From January 4 to 5, 2022, the two-day 2021 annual field archaeology report meeting of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences will be held online and offline at the same time. Thirty-nine scholars from the Institute's laboratories reported on 40 field archaeological excavation projects in 2021. The sites involved in this report cover a wide range of sites, a large span of times, and fruitful archaeological results in the fields. While listening to the report, the participating experts and scholars raised questions, discussed with each other and expressed their views. The lectures will be full of ideas and excitement.
Group photo of the meeting
Prehistoric archaeology
Researcher Wang Xiaoqing reported on the archaeological excavation work in 2021 at the Taiping Site in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, with an archaeological excavation area of 3,900 square meters this year, cleaning up 173 ash pits, 2 ash ditches, 5 housing sites, and 7 tombs (4 ash pit ash ditch burials and 3 earthen tombs) during the second phase of the cultural period of Keshengzhuang. In the cleaned ash pits and trenches, there are rich pottery, stone tools, bone horn tools, mussels and jade tools with distinctive age characteristics, which provides a scientific basis for us to accurately understand the dating of the Taiping site, and can confirm that this is a large Keshengzhuang Phase II cultural ring trench settlement site, dating from about 4150-3700 years ago.
Li Yongqiang assistant researcher reported on the excavation work of the Site of Pei Ligang in Xinzheng, Henan, 48 newly discovered tombs in the western burial area, of which II.M42 is more special, see stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods and other relics, these two types of relics are rarely found in the Pei Ligang tomb, in addition, the tomb is also buried with two pieces of milk ding pattern pottery, which is an unprecedented new discovery, 10 newly discovered tombs on the east side of the southern burial area, the overall preservation status is poor; the upper part of the living area is piled up as a cultural layer, and the lower part is full of pits and ditches The paleolithic remains are mainly based on the accumulation of late Paleolithic, including different stages such as the small stone chip process and the fine stone leaf process.
Associate researcher Peng Xiaojun reported on the work of the Chenghe ruins in Shayang County, Jingmen City, Hubei Province, and through excavations in the south-central area of the Wangjiayuan site, it was proved that there was artificial "mat soil" at multiple sites, which was about 20-80 cm thick. The "mat soil" layer is relatively pure and has no cultural relics, but from the perspective of stratigraphic relationship, these "mat soil" should be formed during the Qujialing cultural period; ash pits or ash ditches are found in the southern area of the cemetery to "accurately" break the phenomenon of tombs, combined with the multi-angle retention of ash pits and tomb profiles, it is recognized that the pit-like accumulation on the tomb is a pit formed by the collapse of the burial tools inside the tomb; in addition, six secondary burial tombs have been found, which are concentrated on the southern edge of the cemetery, and a total of three pieces of jade and stone are excavated, and the probability of the excavation of the molybdenum is significantly greater than that of other tombs.
Assistant researcher Guo Zhiwei reported on the field archaeological work of the Lintao Siwa site in Gansu Province, the work was mainly concentrated on the terrace on the west side of the Yagou in the north of the site, and 16 housing sites, 1 tomb, 3 kilns, 11 Siwa culture tombs, 320 ash pits in different periods were newly cleaned out, and a large number of pottery, stone, bone and other relics were unearthed. Among them, 11 pieces of pottery were found in the M120 tomb, including 5 pieces of mid-mountain type faience pottery, combined with the burial level and shape system, the age of the tomb should be the Majiayao culture mid-mountain period. In addition, this year confirmed the presence of a Mid-Levels settlement in the northern part of the site, as well as the possibility of a Mid-Levels Cemetery.
Assistant researcher Huang Chao introduced the new archaeological discoveries in 2020-2021 at the Hainan Lingshui Neijiao Site, and the inner corner site distinguished and cleared out the formation of continuous accumulation in three periods, the first phase of the relics were mainly characterized by polished red pottery and double-shoulder stone tools; the second phase did not see polished red pottery, with shallow mouth wide rim jars and a small number of double shoulder stone tools as the main features; the third phase did not see polished red pottery, double shoulder stone tools and shallow mouth wide edge pots, with the pan jar and trapezoidal axe stone tools as the main features. The remains of the excavated animals are mainly marine shellfish and fish bones, and the shells are diverse, and it is worth noting that more shark teeth and shark vertebrae have been found, and some of them have turned black after fire.
