The heart learned from the ancestral court, and achieved Wang Yangming's first cry

Pu Yao Xue Palace

Since the Ming Dynasty, Longgang Academy has become the ancestral court of Wang Xue, a holy place that scholars want to go to, and a place of worship for the local Yihan people. I think that it is to rely on its great spirit, and it is also the soul of the academy. Here, Mr. Yang Ming made a wooden sound when the gentleman was poor and found Kong Yanle, and compared with his fame, Longgang Academy was geographically remote, and its popularity was far from commensurate with its status. However, it was this ancestral academy that made Mr. Yang Ming's first cry.

It is said: "The world has no way and is long, and the heavens will take the master as the wooden dove." ”

After Confucius, there was Mencius, who repeatedly made muduohong sounds in the chaotic world of heresy, and became a great sage admired by the world's sectarian style. In the long history of more than 1700 years, the chaos was still in place, but the heavens and the earth were not closed, and the people were not abolished, all of which depended on the sages and gentlemen who rose up, did not take their ambitions, and dared to legislate for the world.

However, no one could have imagined that this Muduo, which represented the ideal of Confucian culture, would actually ring in a academy called "Longgang" in the southwest Yiyu region, thousands of miles away from the Central Plains, and that a few years later, the sound of its yuanhong would spread throughout the Yangtze River and the north and south of the great river, and in the past hundred years, the spiritual world of the Chinese people has changed.

The master who made the sound of Mu Duohong was Wang Yangming, and compared with YangMing's fame, Longgang Academy's popularity was far from commensurate with its status due to its remote geographical location. However, it was such a academy that achieved the first cry of Yang Mingfuzi.

The Residence of Jiuyi: A simple but not ugly exotic academy

Confucius once said that he wanted to live in Jiuyi and did not have the ability, but Wang Yangming "realized" this ideal.

But who is willing to leave the homeland, abandon their wives and children, and bid farewell to prosperity and civilization to the barbarian state? Confucius wanted to live in Jiuyi, which was not a good way to live, and Yang Ming lived in Jiuyi in order to uphold his conscience.

In the winter of the first year of Zhengde (1506), Liu Jin had exclusive power, exiled the chancellor, and the Nanjing science and road officials Dai Qiao and Bo Yanhui impeached Liu Jin and arrested and imprisoned, Wang Yangming disregarded his safety, wrote a letter to save him, and was forty years old, and was sent to the Jinyi prison guard, who guizhou Longchang Yicheng. In fact, Yang Ming's recital only affirmed that "officials are innocent of the words", and they were degraded because of it, which shows the sinister political environment at that time.

Unlike the power tilting in the capital and the deception of The Capital, Guizhou, which was regarded as a Yi domain by the people of the time, although it brought Yang Ming a psychological conflict of Yixia's distinction, such as "the wild smoke and miasma bear the same fate", "the miasma and the poison of the miasma", "Huayi temperance and strict crown performance", "deer and travel together, the kind of Judean genus" and other poems, are Yang Ming's sensory impressions of this exotic world in Guizhou.

However, after going deeper, Yang Ming found that although Guizhou is called Yiyu, its atmosphere is actually "the relic of the quality of Chun Pang", just like the legal system in the era of the Yellow Emperor and Tang Yao, which was not "ugly", but "simple". For Yang Ming's arrival, the people of Longchang, regardless of whether they are old or naïve, Xian came to inquire, and their affection was sincere, which made Yang Ming feel the transformation of the Yellow Emperor and Tang Yao.

In the third year of Zhengde (1508), when Yang Ming arrived in Longchang, the academy in Guizhou had hardly developed. Although according to historical records, the Song Dynasty had the luantang academy, but the guizhou area academy developed on a large scale, or until the Hongzhi and Zhengde years. The "provincial capital" Civilization Academy was inaugurated in Guiyang in the first year of Zhengde (1506).

At that time, the establishment of official learning had been more than a hundred years, but Mao Ke, the deputy envoy of the Academy, still believed that "the revival of the academy is lai" (see Xu Jie's "Record of the New Civilized Academy"), which shows that the academy has an irreplaceable role in official learning.

