibit the willingness to marry, the cost of marriage and childbirth and the balance factor of work and family have a prominent impact on the willingness of college students to marry, of which the biggest concern of male college students is the cost of marriage, and female college students are more affected by the factors of marriage resistance, and accompanied by the transformation of concepts; at the same time, in the factors that promote the willingness to marry, college students most value the spiritual and emotional support function of marriage, and also hope to take into account the material support attributes, of which male college students value the life course, and female college students pay more attention to support functions. In terms of acceptance of different marital behaviors, college students have the highest acceptance of trial marriage behaviors and low acceptance of non-traditional parenting concepts.
The report pointed out that the average ideal number of children of college students is 1.85, the average number of willing children is 1.36, and the difference between the two indicators represents the perception of college students' perception of fertility obstacles. Gender, ethnicity, whether they are only children and family background will affect both the ideal number of children and the number of willing children, of which gender and family hukou have an impact on the number of willing children greatly exceed the ideal number of children, and the number of ideal daughters of various college students exceeds the number of ideal sons. At the same time, the ideal children of double-first-class colleges and universities, ordinary colleges and universities have increased in turn, the difference between the number of ideal children and the number of willing children has decreased in turn, and female college students in double-first-class colleges and universities have the greatest perceived reproductive resistance.
The first five supporting policies to improve fertility willingness (proportion of support, unit: %)
In terms of perception of the utility of childbearing, college students pay more attention to the meaning and emotional value of parenting, and the least considered is the protection function of children. In all dimensions of fertility utility, male college students perceive it more positively than female college students; in terms of perception of fertility impediments, housing and parenting costs have the greatest impact on college students, and female college students perceive fertility risk more strongly. In terms of supporting policies for childbirth, college students support the reduction of housing costs, the reduction of education costs, lower medical costs, lower childcare costs, and the protection of women's employment, and different college students have differentiated policy needs.
The use of Weibo is negatively correlated with the willingness to marry and have children, and the "lying flat faction" has a higher daughter preference
The survey also measures college students' Internet participation through three dimensions: intensity (how long college students spend on the Internet at leisure), circle culture (participation in subcultural circles, types of apps applicable), and information exposure (exposure to the influence of different types of information).
The report said that in the intensity dimension, the average time of college students' leisure Internet access is 4 hours and 35 minutes, and the leisure Internet time is negatively correlated with the willingness to marry and have children; in the circle culture dimension, under the condition of controlling other variables, the participation of subculture will significantly affect the marriage and childbearing concept of college students, of which regardless of men and women, there is a significant positive correlation between paying attention to e-sports and marriage willingness, and there is a significant negative correlation between the attention to animation and online articles and the willingness to marry and have children, but there is a gender difference in the effect of star chasing, which is negatively correlated with women's willingness to marry. There is a positive correlation with male fertility intentions.
At the same time, the use of App habits will also affect the marriage and childbearing concept of college students, of which the use of Weibo is negatively correlated with the willingness of college students to marry and have children, the use of Tiger Flutter is positively correlated with the fertility willingness of college students, the use of Douban is negatively correlated with women's willingness to have children, the use of Small Red Book is positively correlated with women's willingness to marry and have children, and the use of game Apps mainly reduces women's willingness to marry and have children, which has almost no impact on men; in the dimension of information exposure, "sunbathing dog food" and love parenting variety shows will significantly enhance college students' willingness to marry and have children Exposure to emotional gossip will inhibit college students' willingness to marry, and the country's fertility policy and expert views play a positive role in college students' willingness to marry and have children.
What is the willingness to marry and have children among college students? This report is also mentioned.
Li Ting introduced that through cluster analysis, the mental outlook of college students is divided into healthy struggle, anxiety struggle, Buddhist and lying flat schools, and there is no expected "inner volume type" (high struggle, high anxiety, low sense of meaning), and the lying flat school only accounts for about 14%. Among them, the better the family situation and the better the regional development situation, the more negative the college students, and the more negative the male college students are compared with the female college students. In addition, the survey also involves the self-expectations of college students and the expectations of their children, of which self-expectation optimism accounts for 28.12%, self-expectation pessimism accounts for 23%, children's expectations are optimistic for 83%, children's expectations are pessimistic for 4.2%, overall, college students are more optimistic about the development of their children.
In the relationship between the spiritual outlook and the concept of marriage and childbearing, the lying flat faction has the lowest willingness to marry and have children, and also has a higher preference for daughters; the Buddhist faction has the highest willingness to marry and have children, and competition and anxiety will inhibit the willingness to marry and have children to a certain extent; the willingness to marry and have children in optimistic groups is very high, and the willingness to marry and have children is the lowest; the expectation of oneself mainly affects the willingness to marry, and the expectation of children mainly affects the willingness to have children.
The report concludes by pointing out that, in general, college students still have expectations for marriage and childbearing, but the value basis of marriage and childbearing has changed. Secondly, college students face greater resistance to marriage and childbearing, and there are significant differences in gender needs. Male college students are more concerned about the cost of marriage and childbirth, and female college students are more concerned about self-development opportunities, which reflects the uncoordinated process of gender concept change, so public policies that integrate gender needs must be considered. In addition, the overall mental outlook of college students is still positive and optimistic, but the anxiety problem of college students is widespread, and the Internet affects and shapes the concept of college students from various dimensions, forming an obvious circle culture.
After Professor Li Ting's presentation of the main report, Wang Donghui, a lecturer at the Population and Development Research Center of Chinese Min University, further explored the mate selection preferences and attitudes of contemporary college students and their attitudes towards fertility policy based on the choice experiment.
"In terms of mate preference, college students tend to be young, good-looking, highly educated, have a house, only children and high-income spouses." Wang Donghui introduced, but the career preferences of men and women for their spouses are different: women prefer spouses from institutions and institutions or spouses of foreign enterprises, and for men, if the potential spouse works in foreign enterprises or private enterprises, it is a minus. The importance of each attribute is further measured by the willingness to pay a price (how much of a college student is willing to give up their spouse's income for other attributes), from largest to smallest: age, property, education level, appearance, whether they are only children, occupation. However, the preferences of men and women are slightly different, men rank their spouses' appearance higher than women, and women rank higher than men in real estate and education. In addition, men and women are willing to pay different prices. Overall, contemporary college students' preferences for spousal attributes highlight the importance of economic strength, but there are gender differences.
Wang Donghui said that in terms of attitude to fertility policy, contemporary college students believe that family economic level, childcare support, childcare services, and housing subsidy measures can promote fertility, but the effect of childcare allowance on fertility is not significant.
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