(Today's knowledge points to learn, there are children can verify it)
When you meet a 2-7-year-old child, you will find that you can't communicate with him, and the mothers are hospitalized for tutoring homework, and you will find that they always play cards according to common sense:
For example, he uses a small bench as a car, rides a broom in the living room and runs around the living room, you think he is very naughty, in fact he feels that he is really driving a car, riding a horse; you tell him that you can't watch TV if you can't eat well, he doesn't seem to understand, you will think I understand enough how I don't understand!
For example, in the same cup, the baby will think that the slender cup is more, and the "short and fat" cup will be filled less, because the child will only look at the problem from one dimension (the length and width choose one), and the adult will look at the problem from multiple angles (multi-dimensional combination).
Today, Teacher Wang takes you to see what children at the stage of 2 to 7 years old are thinking, and we analyze it from the conservation experiment of Piaget's four-stage theory of cognitive development.
A brief introduction by Piaget
Who is Piaget? Let's look at this wise old man is Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, a famous developmental psychologist, a cognitive psychologist.
Piaget's life was legendary, he published his first scientific paper at the age of ten, and received a double doctorate at the age of twenty-one.
And his life is very colorful, for example, he wrote more than sixty monographs in his lifetime, published more than five hundred papers, really a scientific research maniac, in his lifetime he received honorary doctorates from universities in many countries.
Especially in 1955, at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, what did he create? Called the International Epistemological Research Center for Occurrence, in this research center, he personally took charge and served as the director, in which mathematicians, logicians, philosophers, psychologists gathered to study the occurrence and development of human cognition, and finally published a small collection, called "Epistemology of Occurrence", this book talks about a theory of children's cognitive development stages.
Let's see what his theory really looks like. Piaget divided children from 0 to 16 into four stages, each of which has the characteristics of each stage:
0 to 2 years old belongs to the perceptual motor stage
2 to 7 years old belongs to the pre-operation stage
7 to 11 years old belongs to the specific operation stage
11 to 16 years old belongs to the formal operation stage
Pre-arithmetic stage (2~7 years old)
Today due to time reasons, we only talk about the previous operation stage of 2 to 7 years old, first of all, we want to look at this name, how is this name so abstract? What is arithmetic? The operation here is translated into two words called thinking, so the pre-operation stage is also called the pre-thinking stage.
What does the pre-thought phase mean? We say that thinking is logical, and the pre-operation stage is also called the pre-thinking stage, which means that the thinking at this time cannot be regarded as real thinking.
How do we grasp its theoretical content at this stage? We grasp from two major pieces: one is the way of thinking, one is the corresponding thinking characteristics, we say that 2 to 7 years old children, now probably have kindergarten, we call it toddlers.
What was his way of thinking at this stage? It is called the use of symbols by means of appearances, what is the appearance of the teacher? This appearance indicates that what he stores in his mind is a perceptual image, so the way of thinking at this stage is represented in four words called appearance thinking.
For example, when a toddler is doing games, he uses a small bench as a car, rides a broom in the living room to run around the living room, busy, although riding a broom, but the imagination in his mind is indeed a fast horse, he is fast horse and whip, really running is a big sweat, with appearance thinking to solve problems.
So since it is an apparent thinking, what are the characteristics of this kind of thinking?
#第一特点: Animism (All Things Have Life)
We say that because it is a perceptual image, it causes everything to have life in his eyes, for example, he said that the sun father-in-law got up, the moon sister went to work, and you see that the sun and the moon are also alive in his eyes, because the thinking in his brain is an appearance thinking, a perceptual image.
#第二特点: Egocentrism (I See That's What He Sees)
What is egocentrism? To explain egocentrism, Piaget did a "Three Mountains Experiment."
Let's first talk about the characteristics of Piaget's research, he had two daughters in his life, and he had a son, a total of three children, and his research method is to use children to do clinical interviews.
What is the clinical interview method? That is, I set up a situation, find a corresponding age or multiple children to send questions, let him answer the questions, I summarize the children's cognitive development laws according to the questions answered by the children, which is called the clinical interview method.