The regulations of the Civilized Academy are extremely grand, there are Huiwen Hall, There are Yan Le, Zeng Wei, Si You, Meng Debate, Shi Wen, Xue Kong and other zhai houses, and even a temple dedicated to Confucius. This shows that it is not impossible for Guizhou to establish a academy with the same regulation as the Central Plains. However, Longgang Academy is completely private in nature, and it does not rely on power and money.

Longgang Academy should be said to have evolved from Wang Yangming's residence. When Yang Ming first arrived at the Dragon Farm, he had no place to live, and the Grass Temple lived in it, although the Grass Temple was not as high as the shoulders, but after a long journey, it could temporarily relieve the tired body and mind. However, the grass temple is leaking rain and wind, and it is not cheap.

Later, Yang Ming found a stone cave in the mountain, the so-called "East Cave", so he cleaned it up and named it "Yang Ming Small Cave Heaven", and also wrote a poem to commemorate it. Although the cave is better than the grass temple, it is humid and warm, and it is still inconvenient to live.

With the passage of time, the relationship between Yang Ming and the local Yi people became closer and closer, and the Yi people respected Yang Ming, got close to Yang Ming, and even more sympathized with Yang Ming's situation, especially the difficulty of living in an uncertain place, so they built a small lu for him, with Xuan, Pavilion, Tang, etc., as a residence.

Yang Ming himself wrote: "ZhuYi is quite warm to the cave dwelling, please construct a small lu." Happy to do things, not in the month. (See Wang Yangming's "Longgang New Structure") After that, all the students from near and far gathered to study from Yangming, and the "Longgang Academy" was formed from Yes. It can be said that this is a college built by yimin, but it is also a dissemination of Han culture, which shows that between Yi and Han, there is only a difference in clothing, and as for "faithful words" and "deeds of respect", they are the same.

The Guiyang Civilization Academy was built from the seventeenth year of Hongzhi (1504) to the first year of Zhengde, and the Longgang Academy was only one month old, which was formed by Yimin "chiseling the forest strips", and its simplicity can be inferred. Perhaps Yang Ming did not expect that such a "peculiar" academy would appear in southwest China.

Speaking of the academy, it will involve that the collection of books is one of the "three major undertakings", but Longgang Academy does not have any collection of books. Yang Ming came from the Central Plains, traveled thousands of miles, and carried books to himself, and Longchang, as the Yiyu World, what books could he read? What should I do if I want to read? Can only rely on memory, Yang Ming himself said: "Longchang lives in the Nanyi Wanshan Mountain, the books cannot be carried, sitting in the stone cave every day, silently remembering the old books and recording them." ”

Longgang Academy also has no sacrifices, although some ceremonies will cost a lot, but melons, fruits and vegetables, and sacrifices that are only divided are not nothing, and Wang Yangming did not still use "only chicken rice and three bowls" to sacrifice the three servants who died on the centipede slope?

It can be seen that what Yang Ming values is not the external form, whether it is a collection of books, a sacrifice, or a lecture, in the final analysis, the important thing is whether he can go deep into the hearts of all beings and feel his conscience. In Longgang Academy, Yang Ming began to use cultural symbols to "decorate" these simple pavilions, and how ugly Xuan, Yang Ming explained its meaning:

Dragon Field... Give the moon of the tenth month, be at peace and happiness, and ask for the so-called ugly and do not get... If the people of Yi are not thoughtful, if the wood of the rope is not roped, although it is rough and stubborn, and the vertebral axe still has Shi Ye, can an be ugly? (See Wang Yangming's "Memoirs of He Ugly Xuan")

The traditional Yixia temple has undergone major changes here in Yangming, and Yimin is no longer an outlier of "tattoos" and "bird language", but has become an uncarved stone and an uncut good wood. Regarding the Junzi Pavilion, Wang Yangming also made a big comment, linking it to the cluster of green bamboo on the edge of the pavilion, saying:

There is a gentleman's virtue in the middle and quiet, through and in the middle; outward and straight, through the four times and Ke Ye has nothing to change, there is a gentleman's exercise; it should be stung out, the rain and snow are obscure, and there is a gentleman; when the breeze comes, the jade sound is calm, the middle is gathered and the summer is harmonious, the sun is pitched, the intersection of The sages of Ruosu and Siqun, the wind is quiet, standing upright, indomitable, and if Yu Tingqun is behind, the crown is upright and listed on the side of the majesty, and there is the appearance of a gentleman. (See Wang Yangming's "Gentleman's Pavilion")

There is also Binyang Hall, whose hall is eastward and east is the land of sunrise, so it takes the meaning of "Binyang" in the Book of Shang, "for the sun, for the yuan, for the good, for the auspicious, for the hengzhi, and its yu people are also gentlemen" (see Wang Yangming's "Binyang Tang Record"). In this way, the world of culture and meaning is constructed, which is different from the bookish symbols such as Yan Le, Zeng Wei, Si Wei, and Meng Wei of the Civilization Academy, and the construction of the meaning world of Longgang Academy is integrated with the touchable nature, making it easy for people to be amused.

Unrelated: The mountain chief who knows his fate and has self-respect

"Kong Yan Le Place" is an important proposition of Song Ming's theory, Er Cheng learned from Zhou Lianxi, Lian Xi only let the two people "find Kong Yan Le Place", and Er Cheng then "Yin Feng Yue Yue Return".

Confucius had the pleasure of eating and drinking, and Yan Hui had the pleasure of eating and drinking. However, it is not easy not to change your enjoyment. Even a great sage like Zilu, who is close to the saints, is inevitably like this. Confucius was in trouble with Chen and Cai, and after seven days of starvation, Zilu was angry, and in his opinion, even if he was a gentleman, he should not have such a fate, so he asked Confucius, and Confucius replied: "Gentlemen are poor, and villains are poor and indiscriminate." The so-called "gentleman is solidly poor" is "Kong Yan Happy Place", which is the gentleman's "Lotte Zhi Fate".

Wang Yangming repeatedly quoted Confucius's allusions to Chen in the Juyi Poems, and he was also a mountain chief with "the joy of Kong Yan". After Yang Ming arrived at the Dragon Field, he was able to detach himself from the glory and disgrace of self-calculation, but the thought of life and death was still unenvolved, but for Shi Yu's oath: "I only have a life!" ”

Therefore, after meditating and clearing the mind for a long time, we can see through life and death and enter a state of happiness that has never been seen before. "Happiness is the essence of the mind," Wang Yangming told the students. What is fun? To be involved in gain and loss, honor and disgrace, and to live and die is to be unhappy, and to be unrelated is to be happy.

In the "Fistula Travel Text", Yang Ming said: "Since I went to my parents' hometown and came here, for two years, I have been miasma and can be self-sufficient, and I have not tasted a day of affection." "Why is it that Yang Ming can conclude from the sight of the three servants of the officials that they must die?" It is that there is a "sad look" between the eyebrows of the three people.

Wang Yangming's health was not good, although he was thirty-seven or eight years old when he was in Guiyang, when he was in his prime, he was "teeth gradually shaking, one or two stems of hair had changed into white, his eyes were only full of feet, and he often fell ill through the months." (See Wang Yangming's "Answering People and Asking Immortals") King Pingning and Ding Si'en, who used soldiers like gods to establish an immortal deed for the Ming Dynasty, were actually just a thin, weak and sickly Confucian student. However, Wang Yangming lived strongly in a foreign land by relying on the happiness in his heart.

The word "mountain chief" seems to be extremely disproportionate when used on Yang Ming, and those who are called "mountain chiefs" generally have rich annual salaries, such as the annual income of the mountain chief of the Yuelu Academy in Qianlongjian in the Qing Dynasty, which is as much as four hundred and sixty-five taels a year. Without money, it seems inconceivable that the academy would continue to operate. However, Wang Yangming, the chief of the mountain, lived in impermanence and ate impermanently, and actually set up a academy with a profound impact on future generations.

