The Four Treasures of Literature refer to the unique Chinese instruments of writing, namely pen, ink, paper and stone. The name of the Four Treasures of The Study Room originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Historically, the things referred to in the "Four Treasures of The Study Room" have changed many times. Since the Song Dynasty, the "Four Treasures of Literature" specifically refers to: Hubi (Huzhou, Zhejiang Province), Huimo (Huizhou, Anhui Province), Xuan Paper (Xuanzhou, Anhui Province), and Duanyan (Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, known as Duanzhou in ancient times).
Lake pen
Produced in Shanlian Town, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, Shanlian ancient belongs to Huzhou Capital, so it is called Lake Pen. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the lake pen has replaced the status of Xuanbi, and is divided into four categories: sheep milli, wolf milli, purple milli, and concurrent milli, with four major characteristics: sharp, qi, round, and jian. Lake pen selection of materials strictly, such as sheep milli mainly select goat armpit hair, the take millimeter must be more dry, remove dirt, and then according to the millimeter flat round, straight, long, sharp and other characteristics, immersed in water for classification and combination, generally through immersion, plucking, combing and other more than 70 processes. It is known as the "crown of the pen".
Hubi flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its appearance in Huzhou Shanlian has a natural and socio-economic background.
(1) Market demand
With the economic development of Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions and the rise of culture, people's demand for brushes has become extremely large.
(2) Geographical location and raw materials
Shanlian, which is not far from the cultural resort of Suzhou and Hangzhou, enjoys a unique geographical advantage, whether it is taking goat wool from the Hangjia Lake area as a pen tip, or using the mangosteen around Yuhang as a pen holder, it is very convenient and the quality is guaranteed.
(3) Craftsmanship
What is even more rare is that at that time, many literati and inkers in Huzhou were particularly fond of calligraphy and painting, including the great calligrapher Zhao Mengfu, who further processed and improved the Hubi process, making it more and more suitable for writing and painting.
Emblem ink
Hui ink is a special pigment mainly used for traditional calligraphy and painting made of pine tobacco, sycamore smoke, lacquer smoke and glue as the main raw materials, and is named after the ancient Huizhou capital. The emblem ink is refined by lighting cigarettes, waging materials, pressing, drying, flanging, gold drawing, boxing and other processes. The finished product has the characteristics of black and moist color, firm and light, no halo into the paper, no glue for licking the pen, no fading, rich fragrance, anti-moth and insect prevention, etc., and is a treasure of calligraphy and painting art. Emblem ink has high, medium and low specifications, and high-grade ink has super top paint smoke, tung oil smoke, special grade pine smoke and so on.
(1) Craftsmanship
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, due to the Anshi Rebellion, a large number of northern ink workers moved south, resulting in the southward shift of the ink center. During the five dynasties at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the famous ink workers Xi Chao, Xi Tingchen father and son of Yizhou, as well as Zhang Gu and others moved to Shezhou.
(2) Market
The Song Dynasty's economy developed rapidly, commerce gradually became active, literary and artistic activities became increasingly prosperous, and the reading atmosphere under the influence of the imperial examination system became increasingly popular, and the emblem ink industry flourished. In the Ming Dynasty, social demand increased, and the production of emblem ink increased to meet market demand; in the early Qing Dynasty, the government attached importance to the recovery and development of the economy and adopted an inclusive policy for Han culture, which promoted the recovery and development of the hui ink demand market.
(3) Raw materials
The foothill basins of Huangshan and Xuancheng Mountains and the valleys of the plains have sandy loam soils and alluvial soils on both sides of the creek and river, which are suitable for the growth of pine and tung seed trees, which are suitable for ink-making materials.
Paper
Produced in Jing County, southern Anhui, it is named because it was historically the capital of Xuanzhou. Rice paper was first produced in the Tang Dynasty, and its raw material is green sandalwood peel. In the Qing Dynasty, straw was mixed and the proportion of materials was changed. Rice paper is divided into two kinds of raw and cooked, raw Xuan stain water infiltration, freehand painting is the best; cooked Xuan after glue alum soaking, not infiltrated, suitable for brushwork, fine drawing and fine writing, the most ideal paper for calligraphy and painting. Rice paper has the characteristics of paper flexibility, white and smooth, delicate and uniform, no wrinkles, no hair loss, no fear of shu rolling, anti-aging, long-term non-change of color, no moth and no rot, rolling and not damaged, etc., which is easy to collect, and has the saying of "paper life for a thousand years".
