In December of the second year of the Jingde Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty (January 1006 AD), the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty signed the famous Liaoyuan Alliance, which began about a hundred years of peaceful development. A few months later, one of the brightest stars suddenly appeared in the night sky. Despite its location to the south, it is seen by people in many countries in the northern hemisphere. In China, this bright star made the Northern Song Dynasty, who had just been freed from the war, confused and panicked, but eventually someone eliminated this panic. Who is this man? What method did he use to dispel the panic? What is this bright star that suddenly appears? Where did it come from and where did it die?
Written by | Wang Shanqin
On the eighth day of the 22nd leap month of the 22nd year of the Liao Dynasty (October 24, 1004 [1]), Empress Xiao Of the Liao Dynasty and Emperor Yelü Longxu of the Liao Dynasty attacked the Northern Song Dynasty with an army of 200,000 men on the pretext of retaking the Ten Counties of Guannan (located near Baiyangdian, Hebei) south of Waqiao, Yijin, and Sikou Sanguan, and led an army of 200,000 men to attack the Northern Song Dynasty, almost like a bamboo, approaching the yellow river side of the City of Liaozhou (in present-day Puyang, Henan), located near the Northern Song Dynasty's Kyoto Kaifeng Earthquake.
That year was the first year of Jingde in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the insistence of the famous xiang Kou Zhun, Zhao Heng[2] of Song Zhenzong, who originally wanted to run away and move the capital, forced himself to march to the city of Liaozhou, which was located on the front line. Soon after, when Xiao Taorin, a major general of the Liao army who was lightly enemy, was reconnaissance position outside the city of Lanzhou, he was shot in the forehead by the Song army on the city wall with a crossbow arrow and received a box lunch.
The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted, and the morale of the Liao army, which was already a veteran of the division, was severely frustrated. Empress Xiao decided to make peace with the Northern Song Dynasty. In December of the second year of Jingde (January 1006 AD), the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty signed the famous Alliance of Liaoyuan, ending the previous 25 years of intermittent war at a relatively small material cost, and in exchange for the next hundred years of peace.
However, Empress Xiao's imperial conquest still left a huge psychological shadow on Song Zhenzong and some ministers of the court. In February of the third year of Jingde (March 1006), Emperor Zhenzong of Song demoted Kou Zhun, who had forced him to risk his conquest, to Shaanzhou.
The panic caused by a strange celestial phenomenon that soon caused a sensation in the Northern Song Dynasty and the wilderness exposed the weak heart of the Song Zhenzong emperors, so much so that they had to rely on the explanation of an astronomer and astrologer to calm their inner fears.
A large star suddenly appeared
According to the Song Hui Compilation, on April 2 of the third year of Jingde(癸酉), that is, on May 1, 1006 AD, just after nightfall, the Qin Tianjian observers in charge of astronomical observation saw a large star with a yellow color, located east of the "Kulou" and west of the "Knight" in the Twenty-Eight Houses of the Twenty-Eight Houses of the Qi (dǐ) Su (xiù), which gradually brightened over the next period of time.[3]
Neon covers parts of the modern constellation system of Libra, Plepenus, Shepherd, Virgo, Jackal, Hydra, and Centaurus. It is further divided into 11 "Star Officers", one of which is the "Knight Officer", located in the constellation Jackal and Centaurus. The Treasury is one of the 11 star officials of Kakujuku, located in the constellation Centaurus.
Pictured: The white area in the middle is the constellation of lupus. Surrounded by SCORPIUS, LIBRA, CENTAURUS and HYDRA. IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)
The "Qingli Guo Dynasty Meeting" also records this star, the details are basically the same as above, but it records that the time of this star's appearance is April Pengyin [4]. Many people think that this day is the second day of the first month of April (May 1 in the Gregorian calendar). In fact, April of that year was the seventh day of the first month, which was May 6 of the Gregorian calendar; even if the Gregorian calendar, which had not yet been promulgated in 1582 A.D., was used backwards, that day was may 12,[5] and could not have been converted to May 1. Therefore, the date given by the Qingli Guo Dynasty Will be 5 days later than the date recorded in the Song Hui Hui Zhi Zhi.
