Every girl has more or less worried about whether she will one day get breast cancer.
Unfortunately, most of the causes of breast cancer are still unclear, and they are the result of a combination of genetic factors, lifestyle and environment [1], so there is no way to start with the cause to prevent it.
But for those of us who want to stay away from breast cancer, we can understand the factors that increase the risk of breast cancer and try to avoid it.
And what are these risk factors? How to avoid it?
Today, Zhimei will come to talk about it.
Zhimei first gave everyone a preventive injection, found that they have the following risk factors, and do not worry first, because this does not mean that you will definitely have breast cancer, but the risk is slightly higher than that of ordinary people, and you need to pay more attention.
1. Have a genetic family history
If a mother or sister in the family develops breast cancer, the risk of breast cancer increases for such girls, and the greater the number of relatives who fall ill, the greater the risk of developing the disease [1].
In addition, if you carry a disease-causing gene mutation (BRCA gene), the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers increases.
Under normal circumstances, if the doctor finds that the patient carries this pathogenic genetic mutation, he will also recommend that the patient's female first-degree adult relatives, such as daughters, sisters, etc., be screened under the premise of fully knowing the advantages and disadvantages of screening.
This allows for a full understanding of the risk of disease and appropriate preventive or screening measures to reduce the incidence or early detection of breast cancer.
2. There are some benign breast diseases
Patients with some benign breast diseases, such as breast cysts and breast epithelial hyperplasia, have a higher risk of breast cancer than the average person [2].
One study showed that the risk of breast cancer was 2.62 times higher than that of the general population in patients with benign breast disease [3].
However, you don't have to be too nervous, usually when the B ultrasound examination of nodule BI-RADS level 4 and above, the doctor will intervene, such as pathological biopsy. Bi-RADS levels 2-3 are usually followed up regularly.
Breast cancer screening is recommended for women who have had a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia of the breast glands (lobules or catheters).
3. Menstruation, fertility factors
Menarche is earlier than 12 years and menopausal age is later than 55 years, which is also one of the high risk factors for breast cancer[2];
Non-fertility or first childbearing age later than 35 years is also a risk factor for breast cancer [2,8,9].
In addition, high endogenous estrogen levels, endometriosis, and exposure to therapeutic ionizing radiation (e.g., radiation therapy) also increase the risk of breast cancer [2].
These factors mentioned above are difficult for us to change, but the following breast cancer risk factors can be avoided in life:
1. Smoking and drinking alcohol
The incidence of breast cancer in smokers is 1.24 times that of non-smokers [4].
People with heavy drinking have a 1.61-fold higher risk of breast cancer than people who do not drink alcohol and who drink occasionally [5].
In life, pay attention to drinking less, not smoking, and staying away from second-hand smoke.
2. Obesity
Obesity affects estrogen levels, and numerous studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [6].
Regular physical exercise can reduce the risk of breast cancer [2].
In fact, "moving" is not so difficult:
Avoid sedentary, stand up and stretch every hour;
Use your commute time to walk, cycle, and climb stairs;
You can also do sports that interest you according to the weather and physical conditions, such as square dancing, table tennis, mountain climbing, etc.
Only by finding interest can we stick to sports for a long time.
Early breast cancer is usually painless and difficult to detect.
"Will you suddenly develop breast cancer silently" is also a point that the sisters are very worried about.
Breast cancer screening can help us detect, diagnose and treat early to prevent the disease from procrastinating.
So how often should I be screened? What project to do? Zhimei has sorted it out for you:
01. How to screen people at high risk of breast cancer?
(1) Earlier (
(2) Breast X-ray examination once a year for people over 40 years old.
(3) Breast ultrasound examination every 6 to 12 months.
(4) Breast physical examination every 6 to 12 months.
(5) If necessary, combine with breast enhancement MRI.
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02. How to screen the general population?
20 to 39 years old
Women who do not belong to the high-risk group can undergo routine physical examinations, but the use of molybdenum for breast cancer screening is not recommended.
40 to 70 years old
Breast x-rays are performed every 1 to 2 years in combination with an annual mammography.
For dense mammary glands (mammography suggests a gland type c or d), it is recommended to combine with a superprinting of B.
Over 70 years old
Mammography is done every 1 to 2 years.
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For breast problems, we don't need to worry, but we can't completely ignore it, understanding and avoiding risk factors, regular screening, can allow us to have a healthy life and breasts.
Reviewer
Cheng Lin | Chief Physician and Associate Professor, Breast Center, Peking University People's Hospital
bibliography
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[2] HE Jie,CHEN Wanqing,LI Ni,SHEN Hongbing,LI Jiang,WANG Yong,LI Jing,TIAN Jinhui,ZHOU Baosen. Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening and Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment in Chinese Women (2021, Beijing)[J].China Oncology,2021,30(03):161-191.
[3] PEI Guangjun,FU Li,CUI Yaling,WANG Wenlei,GAO Lihua,LU Weiwei. A Meta Analysis of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Chinese Women[J].Chinese Maternal and Child Health Care, 2008(19):2650-2652.
[4] Gaudet MM,GapsturSM,Sun J,et al. Active smoking and
breast cancer risk :original cohort data and meta-analysis[J.J Natl Cancer Inst,2013,105(8):515-525.
[5] Bagnardi V,Rota M,Botteri E,et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk:a comprehensive dose-re- sponse meta-analysis[J]. Br J Cancer,2015,112(3):580-593.
[6] World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research.Diet,Nutrition,Physical Activity and Can- cer:a Global Perspective.Continuous Update Project Ex- pert Report 2018 [M]. Washington DC:AICR,2018. Avai- lable at dietandcancerreport.org.
Guidelines and norms for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (2019 edition)[J].Chinese Journal of Cancer,2019,29(08):609-680.
[8] CuiY,Deming-Halverson SL,Shrubsole MJ,et al. Associ-ations of hormone-related factors with breast cancer risk according to hormone receptor status among white and African American womenJClin Breast Cancer,2014,14(6):417-425.
[9] Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Can-cer. Menarche,menopause,and breast cancer risk:indi- vidual participant meta-analysis,including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies [J] Lancet Oncol201213(11:1141-1151.
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