(1) Raw materials
Jing County has a subtropical monsoon climate, with more than 1,000 species of herbs in the territory, which is suitable for the material and manufacture of rice paper.
The green sandalwood bark is taken from the green sandalwood trees that grow in the hilly areas of the karst mountains in Jing County and the surrounding areas, and the phloem tissue is evenly organized, the fiber is uniform, and the young branches are about three years old. Sha Tin straw is derived from the long, tough and non-perishable golden yellow straw grown on the sandy soil of the river valley plains in Jing County and the surrounding areas. The water is taken from mountain springs in Jing County.
(2) Craftsmanship
During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, rice paper began to be supervised by the court, and the manufacturing technology developed rapidly, and the rice paper production technology has since become complete.
Duan Yan
Produced in Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, because the Sui set up a Duanzhou capital in Zhaoqing, it is called Duan yan. Duanshi is a kind of water-layer rock, mined in the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty has been valued by the world, its characteristics are fine stone, easy to ink, ink is too thick and not stagnant, not easy to dry. The end stones are mainly purple, and the precious stones include blue flowers, fish brain jelly, banana leaf white, Su Qing, ice patterns and so on. Duan Yan gui has stone eyes, it is a stone core shaped eye that naturally grows on the stone, people use the stone eye pattern carving of the stone platform is particularly valuable, there is "a pound of end stone, worth thousands of gold" said. There are not many large stones at the end, so they are carved with the shape and pursue the charm. Duan Yan and She Yan, Taohe Yan and Chengni Yan are known as the four famous stones in China.
The reason why Duanyan has been dominant in the world for more than a thousand years and is famous in the world is mainly because it has a strong and soft excellent stone quality and a colorful natural stone pattern, which has made countless people in the past intoxicated and obsessed.
From the geographical point of view, this area is located in the central and western part of Guangdong Province, the middle and lower reaches of the Xijiang River, geologically belongs to sedimentary rocks, also known as argillaceous slates, formed around the middle of the Devonian Period, which is the innate condition for the formation of Duanyan.
(2) History
Baishi Village, Huanggang Town, Zhaoqing City, which is cultivated by Yan, has a history of more than 1,300 years, and the villagers have been making bricks for generations, writing the prosperity and glory of duan yan production culture. As far back as the Tang Wude years, the processing and production of Yantai has become the most important means of livelihood for the people of Baishi Village, passed down from generation to generation, and their reproduction has witnessed the long history of Duanyan production culture. It was from here that Duan Yan walked to the study of the literati and inkers, to the emperor's several cases, and achieved brilliant Chinese culture. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, in Baishi Village, cheng, Luo, Cai, Guo, Liang, Li and other Yan families were formed. At present, there are nearly 300 households in the village, and more than 90% of the villagers are engaged in the production of Duan Yan.
The Four Treasures of Literature are unique, which not only expresses the customs of the Chinese nation different from other ethnic groups, but also contributes to the progress and development of world culture and national culture. Today, China is in a new period of modernization. To understand the excellent Chinese culture of the past is to create a new culture for the future. This is of great significance for enhancing national self-esteem and enhancing national cohesion.
Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yan was called "Yan" for at least 3,000 years of history, and the "Four Treasures of The Literary Room" took Yan as the crown, and when it came to the famous Yantai, it was always inseparable from "Duan, She, Tao, cheng". Duan Yan, She Yan, Taohe Yan, ChengNi Yan, and are known as the "Four Famous Stones of China", of which Duan Yan is the first of all Yan.
The best of the yan: duan yan
Duan Yan is the first of China's "Four Famous Stones", and because of its good ink distribution characteristics, it has been praised by the literati and ink writers of all generations. However, nowadays, the practical value of Duan yan is rarely mentioned, and duan yan has become a kind of art and collection, and people will shift their focus to rich stone patterns and delicate carvings.
Duan Yan is promoted as the "first of the group of Stones" with the advantages of excellent stone quality, delicate moisture and astringency without leaving a pen and slipping without rejecting ink. Used in calligraphy and painting has a history of more than 1300 years, the end of the stone to make bricks, to achieve "warm as jade, eyes high and alive, distributed into elephants, grinding silently, water storage is not consumed, ink without damage" as a good product.