Researcher Jia Xiaobing introduced the excavation of the No. 2 building site of the first site of the Niuheliang site, this year found and confirmed the No. 9 platform base located on the south side of the no. 5 platform base and the sixth platform foundation, according to the mutual location speculation, the "female temple" is located on the ninth platform foundation, at the same time, between the north side of the "female temple" and the No. 5 and No. 6 platform foundations, a slope-like passage and the symmetrical structure distribution of the two sides of the passage, in addition, the ruins and relics related to the "sacrifice" activities were found on the third platform foundation. The combination of large faience pots, faience pots (lids), cylindrical pots, grey pottery bowls, and round pottery pieces excavated from the cushion soil layer may be a combination of artifacts related to the ritual behavior of the "ordeal ceremony".
Researcher Zhao Chunqing introduced the archaeological work of the Xinzhan site in Henan, the Xinzhong site in 2021 in the north of the north city wall drilling area of about 20,000 square meters, drilling found more than 10 tombs in the historical period, 4 pottery kilns, a small number of ash pits in the historical period, part of the outer trench area, one of which is suspected to be buried with the stone tombs, speculated to be no later than the Xinzhan period tombs, planning to excavate the southwest of the Xinzhong site in 2022, that is, the west of Liangjiatai Village, to continue to look for the public cemetery of the Xinzhan period.
Zhang Dong assistant researcher reported on the archaeological excavation of the Longshan cultural site in Yuhui Village, Bengbu, in 2021, the gap in the inner city wall was dissected, and it was found that the city wall was built by using natural terrain, which can be divided into two phases, the early outer trench was about 18.35 meters wide and the deepest part was about 0.8 meters; the outer trench of the inner city north city wall was dissected, and two east-west trenches were found at the bottom of the city wall and the outer trench; the suspected inner city south city wall was dissected, and the white soil accumulation age found was the Han Dynasty, which was a cushion for human life. It was confirmed that the area was still a living and residential area within the city, and in addition, clues to the outer city wall were newly discovered in the south of the site of Longshan Cultural City, which also had a structure of two trenches sandwiching one wall.
Associate researcher Zhou Zhenyu reported on the new progress of prehistoric archaeology in Fujian, the Anhoubu site this year found ash pits, pillar holes, stoves, tombs and other remains, speculated to be a residential site at that time; the Red Temple Clip site this year found ash pits, ash ditches, pillar holes, movable surfaces, fire ruins, tombs, kiln sites and reservoirs and other important Neolithic to Shang Zhou period relics, from the preliminary results of the collection of charcoal sample dating, the age is about 7000 to 3000 years ago; the Pingtan shell mound site has been found in this year shell pits and ash ditches , stone tool processing plants, pillar caves and other rich relics, and obtain a large number of pottery pieces, stone tools, shells, animal bones and other remains.
Archaeology of Xia Shang Zhou
Researcher Gao Jiangtao introduced the new harvest of archaeological excavations at the site of Xiangfen Tao Temple in Shanxi Province, I.FJT3 (No. 1 palace base site), in 2021, the archaeological team continued to carry out archaeological excavations on the base site of No. 1 palace, at present, there are 1 clear palace building (number D1), 1 suspected palace building, 3 house sites, and a large number of ash pits and human skull pits and wells. Above D1, three rows of 18 column holes were found, judging from the column network structure, the building is two deep from north to south, and 7 wide from east to west. More than 120 small pieces of pottery, bone ware, jade, bronze and other small pieces were excavated at the base site of The No. 1 Palace, of which crocodile bone plates were found for the first time in the accumulation of the Tao Temple site site.
Associate researcher Zhao Haitao introduced the Erlitou site in 2021 excavation new harvest, there is a gray soil accumulation in the southwest corner of the site Miyagi, the four walls of the late tomb that breaks the ash soil accumulation can see more bone and horn material with cutting marks, and the surface of the ash soil accumulation is scattered with a large number of bone and horn relics, including the relics of many links in the process of bone and horn processing, and it is initially speculated that this may be a workshop for processing bone ware and horn tools in the late Erlitou culture, and a relatively complete erlitou culture phase II pottery kiln has been excavated in the middle of the western excavation area of the northern edge of the site In addition, excavations in the middle of the western excavation area of the northern edge of the site unearthed nearly 200 pieces of lacquered pottery, mostly pottery pot fragments.