In order to live, Wang Yangming personally planted the land and watered the garden. Confucius despised Fan Chi xuejia as a "little man", but Wang Yangming learned from Yiren to cultivate land, why should he plant land? Because there is no food. At that time, when Yang Ming arrived at the Dragon Farm, the spring was not deep enough to sow seeds. Yiren used fire to cultivate, and Yang Ming followed suit. At that time, there were several acres of land, which should be the income from the reclamation. In this regard, Yang Ming was also very optimistic, saying that planting this little field would not only allow himself and his servants to be able to eat a solid mouth, but also help the poor, and even benefit the birds and finches. Yang Ming was very careful about this, such as the poem "Guan Jia":

Shimoda is both Suitable for Minoru and Takada for Minoru.

The soil of the planted vegetables should be sparse, and the soil of the planting whiskers should be wet.

The cold is not real, and the summer is more likely to have borers.

Go to the grass is not tired of frequency, and the grass is not tired of dense.

Physics can be played, and the machine is also tacitly aware.

That is, the counselor's work, not a light crop.

What is "Lattice Knowledge"? Yang Ming had only read books and sought knowledge before, but only then did he find that physics was available everywhere, and the truth from practice was so vivid and vivid. Sometimes the cooking, in order to eat, Yang Ming and the servants carry the burden, climb the rock to pick bracken, pick chestnuts, the valley is miserable, the clothes are wet with frost, in order to burn the fire, but also to collect wages, chop firewood, although hard, can not stop, because if you do not work, there is no food.

However, if you think that Yang Ming is so depressed that he has to do it, it is a big mistake. At that time, Longchangyi was under the jurisdiction of An Guirong, the chief of Shuixi Toast. An Guirong heard that Yang Ming had come from afar, "so that the people of The People of the Garden, the People of the Garden, the People of the Garden, the Labor of the Gardeners, the Workers of the Gardeners, the Workers of the Garden, the People However, Yang Ming refused one by one.

This greatly surprised An Guirong, and he sent gold veils and carriages and horses again, and the respect was even heavier. Yang Ming saw that it was difficult to be generous, and only accepted two stones of rice and charcoal chicken and duck, and the rest were returned. Because, Yang Ming wants to "be worthy of my food strength", change his ambitions without the hardships of life, and express his willingness to learn Yan Hui, "Miao Yi Qi, this heart period and the discussion".

The political environment remains treacherous. According to the Annals, Liu Jin's hatred for Wang Yangming has not disappeared, and the future is uncertain. Du Yushi inspected Guizhou and sent people to Longchang to insult Yang Ming. The surrounding Yi people really couldn't look at it, beat up the bad guy, and sent the bad guy back to file a complaint.

The deputy envoy, Mao Ke, "used the metaphor of harm to the welfare" and asked Wang Yangming to apologize for his sins. Wang Yangming said that "a gentleman benefits from faithfulness and righteousness as a blessing", what is a blessing and what is a curse? Is it a curse to be harmed? In Yang Ming's view, losing loyalty and bowing down to the knee is the "curse".

"Gentlemen are frank, and villains are often related." Wang Yangming's every word and deed in the Dragon Field shows the frankness of a gentleman, why should a gentleman be worried or afraid? Such a poor and sick head of the academy, with his great personality charm, touched the Yi people of Longchang, moved the leaders of foreign tribes, and made the officials who were the deputy envoys of Tixue admire him. It is this great personality that makes all beings gather and surround it, just as Sun Fu cultivated Mount Tai five hundred years ago and raised up the Tao for the two Song Dynasties.

In fact, Wang Yangming also has worries, but what he is worried about is that the Tao is not good, "If the years flow like water, there is no going back." In a long hundred years, my way will eventually come true! "The worry is that you are far away from your hometown and cannot be filial to your parents." This is just a worry, not a "relative" who suffers from gains and losses.

What is the way of the saints at this point? Seeking conscience, I am self-sufficient. Such a mountain chief, in this special situation and special life, finally gained a new insight into life and the world, and the theory of the unity of knowledge and action was thus unfolded, and the study of conscience began, which can be called the first cry of Wang Yangming's heart study.

Han Yi Xiang: Lectures on the Waterfront in the Mountains

As early as when Yang Ming was a teenager, he had already made up his mind to be a saint, but he couldn't get it by asking for teachers and friends everywhere, why? The empire is full of science and technology, so "what is the first thing"? Reading and ascending to the throne is the greatest dream of a scholar.