For example, in order to prove that children have self-centeredness, he did the "Three Mountains Experiment", he designed such a situation, Piaget especially liked to use his children to do experiments, and now he found a little friend, this child's age stage is located in 2 to 7 years old,
He set up a scene where three rockeries were piled on a table, a doll was placed opposite the child, three lambs were placed on one side of the mountain, and three calves were placed on the other side, and it didn't matter what they put.
Then start to the little friend, hello little friend, please ask the rag doll what he saw? At this time, the child said that the rag doll saw three cows.
Are you sure? Am I sure why? You see what I see is a cow, he is looking at the cow, the child can not think from the perspective of others, he can only think about the problem from his own point of view, this feature is called egocentrism, Piaget later used a sentence to indicate what this thinking feature is called? It is called I see that he sees.
Some of us adults see children, and sometimes we don't understand why can't children understand me? That's because 2 to 7-year-old children, he will not think from your point of view, he can only think from his own point of view, he thinks what he sees, he thinks is what you think, so when we educate 2-7-year-old children, we should pay attention to this feature, that is, it has the characteristics of egocentrism and cannot understand others.
This experiment is called Piaget's Three Mountains Experiment, and we have a taste of his clinical interview method.
#第三个特点: Thinking is irreversible (Jim has no brother)
He found a 2 to 7-year-old child, gave him a question, hello child, Xiaoming has an older brother named Jim, the child said he knew, Piaget asked the child, who is Xiaoming's brother, the child replied called Jim, the answer is right, give you a piece of candy, after a while, Piaget asked the child, little friend, please ask Who is Jim's brother? The child replied that Jim's brother did not know, and this experiment was called Jim without a brother.
That is to say, positive thinking children can, but reverse thinking children can not do, this feature is called thinking irreversible, then what is his enlightenment for our education? When we educate our children, we must not say the opposite, you say the opposite, he does not understand, for example, some mothers tell children that they do not want to watch TV if they do not eat well.
What does this sentence mean? This sentence says that as long as you eat well, you can watch TV after eating, but the reverse thinking of 2 to 7-year-old children, he can not understand, so the child is dazed, looking at his mother, this is to educate the child to ignore this feature.
#第四个特点: The Tendency to Centralize Perception (Irreversibility of Thinking)
What exactly does centralization mean? Let's talk about its experiments first, and then we'll summarize the concept. The centralized manifestation of perception lacks the concept of conservation.
What is conservation? Piaget did a conservation experiment, there are many kinds of conservation, he first did a liquid volume conservation experiment, this figure is very simple, in front of a 2 to 7-year-old child put two water cups, the liquid level of the water cup is the same high, ask him which cup of water has more water, he answered as much, in front of his face to replace one of the cups with a high barrel measuring cup, pour water into it, ask him which one is more, he said high this more, this is called lack of conservation concept.
We know that the volume of the liquid doesn't change in the process, right? But the child can not think from the overall point of view, what is the overall point of view, I have to consider the bottom area, to consider the height, two pieces of consideration called the overall consideration.
Children can only concentrate on the height, and ignore the bottom area, which is called centralization, that is, children can only think about the problem from the local point, can not think about the problem from the whole, thus leading to the volume is not conserved.
Is this really the case? I also followed Piaget's example and experimented with our own children, let's take a look.
I don't know if you have noticed, there are two rows of coins next to this table of our children, yes, the number is conserved, you see 10 1 yuan coins arranged in two rows, the first row of its coins is about one centimeter apart, the second row is spaced between two to three centimeters, and the interval is larger
You ask the children, which row of coins is more? 2 to 7-year-old children, he is the concentration of perception, he considers the length he does not consider the number, he considers the number he does not consider the length, he can only think from the part, so he said that the second row is more, why? He said because it was long.
To summarize the characteristics of the pre-arithmetic stage: First of all, the name is called the pre-arithmetic stage (2 to 7 years old), the children in this stage go to kindergarten, his way of thinking appearance thinking, that is, the image of the perceptual running in the mind, it is precisely because of this thinking that his thinking has an animism, can not think from the perspective of others (I see that is, he sees), because it is not real thinking, does not have logic, so the thinking has irreversibility, manifested as Jim has no brother, when he perceives things, he cannot perceive things from the whole. Perception can only be removed from the local, which is manifested by the centralization of perception and the lack of conservation concepts.
Piaget is really great, worthy of being a famous developmental psychologist, with so much psychological knowledge in life.
Do you understand?
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