Associate researcher Chen Guoliang introduced the new archaeological harvest of the Yanshi Shangcheng site in 2021, and the excavations of this year discovered the east gate of the small city for the first time, and the west gate of the big city was newly discovered, which clarified the morning and evening relationship, direction, structure and relationship with the pond garden of the two waterways. Combined with the previous excavation data and the exploration and excavation this year, it can be seen that there are relatively complete water system remains at the Yanshi Shangcheng site, and this discovery deepens the understanding of the distribution of the water system in Yanshi Shangcheng, that is, from the water supply and drainage canals and ponds in the Miyagi District to include two stages.
Researcher He Yuling introduced the new harvest of the excavation of bone making and pottery workshop sites in Huanbei Shangcheng in 2021, and a total of 6 Shang Dynasty house foundations, 80 ash pits, 4 pottery kilns and 7 tombs were excavated this time. Through the excavation and dissection of the pottery kiln in Huanbei Shangcheng, it can be seen that the potters in Huanbei excavate the kiln in the soil layer with soft soil and uneven texture, and then dig the foundation pit layer by layer to lay the soil to beat, and then dig into the kiln in the rammed soil, and then the inner wall of the kiln is applied to the thick grass mixed with mud layer as a whole, to solve the problem of building kiln and firing pottery under unfavorable soil conditions, it is possible to master the technology of firing pottery with no kiln pillar and kiln pillar, and the groove-shaped fire channel of the pottery kiln extends along the fire eye to the bottom of the kiln, reflecting its special fire control technology.
Researcher Niu Shishan introduced the archaeological excavation harvest of the Angang Water Supply and Drainage System Governance Project in 2021, and the site cleaned up 150 ash pits, 40 tombs, 1 housing site, 12 urn burials, 2 wells, 2 ash ditches, 9 ash pits in the Warring States period, 1 kiln site in the Tang Dynasty, and 6 kiln sites in the Song Dynasty. The pottery pieces excavated from the ash pit in the Yin Ruins period are identifiable in pottery bristles, guises, pots, pots, etc., and there are also bones of cattle, horses, sheep and pigs, and the tombs in this period are shaped as small earth pit vertical burials, most of which are Yin Ruins Phase IV, most of which are buried with pottery, and a few are buried with bronze or lead. Subsequently, he reported on the new harvest of archaeological exploration in and around the Tomb of the Shang King of Yin Ruins in Anyang, and the remains found in this exploration include 2 ditches, more than 460 sacrificial pits, 110 ash pits, 76 tombs and rammed earth foundation sites. The newly discovered weigou surrounds the periphery of the YinShang tomb, and there is no superposition or breaking relationship between the weigou and the Yinshang tomb and the sacrifice pit, only the late tomb breaks the phenomenon of the ditch and the sacrifice pit; the north end of the east and west sections of the East Waigou is eastward, which is consistent with the direction of the Shang Dynasty buildings found in the Yin Ruins.
Researcher Yue Zhanwei introduced the archaeological harvest of the 2021 Yin Ruins Great Sikong South Land, this time a total of 17 Shang Dynasty housing sites were cleaned up, more than 600 tombs in different periods, more than 3,000 ash pits (including cellars), 16 wells, 6 pottery kilns and other relics; more than 3,000 pieces of pottery, copper, jade, bone, horns, dental ware and other relics were unearthed, and through excavation, it was found that many cellars were filled with green soil, which should be related to the storage of grain, and some of the cellars were large and deep, which may be related to the storage of meat objects. In addition, the excavations cleared two large east-west Shang Dynasty roads, L3 and L4, located in the middle of the excavation, side-by-side from north to south, leading west to the Huan River, with rut marks on them.