Chinese really have no faith other than being an official? Speaking of the Ming Dynasty, we cannot but say Wang Yangming, but Wang Yangming was actually an outlier in the Ming Dynasty, he wanted to be a saint, and hoped to bring about a change in the entire social atmosphere. Before the Dai Milling incident, Wang Yangming and Zhan Ganquan had already begun to teach apprenticeships, but after all, Jingshi was Vanity Fair, so he failed to do so.

And Longgang Academy, so that Wang Yangming's educational ideal of learning as a saint has found a basis. Ryuba is very special, it is far from the hustle and bustle of the city and fame and fortune, and preserves the inherent tranquility and simplicity of the mountains and rivers. Therefore, when Wang Yangming talked about the "unity of knowledge and action", he gained the initial psychological resonance:

When I lived in the Dragon Field, the Yi people did not understand the language, so they could talk to the Middle-earth outlaws of the speaker. And the argument of knowledge and practice, there is no twitching. Over time, and yi people are also happy with each other. And out of the words of the shifu, but many of them are similar and different, and they can't get in. Those who are most afraid of learning have opinions, but they do not hear much. Conscience smells more and more, and covers more and more. People who have never read are more likely to talk to him. ("Ecclesiastical Collection")

However, the scholars were different, and since they read a lot, they formed all kinds of opinions that obscured their conscience. This is the reason why the unknowable Yimin and Yang Ming are intimate, and judging from Yang Ming's teachings, it is necessary to have such a region, a region different from the knowledge world composed of the Zhongyuan scholars, to provide a testing ground for their theoretical leap. Wang Yangming no longer doubted anything, because there were Yimin who testified for it, and in the Longgang Academy, there was a group of students from the four directions who had gathered to testify against it.

Therefore, the lectures of Longgang Academy are not the study of examination and knowledge, but the study of physical and mental life. At Longgang Academy, all that sustained this group of teachers and friends was a four-thing statute, the famous "Dogma Shows the Dragon Farm Beings." The four things are "determination", "diligence", "reform", and "responsibility".

Unlike Zhu Zi's "Revelation of the White Deer Cave Academy", the "Dogma Shows the Dragon Field" revolves around the mind of the disciples, and Zhu Zi's "Revelation" establishes many laws for the disciples to obey; in Wang Yangming's view, the heart is the reason, and it is impossible to ask for anything.

Longgang Academy could not provide long-term residence, and the students often traveled hundreds of miles, circled for several days, and came and went in a hurry. Among them, well-known people, such as Tang Boyuan and Chen Zonglu, are all Guizhou Xuanweisi people. Chen Zonglu is famous for literature, Yang Ming once had a poem "Gift to Chen Zonglu", hoping that Chen Zonglu would learn from the ancients and get rid of Chen Yan, believing that literature was after all a residual matter, and becoming a sage should be the ultimate ideal of life. Later, Chen Zonglu also wrote a record for Zhongfeng Academy and wrote poems for the He Ugly Xuan Monument of Longgang Academy.

The White Deer Cave Academy presided over by Zhu Zi has a relatively complete lecture program, and the "teaching activities" are presided over by the head of the academy, sometimes supplemented by deputy lectures, as well as ceremonies such as ascension lectures. However, these forms are all not found in Longgang Academy. Not only are the constraints of the conditions, Yang Ming seems to have the intention to create a new way of lecturing. As depicted in the poem "The Night Sitting of All Beings", the sun sets in the west, the mountains are dim, the flat domain is in the eyes, and the distant numbers of distant sights between the long grasses come by riding paths, and after approaching, it was the sentient beings who came from afar, so:

Throw the goose into it, and carry the cover with shame.

Seated in the night hall, the wax is clear and floating.

The piano is scattered, and the pots and arrows are intertwined.

Night Lane Creek on the moon, Xiaozhi forest hills.

The village man or beckons, and the caveman explores the ghost.

There is real joy in the lecture, and there is no vulgar flow of talk and laughter.

