The production of the Imperial Pen of the Inner Court of the Qing Dynasty is made of exquisite materials, such as gold, silver, jade, wood and bamboo tooth pipes, and everything is available. It is manifested in decoration and modeling because it integrates a variety of craft techniques, carved and decorated pipes, and is extremely skilled, so it tends to be more ornamental and artistic. In the Qing Dynasty, the pen in Huzhou, Zhejiang Was still the most prestigious, and the number of lake pens in the local tribute room utensils was the largest every year, and some inscription pipe pens were handed over to the local weaving according to the inner court style. Local inspectors also pay tribute with lake pens every year.
▌ Bamboo pipe large calligraphy and painting purple pen
Bamboo pipe Tianzi Ten Thousand Years CuiXiao Pen
▌ The source of the royal pen
In the Qing Dynasty, the pens used by the inner court were made by Jiangnan Weaving, Jiangning Weaving, Hangzhou Weaving, etc., according to the inner court style, and a large number of them came from local tributes, and the amount of tribute paid by local officials alone with brushes every year was as high as tens of thousands. In addition to a large number of royal pens, records were also issued throughout the inner court, copied books for use, and used for the emperor's rewards. According to Zhang Naiwei's "Narrative of the Qing Palace", "In October of Gengshen, he gave the cabinet Hanlin Yuan officials 5,000 branches of pens for the use of the cabinet ticket, the sermon in the court, and the notes. The cabinet is divided into half, and the rest are given fifty branches to the speakers, fifty branches to the original writers, and thirty branches to the copy writers. He also wrote archives with five hundred branches and saved living notes. Five hundred branches are prepared to write sermons, and they are stored in the outer gate. The pen is made of Ding Younian and is also hidden in the Imperial Study of the Ancestors. (Gengshen is the nineteenth year of Kangxi, that is, 1680, Ding You is the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, that is, 1657) From the above records, it can be seen that the number of pens required by the inner court of the Qing Dynasty is considerable.
The pen used in the inner court mainly came from local tributes. Qing Wu Zhendi (yù) "Yang Ji Zhai Series" records: "For the four things of the Imperial Literary Room, other categories of names, invincible ... The genus of the pen is based on the book 'Fu' pen as the pipe of 'Ten Thousand Treasures'. The so-called blessings of Cangsheng also; the common use of imperial books, there are spotted bamboo pipes, large lifting pens, lacquer, wentan and other kinds of pens. Among those who are commonly used for zhushu and ink books, there are evergreen pipes, jingtianweidi, ten thousand years of branches, cranes in the clouds, only jing, yunhan as chapters, and bamboo pipes, sandalwood pipes, and tungsten pipes, all supplied by other provinces. As recorded in the Qianlong Dynasty's "Palace Entry List": In December of the sixteenth year of Qianlong (1751), the two Zhejiang salt governments and weaving, Su Leng'egong had hundreds of pieces of pen, ink and paper, of which the pens were "Jingtianweidi", "Evergreen", "Yunhan for the Chapter", "Table Zheng Wanfang", "Xiao Ziying", "Crane in the Clouds", "Sandalwood Pen" and so on. Most of these inscription pipe pens are used by the emperor's imperial pen Zhu Shu and ink books. Local officials in the Qing Dynasty paid tribute to the lake pen every year, such as in July of the 26th year of Qianlong, Yunnan Inspector Liu Zao tribute, and the number of lake pens alone was as high as 420. By the late Qianlong period, it increased to 503 branches. Due to the excessive number of stocks, the late Qianlong period reduced the tribute to various places, and the number of brushes was also reduced.
▌Bamboo pipe Shou character pattern purple pen
▌ Ebony color paint cloud bat pattern pipe Cui Hao pen
▌ White jade pipe Dou Cui Hao pen
▌The type of royal pen
The shape of the royal brush is rich and distinctive. Its materials are bamboo pipe, wooden pipe, lacquer pipe, porcelain pipe, jade pipe, tortoiseshell pipe, bone horn, tooth tube and so on. In addition to the traditional pipe pen that is generally commonly used, a kind of lifting pen with bucket and grasping pen is also popular. Among them, the shape of the pen is generally composed of two parts, the pen tube and the pen bucket, and there is also the form of the pipe bucket, which was made in large quantities in the Qing Dynasty and was widely popular. The pipe bucket of the pen is exquisitely decorated, the material of the pen bucket and the pen tube is the same or different, competing for glory, there are jade buckets, tooth buckets, wooden buckets, enamel buckets, bone buckets, porcelain buckets, etc., with diverse shapes and changes. According to the size of the pen specifications, there are small pens, medium pens, and large pens. Because the pen is plump and straight, it is suitable for writing a variety of books. The grasping pen is more stable than the pen, the pen is plump and round, the shape of the pen is short and thick, generally made of mane, suitable for writing plaques and banners.
The selection of pens is exquisite, common rabbit milli, sheep milli, concurrent milli, wolf milli, mink milli, mane milli, etc., and there are color milli or dot cui pen milli, exquisite decoration. The shape of the pen is also full of changes, including orchid bud type, bamboo shoot tip type, gourd head type, etc., each with its own characteristics. In addition to the fine selection of millimeters, its pen is more "sharp, qi, round, healthy" beauty, especially the color decoration, but also the production of practical pens and exquisite decorative arts perfectly combined, forming the era style of Qing Dynasty brushes.
▌ Tooth tube mahogany bucket "longevity without borders" mane millimeter pen
▌ Purple lacquer depicts gold cloud bat pattern pipe mane grasp pen
▌ Green paint depicting gold narcissus reishi bat pattern pipe mane noir scratch pen
▌ Inscription of the pen tube
The pen pipe inscription is one of the characteristics of the pen making process in the Qing Dynasty. The pen inscriptions of the imperial pen of the Qing Dynasty court are generally often words that praise merit and praise, such as "Wanbang Zuofu", "Wanguo Xianning", "Wanguo Laichao", "Table Zheng Wanfang", "Song and Dance Shengping", "Guangyu Four Tables", "Ze Yu Fang", "Zhu Lian Bi Bi He", etc.; or allegorical auspicious and blessed life contents, such as "Haiwu Tianqi", "Long Life Boundless", "Ten Thousand Years of Scenic Fortune", "Wanfu You tong", "Heluo Chengxiang", "Haiyan Heqing", "Luanxiang Fengyi", etc., giving the brush a rich cultural connotation. Another example is the inscription praising the excellent pen, such as "waving the paper and generating clouds and smoke", "flowers everywhere in guancheng", "no thoughts and no wonders", "pearls and jade run", "Zhongshu Jun", "cosmic economics" and other praise words. There are also chapters that please the emperor, such as "ChengXin is like a jade to write huangting", "Tianyan has a joy and close subject knowledge" and so on. In particular, every New Year's Day or New Year's Day, the emperor would hold a pen opening ceremony, set up a Jin Ou Yonggu cup filled with Tu Su wine, placed vermilion depicting golden cloud dragon silk and Zhu Mo, and his book "Fu" was engraved with a pen, and the pipe end was engraved with the inscription "WanNian Branch" or "Wannian Qing", or "Wan Zhen zhen used" pipe pen, the imperial pen was written in Jiyu, the blessing of Cangsheng, and the eternal protection of jiangshan foundation was eternal. Most of the royal pens for these inscriptions and verses were made according to the requirements or styles of the inner court. So far, the Palace Museum has thousands of pieces of pens for the study room, most of which have not yet been used, and should be used as spare pens for the inner court.
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