Associate researcher Fu Zhongyang introduced the excavation of the pottery site in Dayuan Village of Fengjing in 2021, and excavated 2 ash pits such as 2 pottery kilns in the Western Zhou Dynasty, 24 ash pits such as pottery kiln operation rooms, 10 tombs and 1 stove, and unearthed more than 100 small pieces of pottery, pottery, pottery pots, spinning wheels, pottery pills, bone pipes, bone hammers and so on. Human skeletons were found in T2635H66, T2735 Layer 4 and H107 between the two groups of pottery kilns in the east, and no burial tools were found, but the ash pit was simply repaired and buried, and its age is about the same as that of the pottery site, and it is speculated that they may be potters engaged in pottery, and group tombs were found in the western T0243 pottery site.
Associate researcher Song Jiangning introduced the new archaeological harvest of the Zhouyuan site in 2021, and through the archaeological survey and excavation of 2020 and 2021, it was found that there was a possibility of a double city wall in the Western Zhou Period, and the inner city scale was about 2 million square meters, which was built from the time of the Shang Zhou To the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and the outer city scale was about 5 million square meters, built in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition, excavations were carried out at the base site of Wangjiazui No. 1 Building, which is 38 meters wide from east to west, about 58 meters long from north to south, and has a total area of more than 2,200 square meters. The southern 28 meters have been revealed, consisting of the main hall, the east and west wing rooms, the front and back courtyards, and the outbuildings, etc., and it is speculated that the overall structure of the front hall and the back room is similar to the Fengchi Group A building.
Chang Huaiying, associate researcher, introduced the excavation harvest of the Zhangjiawa site in Laishui County, Hebei Province in 2021, this excavation found a relatively rich cultural remains of the second phase of the Snow Mountain, the remains have pottery kilns and ash pits, more pottery found in the filled soil, the types of utensils are mainly various types of pots, bristles, urns, pots, etc.; the remains of the Western Zhou Period have ash pits, wells and tombs, including two groups of tombs with different orientations and different sizes, the tombs in the northwest-southeast direction are generally larger, and the scattered artifacts found in the robbery caves can be proved to be tombs of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Only two near-east-west tombs have been found, and the tombs are small in scale, but there is a certain pattern in the combination of burial pottery, which seems to be closely related to the remains of the Rong people who were active in the north and south of Yanshan during the two-week period.
Associate researcher Tang Jinqiong reported on the excavation harvest of the Tomb of Zhangshu Guozishan in Jiangxi Province, the tomb of Guozishan is an ancillary relics of the site of the Acropolis, located on the west side of the city site, composed of five large and medium-sized tombs, most of which are east-west Zigzag-shaped earth pit vertical cave tombs, and the types of artifacts unearthed from the tombs are lacquered wood ware as the bulk, in addition to metalware, ceramics and jade ware. From the perspective of utensils, it includes a variety of categories such as ceremonial utensils, musical instruments, weapons, carriage and horse tools, and daily utensils, and two pieces of inscriptions have been excavated from the tomb, which have been examined by experts, and the inscriptions are "The elder son of the King of Yutai is not shou zi Zha Yuan with a spear".
Researcher Yue Hongbin reported the archaeological harvest of the ancient city of The Song Dynasty in Shangqiu in 2021, this excavation found the southern city wall and the western city wall corner, determined the wall direction and structure of the western wall and the south wall, the southern wall and the western wall formed an angle, but the angle was not right angle intersecting but the arc angle intersected, the direction of the western city wall was not parallel to the western wall of the city, the relics excavated from the surface layer and the ash soil layer were the most common relics of the Eastern Zhou Period and the Two Song Dynasties, but they were seriously broken, and few could be restored, and the Eastern Zhou and the two Song Dynasties were formed when the city wall was repaired in the later period. It can be preliminarily inferred that the southern wall was built earlier than the western wall, but the two sections of the wall were used "in synchronicity".
Archaeology of the Han and Tang Dynasties
Researcher Liu Rui introduced the archaeological harvest of Afang Palace and the Shanglinyuan Archaeological Team in 2021, through the archaeological excavation of the No. 3 ancient city of the Liyang City Ruins, it can be known that the No. 3 ancient city and the No. 11 buildings of the Liyang City Ruins are two large rammed earth platform-based buildings juxtaposed from east to west, connecting with the No. 4 and No. 9 buildings to the north through the No. 10 building, which is an important part of a large palace complex; through the archaeological exploration and excavation of the Hantang Caoqu and the Kunming Pond, the Caoqu, the Kunming Pond Inlet and Outlet Water in the excavation area were further determined. The era and nature of the retreat canal systematically reveals a series of water conservancy project information of the Hantang Caoqu and Kunming Pond, which together constitute the largest hantang water conservancy project archaeology so far.