Duanshi is produced in the area of Duanxishui in the western foothills of The West of Rotten Ke Mountain in the southeast of Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province. Zhaoqing was called Duanzhou in ancient times, and the stone platform made of stone here was called "Duan yan". Duan yan stone was found in the Tang Dynasty Wude years, duan yan stone due to the excellent stone quality, delicate and tender, moist, with the ink does not hurt the characteristics of the ink and he can study ink. The best of the end stones is immersed in water for many years and is warm as jade.
The "History of Duanxi Yan" said: "The weight is light, the quality is rigid and soft, the silence of Mo is silent, and it is like a child's skin, soft and tender but not smooth." Sheyan and Duanyan are said to be together, and Duanyan is better than Duanyan, it is said that all the dynasties have collected Duanxi, and when the Southern Tang Dynasty lihou was the main time, Duanxi stone was not easy to find, so it was necessary to use sheshi.
The four famous stones: Sheyan
She Yan is one of the four famous stones in China, and is a treasure in the history of Yan that is as famous as Duan Yan. She Yan was produced in SheXian County, Anhui Province, and began to be produced during the Tang Kaiyuan period. According to the historical records: Wuyuan Yan in "Tang Kaiyuan, the hunter Ye Clan went to the Great Wall one by one, saw stacked stones like a fortress, Yingjie and lovely, because of the return of it, published into Yan, warm and large over the Duanxi." Since then, She yan has become famous all over the world.
It has naturally occurring textures: Venus, eyebrows, fine ribs, water waves, etc. "Venus" is fused in the stone, shaped like grains like autumn night stars, sparkling; "eyebrows" like eyebrows, thick, thin, sparse, dense, each with its own brilliance; "water wave pattern" like the ripple of water, endless changes. The carving art of Sheyan is influenced by Huizhou brick carving and wood carving, and has a unique artistic style, with simple shape and generous and symmetrical proportions.
During the Southern Tang Dynasty, She Yan was greatly favored, and the lord Li Jingjing yi Han mo, Bao Zhongshi, specially set up Yan Wu in Shezhou, and selected Li Shaowei, a master of stone craftsmen, as the Yan affairs official; later lord Li Yu had great respect for She Yan, and called the three of them She Yan, Chengxintang Paper, and Li Ting Si Mo the crown of the world. In the Song Dynasty, Sheyan achieved great development, the scale of sheshi mining expanded, and the fine products of Sheyan continued to emerge, with many famous colors, fine textures, and carving work, which was the best of all yan.
The four famous stones: Taohe Yan
Taohe Yan is an ancient name, the stone of Taohe Yan is produced at the bottom of the deep water of the Lintao River in Gansu Province, and is now referred to as Tao Yan. The rock used to carve the stone is taken from the Zhuoni Lama Cliff in Gansu Province, and the fine products often lie on the bottom of the deep pool, which is extremely difficult to obtain and not easy to obtain.
The stone quality of Taohe stone is elegant, often green, but not emerald green, mostly light green and blue, halo dot pieces, resembling thin clouds and sunny days; the stone is warm as jade, but there is no crisp sound, simple and no fire. Astringent does not damage a bit, slippery does not reject ink; ink is rapid and fast, and it does not dry up for a long time. In short, whether it is ornamental or practical, it is superior, so it is one of the Chinese famous Stones agreed by the ancient literati yashi, ranking after Duan and Sheyan.
Whoops, this is the voyeurism in the painting, and it is difficult to see the fine Tao Yan with your own eyes. Although it ranks third, its existence is far less than that of Duan and She, Ho Ya? Maybe it's hard to find a good stone.
The four famous stones: Cheng Ni Yan
Clay bricks are made of filtered fine mud. It is not stone, it is made of the mud of the Chengjiang River, refined and refined, and it is also one of the famous Stones in China. Chengni brick production originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, with a history of more than 1,000 years.