What a picture it is like to have a stream flowing in the stream, a night and moon, and a morning light at dawn, penetrating the woods in the mountains, and teachers and students talking about heaven and earth! In addition to the sentient beings, the villagers also came to rejoice, and the joy of preaching was pervasive everywhere. Later, most of Yang Ming's lectures were similar to this, whether in Chuzhou or at Tianquan Bridge.

Mencius said that "shi is not poor, but sometimes it is poor", Wang Yangming did not oppose the imperial examination, but still clearly pointed out: "Since the cause of the imperial examination is prosperous, the scholars are all busy reciting the words, and the utilitarian gains are confused, so the teacher's teaching, the disciple's scholar, no longer knows that there is a clear meaning." Therefore, Yang Ming was reluctant to enter the "system" of seeking only meritocracy. At that time, Mao Ke, the deputy envoy of Tixue, asked Wang Yangming to go to Guiyang Civilization Academy to give a lecture, and Yang Ming replied in a poem entitled "Answering Mao Humble Nunnery to See Zhao Academy":

The wild man is sick and lazy, and the books are long and abandoned.

Is there any mighty image? Shi Kuo Wen was overly praised.

Moving to the hospital, the vacant seat is still bothering to avoid the lecture hall.

Fan I must have found nothing, and the air made Duo Shi laugh at Wang Liang.

Although Yang Ming is expressing modesty, he also hints at the dignity of the teacher. The last allusion comes from Mencius: Wang Liang drove in a standardized manner, did not get a bird, and was called "the lowly worker under the world"; driving without a standard, ten birds a day, was called "the good worker under the world". Wang Liang sighed, why? Abiding by the norms is a lowly worker, and not abiding by the norms is a good work, is this not a reversal of right and wrong? Yang Ming's self-metaphor as "Wang Liang" means that he has the principle of being a teacher and will never talk about the study of the world.

However, due to the second urging of The Deputy Envoy Xi Shu, Yang Ming still went to Guiyang Civilization Academy to give a lecture, the main content of which was "the unity of knowledge and action". However, this time, he did not get the same recognition as in Longchang, so after Yang Ming left Guizhou, he expressed his "regret for the past in Guiyang to raise the religion of knowledge and practice, and they have similarities and differences, and they are ignorant of what they have entered." (See Qian Dehong's "Spectrum of Wang Yang Next Year")

Why does Wang Yangming regret it? After arriving in Guiyang, Yang Ming's poems talked about not much teaching, let alone the kind of enthusiastic expectation for the arrival of the students when he was in the dragon field, and the poem "Changing the topic of the lecture is not my business, studying a few enlightenments" in the poem "Spring Flowers Occasionally Collects disciples" also shows disdain for the study of the imperial examination. What kind of college teaching is ideal? It is self-evident in Yang Ming's eyes.

Yu Theory: From the heart to say Longgang

College, what is a college? The definition of the college from different angles is different, is it a building?

When Yang Ming was there, Longgang Academy was in a state of ugliness, and its construction was "upgraded", and even the sacrificial fields were there, but the grandeur of teaching was no longer there. Is it a matter of time before the academy exists? How long has Longgang Academy existed? In fact, the really influential lectures were only Wang Yangming's more than two years in Guizhou.

Is the Academy an institution? The rules left by Longgang Academy are only a four-story "Dogma". Since the Ming Dynasty, Longgang Academy has become the ancestral court of Wang Xue, a holy place that scholars want to go to, and a place of worship for the local Yihan people. I think it is to rely on its great spirit, which is the soul of the academy.

Wang Yangming believes that Zhu Zi's statement that "things have a theorem" is not true, from the perspective of the academy, his spirit is not in the material, external form, conscience is the fundamental, and conscience must be expanded to everything, which is the real knowledge of things, not the opposite.

Longgang Academy is the expansion of conscience, and its culture, its spirit, and the unfolding of its teachings are all the exaltation and creation of the mind. Since Longgang, Wang Yangming has not hesitated to ruin his reputation, not to avoid hardships, not to fear honor and disgrace, and even to the ambition of "making everyone in the world say that I will not hide my words" and shouted loudly for the people of all the worlds. This deafening hong yin inspired a group of scholars to gather together and form a "big chorus" of history -- the muduo hong yin of conscience will never stop.