Researcher Zhang Jianfeng introduced the 2021 field archaeological harvest of the Xi'an Hancheng team, this year's cleaning of the Beigong No. 3 building site building base site, but also cleaned up the water well, earth stove, ash pit, tomb and other remains, the excavated relics are mainly slab tiles, cylinder tiles and other building materials, as well as pottery, bronze, iron, stone tools and a large number of copper coins, according to the shape of the judgment, the age range of relics from the Western Han Dynasty to the Sixteen Kingdoms Northern Dynasty period; Han Chang'an City Zhaolun Zhongguan coinage site found and cleaned up the Western Han to Wang Mang period kiln site, housing site, well, ash pit , brick ponds, water canals, pits suspected of smelting and casting, etc., unearthed a huge number of various types of money models, mostly cast copper models, the types of five baht, daquan fifty, qi knife five hundred, a knife flat five thousand, etc., there are a large number of back fans for minting money.
Associate researcher Liu Tao introduced the excavation and harvest of the Xianyang Palace Courtyard of The Palace of Luoyang Palace in Hanwei in 2021, and in a group of large row buildings exposed in the palace courtyard on the north side of the Xianyang Hall this year, a relatively well-preserved building collapsed and piled up was found, which was relatively rare in the excavation of the Palace District of Luoyang City of Hanwei, which greatly enriched the research data on the architectural form and cultural connotation of the site. Through the dissection of the foundation of the Xianyang Hall, it is shown that the rammed soil of the Xianyang Hall hall foundation can be divided into earlier than the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Northern Wei Period and the Northern Zhou Period, with the Xianyang Hall Foundation as the center, and there are two corridors inside and outside its periphery, and the north side of the corridor room is the north row house, and the north row house is the northern boundary of the Xianyang Hall Palace Courtyard, and its north side is immediately the "Yong Lane" of the palace city recorded in the literature.
Associate researcher Guo Xiaotao introduced the excavation harvest of the ruins from Hanwei Luoyang City to Jianchunmen Avenue in 2021, from the current excavation situation, there should be a turn to the north and then to the east after entering the Qianqiu Gate, indicating that after entering the Palace From The Gate to jianchunmen Avenue, yongxiang and yong lane are one road, consciously avoiding the Xianyang Palace. The remains of Yongxiang excavated this time should be the dividing line between the front and back of the Northern Wei Palace in Luoyang City of the Han Dynasty, which is of great significance for understanding the layout of the functional space of the Northern Wei Palace.
Associate researcher He Liqun introduced the archaeological excavation work of the Yicheng team in Hebei Province in 2021, and this year mainly carried out the archaeological excavation work of two sites in the Miyacheng District of Yinan City and the Walnut Garden North Qida Zhuangyan Temple. Through the dissection of the west side of the west side of the hall 206 in the north of the central axis of the palace district of Yinancheng, the structure of the corridor on the west side of the hall was confirmed, the pillar network structure of the corridor and the remains of the brick paving, drainage ditch and partition wall on the outside of the corridor were very clear, in addition, the shape and scope of the 209 hall were basically discovered through archaeological exploration; this year, the excavation of the base site of the No. 9 building of the North Qi Great Solemn Temple in Walnut Garden was excavated, and it was preliminarily determined that the Base Site no. 9 and its surrounding buildings should belong to the building on the west side of the Great Solemn Temple of Northern Qi.