The texture of the clay stone is hard and wear-resistant, easy to ink, no damage and no ink consumption, which can be compared with stone stone. During the Tang Dynasty, Yu Prefecture (present-day south of Lingbao County, Henan) became a famous producer of Cheng mud bricks. The simple shape of Chengniyan and the Lu Yan of Shandong belong to a kind of Chengniyan. Teacher Tan's geography studio is comprehensively sorted out
Chengni Yan began in the late Jin Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty in Shanxi Province, is a handmade pottery brick, the production method is from the Qin brick Han tile, after countless improvements and refined. The good product is too solid and stone, and it does not hurt the water. The color is mostly eel yellow, shrimp head red, vermilion red, mung bean green and so on. The real clay brick making method was lost to the Tang dynasty because the ancients did not easily teach the secret recipe in the early Song Dynasty, and most of the works made later were not good.
How to identify the quality of Yan
Look: Look at the quality, work, product, inscription, decoration and new and old of the yan, whether it has been repaired, etc. If the brick has been repaired, the color of the place where it has been repaired will always be different from the original color of the stone.
Touch: Get a side of the stone, you can touch it with your hand. If it feels as smooth and delicate as a child's skin, it means that the stone quality is better; if it feels rough to the touch, it means that the stone quality is poor.
Knock: Hold the surface of the brick with five fingers and hit it gently, or use your finger to play the brick and smell it. If it is Duan Yan, the sound of wood is better, the sound of tiles is second, and the sound of gold is below, these three different sounds reflect the tenderness and oldness of Duan Yan stone. The stone strike is best with a crisp "bell, bell" metallic sound. If the sound is "poof, poof", it means that the stone is more muddy, or the stone has dark scars, which is the next product.
Washing: It is best to be cleaned, especially because the ancient stone is stained with ink marks on the surface of the stone, which covers the natural beauty of the stone, and it is impossible to distinguish the age of the pit mouth of the stone, so it is necessary to wash off the ink marks of the stone to see if the stone has scars and repaired traces.
Sweep: The amount of stone you use your hands to sweep. Stone stones of the same size, generally speaking, the stone is cemented tightly and the particles are fine; the light description of the cement is loose. The method of sweeping is especially applicable to Sheyan.
Carving: The good or bad of a side of the stone, the first consideration is the quality of the stone. As long as you are familiar with the stone, as long as you gently carve a few words on the stone, you will immediately feel the advantages and disadvantages of the stone.
practice
The lake pen, together with emblem ink, rice paper and duan yan, is called the "Four Treasures of the Study Room", and has made indelible contributions to the spread of Chinese culture. Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, is the birthplace of Hubi and is known as "the characteristic area of China's four treasures of literature and housing industry" - the capital of brushes.
1． At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Huzhou Shanggong pen material, "a total of 13587 pen pipes, goat wool 10 pounds 5 two". Lake pen gradually replaced Xuan pen and rose, the fundamental reason for this is ( )
A． Exquisite craftsmanship B. Government support
C． Raw materials of high quality D. The market is vast
2． In recent years, from the perspective of upgrading traditional industries and protecting traditional culture, Huzhou City has appropriately reduced the annual sales target requirements for Hubi manufacturing enterprises, mainly for the purpose of ( )
A． Reduce brush production costs
B． Improve the level of production technology
C． Increase product brand effect
D． Increase the market price of products
3． In recent years, Huzhou has guided enterprises to shift brush production from practical to process and gift. The main purpose of this is ( )
A． Reduce cost of sales
B． Increase the added value of your products
C． Reduce environmental pollution
D． Elevate the consumer experience
Parsing: 1. C 2.C 3.B
Question 1, combined with the stem of the question, can be seen that Huzhou's "Shanggong Pen Material" uses pen tubes and goat wool as tributes, and it can be inferred that the raw materials of the Lake Pen are excellent, so it gradually replaces Xuan Pen (with bamboo pipes and rabbit hair as raw materials) and rises.
Question 2, "From the perspective of upgrading traditional industries and protecting traditional culture", shows that the government pays attention to the excavation of product connotations and the cultivation of product brands; lowering sales indicators has nothing to do with reducing production costs; improving the level of production technology requires strengthening research and development rather than reducing sales indicators; there are many manufacturers of brushes in the mainland, and increasing product prices is bound to reduce market competitiveness, nor is it the purpose of reducing sales indicators.
Question 3, craft-type and gift-type products face a high level of consumer groups, and the price of the product will also be improved with exquisite production and sophisticated packaging technology, thereby improving the profit of the product.