Researcher Yang Yong introduced the excavation harvest of the Guishan Tomb Group in Luoping County, Yunnan Province, in 2021, a total area of about 800 square meters was revealed, and 8 tombs were found and cleaned, including brick chamber tombs, stone tombs, stone chamber tombs, earthen tombs and other types, and the excavated relics mainly include pottery, porcelain, bronze, iron, gold, silver, lacquerware, jade, glassware and coins, etc. The coins are recognizable for money writers, all of which are five baht coins. Judging from the tomb shape system and excavated relics, the tomb age is mainly in the Eastern Han Dynasty, of which the age of the stone rafter tomb may be slightly later, or it may be as late as the Jin Dynasty. Academics generally believe that the area around Luoping belonged to Mu Mu County (Xinggu County) during the Han and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, the Guishan Hanjin Tomb Group is likely to be the remains of the residents of Leaky Wo County at that time.
Researcher Gong Guoqiang reported on the field archaeological work of the Tangcheng team in Xi'an in 2021, and the excavation of the northern part of the Forest of Steles Museum identified a large-scale rammed earth building site, whose rammed earth platform base is about 120 meters long from east to west, about 44 meters wide from north to south, and 2.4 meters thick, and is of an important imperial city Taimiao temple building; the site of a stone bridge in the Western Inner Garden of Tang Daming Palace and a water culvert and water retaining facility site located on the south side of the East Palace wall of Taiji Palace; Archaeological exploration was carried out on the irregular loess remnants on the south side of the Yahe Garden Community, and fragments such as glazed cylinder tiles, green square bricks, lotus tiles, plate tiles with the "Heaven (Bao) Nine Years" year number inscription, rectangular bricks depicting the pattern of the ox-pulled single-spoke plough were excavated, and combined with historical documents, it is speculated that it is very likely that the site of the square hill (temple of earth) in Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was excavated.
Shi Zishe associate researcher reported the 2021 archaeological harvest of the Sui and Tang Luoyang City ruins, this excavation cleaned up the Tang Dynasty Xuanwumen ruins on the south side of the inner heavy gate site, figured out the layout and evolution of the Xuanwumen ruins, which is of great significance for the study of the architectural layout, evolution and management system of the Palace City, in addition to excavating and cleaning up the Northern Song Dynasty Palace Taiji Hall, Tianxing Hall and the remains of the palace where they are located; through the archaeological work of the Zhengpingfang site, the scope of the Lifang and the four sides of the street, the square wall, the wall gate, The structure of the road network in the square and the layout of the important courtyards in the square, the western half of Zhengpingfang is a large courtyard (Courtyard I), which should be the residence of the Princess Taiping, which is the layout of the symmetrical multi-entry courtyard in the central axis.
Han Jianhua associate researcher reported the 2021 archaeological harvest of the Qinghai Dulan Hot Water Tomb Group, this year completed the supplementary excavation and key relics anatomical excavation of the 2018 Blood Wei No. 1 Tomb Passage II, the passage two is slope-like with steps, the length of the north-south slope is about 8 meters, the east-west width is about 2 meters, and the bottom of the slope finds multiple layers of hard pedaling surfaces, the use of traces is obvious, inferred to be the construction channel in and out of the wooden and stone materials in the tomb at that time, through the re-cleaning and mapping of the tomb, the shape of the tomb's burial chamber was clarified. It provides basic information for the protection of the site. In addition, a comprehensive survey of the sites around the Qaidam Basin revealed new sites in and around the ancient city of Indel.
Associate researcher Wang Rui reported on the archaeological excavation and research of the Yangzhou City Ruins of the Tang and Song Dynasties in 2021, and continued to excavate the city defense facilities outside the north gate of song dacheng in 2021, the Guanhe River in the Tang Dynasty, and the river channel in the Song Dynasty, and newly discovered some remnants of the middle, eastern and southern sections of the rammed earth brick wall, clarified the eastern and southern boundaries of the rammed earth brick wall, and laid the foundation for comprehensively revealing the overall structure of the rammed earth brick wall and the urban layout outside the north gate of the Song Dynasty. At present, the easternmost part of the rammed earth brick wall is folded to the southeast, the westernmost part of the middle section is folded to the southwest, and the southern section is also folded to the northeast, combined with the 3 overlapping roads found in the previous year, it is speculated that the rammed earth brick wall has two symmetrical figure eight structures in the north and south, which may be related to the bridge ruins.
Researcher Wang Bo reported on the archaeological excavations of the Quanzhou City Ruins in 2021, and the ruins of quanzhou City's Fangsi City revealed the rammed earth platform foundation of the Song and Yuan Dynasties and its edge base troughs, wall base troughs, stone or brick paved ground, drainage facilities, stone paved steps and their side wall roads, and architectural remains reconstructed in the Ming Dynasty; the ruins of quanzhou Luo City Wall revealed rammed earth remains with brick walls on the south side, and the excavated bricks were stamped with words such as "Jiading Second Year Repair Official Brick" and "(Tong'an) County Jiading Three-Year Repair Official Brick", combined with documentary records It is speculated that the remains of rammed earth exposed may be the remnants of the western end of the southern city wall of Luocheng in the Tang and Song dynasties in Quanzhou.
Researcher Dong Xinlin reported on the archaeological excavation work of the site of the western slope of Jingxi in Liaoning in 2021, and continued to carry out exploration and key anatomy of JZ1, the apse JZ3, the north corridor hall JZ4 and JZ6, and the nave JZ7 of the annexed courtyard south of the south courtyard of the west slope this year. According to the relationship between strata and ruins, it can be confirmed that the north courtyard, the south courtyard and the auxiliary courtyards on both sides of the Buddhist temple on the western slope were all built in the Liao Dynasty and used in the Jin Dynasty, the orientation is always east, the architectural nature is always the Buddhist temple, and the ruins have a clear relationship between the land layers and the relics such as ceramic specimens, which is conducive to the establishment of the chronological sequence of the relics excavated in the Liaojin period at the site of the capital city of Liao.
Associate researcher He Shili reported on the archaeological harvest of Guzhou City in Hebei Province in 2021, focusing on the archaeological excavation of the "inner city" city wall, the moat and the roads inside and outside the city wall. Excavations of the eastern wall of the "Inner City", the southern city wall and the inner and outer roads, the trench (moat), the ruins of the No. 3 and No. 4 buildings (partial), the urn coffin tomb, etc. were excavated. Based on the results of archaeological excavations and dating data over the years, it is speculated that the "inner city" has been used for a long time, and the large-scale construction of the city wall may have been twice, the first time may be in the War and Han Dynasties; the second time may be in the Wei and Jin dynasties to the middle and late Tang Dynasties, the use time of the "outer city" is relatively short, and the construction of the city wall may be in the late Tang to five dynasties period.
Frontier archaeology
Wang Peng, an associate researcher, reported on the archaeological harvest of the Husta site in Hot spring county, Xinjiang in 2021, this year mainly explored and excavated the south gate of the courtyard, the city wall outside the courtyard and a cemetery near the city site, from the excavated relics and the carbon fourteen data accumulated in the past, the main remains of the core area of the Husta site are similar to the remains of the late Andronovo culture in the Eurasian steppe, and the age is about 1600 to 1500 BC. In addition, cultural layers and pottery pieces from the end of the Bronze Age were found in the doorway of the South Courtyard Gate, which may represent the stage of continued use of the city site after the sealing of the South Courtyard Gate, indicating that the Husta City Site has been continuously used and transformed from the Andronovo Culture Period to the end of the Bronze Age.
Researcher Guo Wu introduced the archaeological harvest of the ancient city of Beiting in Xinjiang in 2021, and excavated sites No. 10 and 11 in the southwest of the sub-city this year. Through excavations, it can be seen that site 10 is the rammed earth foundation of a large building, and it is the largest building pedestal found in the city to date. In addition, the most important discovery of the year is the "Sadian Temple" inscription fragment, which proves that there was once a "Sadian Temple" in the core area of Beiting City, considering the historical background of the setting of the Beiting Yangfang, the Beiting Temple may be placed in the original Buddhist temple, this Buddhist temple is likely to be the Yingyun Daning Temple built in the sub-city in 640 AD at the beginning of the establishment of Tingzhou, but this inference is still to be confirmed by new archaeological discoveries in the future.
Associate researcher Ailijiang reported on the archaeological harvest of the Kashgar Khan Noi site in Xinjiang in 2021, and found and cleaned up ash pits, ditches, building sites, walls, walls, platform foundations and stampede surfaces this year, and unearthed more than 600 artifacts. Through the dating of the anatomical ditch and the tanfang stratigraphy, it can be seen that there are multiple cultural accumulations from the Bronze Age to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the stratigraphic sequence from prehistory to the Tang and Song Dynasties is generally complete, and there is a Wei, Jin and Tang and Song Dynasty cities in the east and west of the site, there are cultural layers inside and outside the two cities and there are buildings in the city, and the strata between the two cities from the Bronze Age to the Song and Yuan Dynasties are consistent with the Bronze Age strata found under the west city wall in 2019.
Researcher Tong Tao reported the archaeological harvest of Quangou Cemetery in Wulan County, Qinghai Province in 2021, this year's excavation area is located in Quangou Cemetery Heishan District and Dongtai District, a total of 2 tombs were excavated in Heishan District, and the excavated relics were relatively rich, mainly including more than 80 pieces of wooden components, bone tools, silk, jade, iron, ornaments, seals, etc.; Dongtai District excavated a total of 4 tombs, and fewer relics were unearthed. Among them, the ancient Tibetan seal found in Quangou M2 provides direct evidence for clarifying the identity information of the owner of the tomb and even quangou M1, and is also of great significance for exploring the relevant administrative settings in the Qaidam Basin area during the Tubo period.
Assistant researcher Xia Lidong introduced the archaeological survey and trial excavation harvest of the Jinta Temple Grottoes in Zhangye, Gansu Province in 2021, this archaeological survey is based on the Jinta Temple Grottoes, including the long caves close to the location of the Golden Pagoda Temple, the grottoes at the west end of the Thorn Ditch and the Ancient City Ditch Caves, the main work content includes the grotto text records and the interpretation of the Xixia inscription, digital three-dimensional modeling, plate shooting and mapping, carbon fourteen dating and other work. In addition, through the trial excavation of the cave site, the formation process of the collapse and accumulation in front of the cave was preliminarily clarified, and the early primitive cliff surface and cave front building sites that may be simultaneous with the excavation of the cave were found.
Assistant researcher Wang Feifeng introduced the archaeological harvest of Qingshiling Mountain City in Gaizhou City, Liaoning Province in 2021, and the remains found at the west side of the station mainly include farmland, stone walls, etc., and the excavated relics include pottery pieces, tiles, iron tools, bone tools, etc. Among them, the farmland ruins cover an area of more than 200 square meters, and the flotation results show that the plant seeds found in the farmland include millet, wheat, barnyard, and red adzuki beans, and the soil microstructure and phytosilicate analysis show that there are farmland remnants of the Goguryeo period in this excavation area. Through archaeological excavations, the scope and burial structure of the Chair Hill Cemetery were basically determined, and according to the tomb shape system and excavated relics, the tombs of the first district and the tombs of the third district were dated to the late Goguryeo period.
Researcher Chen Xingcan, director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, made a concluding speech
After the report, Chen Xingcan, director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, made a concluding speech, saying that the projects of this report were distributed in 16 provinces and regions of the country from a geographical point of view; from the perspective of the times, it covered from the Paleolithic Era to the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties; from the perspective of content, it covered the origin of modern human beings, the origin of agriculture, the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic state, and Sino-foreign cultural exchanges, and the excavation results were very fruitful. Many archaeological excavations have yielded breakthrough results, providing important clues to fill in the gaps and solve the layout of the site and other major historical problems. At present, field archaeology work is becoming more and more refined, whether it is active excavation projects or infrastructure projects, there are clear academic goals, a strong sense of problems and a sense of topic, from the early stage of surveying and mapping exploration, investigation and excavation, to the later research and protection work, these consciousnesses need to always run through it, so as to ensure the scientific and accurate archaeological excavation data. In addition, multidisciplinary collaboration has become the norm for archaeological excavations, providing important support for archaeological research. Compared with the past, the number of published reports and bulletins published this year has not increased significantly, and there is still a lot of room for improvement, which requires the joint efforts of everyone, hoping to publish more archaeological reports and achievements in the future, and form a positive interaction between excavation, research and publication. Finally, Director Chen Xingcan wished everyone a happy new year and more fruitful results in the new year.
Photo: 荼荼
Review: Liu Guoxiang
Editor-in-charge: Han Han