The History of the Song, written in the Yuan Dynasty, also uses the possiblely erroneous date of April, but gives a more detailed account of the star, saying that it is shaped like a "half moon", has a "mang", is dazzling, and can be used to distinguish objects at night, and that it disappeared because of the rotation of the celestial sphere—of course, because of the rotation of the earth—but reappeared in November of that year; thereafter it disappeared in August and appeared in November. Until you can't see it at all.
According to the current study of astronomy, it is known that this suddenly appearing star is a "supernova". Supernovae are a type of celestial explosion phenomenon that can make their brightness rise to about 10 billion times the brightness of the sun in a short period of time, but the brightest brightness of different supernovae is often different, and the difference can be very large, the dark one is only tens of millions of times the brightness of the sun, and the brightness of the brightest "super bright supernova" can reach hundreds of billions of times the brightness of the sun.
Modern astronomers refer to the supernova seen in 1006 as "Supernova 1006" (SN 1006).
Pictured: Modern astronomers have simulated the sudden appearance of a supernova in 1006. The large white dot in the picture is this star, and in the upper left is the constellation Scorpio. Gilbert A. Esquerdo, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, and SAO
Although the supernova alarmed the Northern Song dynasty monarchs and civilians, the people who saw it and recorded it were distributed in many countries.
The Japanese "Ichigoku Chronicle" "Ding" records that astronomy Doctor Abe Yoshimasa (あべのよしまさ, 955?) -1019) Report: On March 28 of the third year of Hirohiro 's reign (April 28 of the Gregorian calendar), a "guest star" appeared in the "Knight", a white-cyan color.
The word "guest star" comes from China. The ancient Chinese called stars that suddenly appeared in the night sky and quickly disappeared as "guest stars" because they were like guests. It can be seen that this record in Japan is 3 days earlier than the Chinese record.
The Supernova is also recorded in Japan's "Akatsuki" Nomiyamoto 23: on April 2 of the third year of Hirohiro (May 1 of the Gregorian calendar), after nightfall, a large guest star appeared in the "Knight", like Mars, very bright, and shining, and could be seen in the south all night, and some people said that this may be the "Riding General Star" changed and began to brighten.
The supernova was also observed by the Persian (Iranian) astronomer Ibn Sina ( 980–1037 ) in southern Uzbekistan.[9] According to his account, the star was stationary, had no tail, and grew darker and darker over the course of nearly three months until it disappeared; it was very bright, constantly flickering, changing color as time passed.
The Egyptian astrologer and astronomer Ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (Abu'l Hassan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri, 988-1061) described the supernova as follows: "The spectacular large round object is 2.5 to 3 times the size of Venus." Its light shone in the sky, more brilliant than the moon of the string moon. Ridwan pointed out that the star hung low near the southern horizon.
The monks of the Monastery of Saint Gall in Switzerland record: "In a wonderful way, sometimes shrinking, sometimes spreading, sometimes disappearing ... At the very edge of the southern sky, it looks unchanged for three consecutive months, and its brightness exceeds all the constellations visible in the sky. ”
It is mentioned here that the supernova is located on the southern horizon. This is because constellations such as The Jackal are near 30 degrees south latitude, so they are very southern.
In 2015, Iraqi and German scholars argued in a paper[10] that the Yemeni Arab scholar al-Yamani may have documented the supernova. Yamani records that on July 15, 396 AH (April 17 or 18, 1006 IN the Gregorian calendar), an hour and a half after sunset, a star appeared in the east, four times the size of Venus (another version: as big as Venus). It is not circular, closer to an oval. The light it emits is like a finger, showing a turbulent feature, looking like disturbed water. The light it emits is like sunlight. In mid-September in the Islamic calendar, its brightness began to decrease.
If Yamani's account is true, it is dated about 10 days earlier than japan's, making it the earliest observation of this supernova in the world. However, according to modern astronomical knowledge (see below), it is clearly unlikely that it will begin to darken after two months, and the reliability of observers visually detecting light and darkness will be affected by the atmosphere.
In addition to these written records, it is also possible that a petroglyph on a stone in Arizona, North America, depicts the sudden appearance of a supernova, which was painted by the hohokam natives of North America at the time.
Photo: Petroglyphs of the Hohokan Aboriginal people of North America. The right-to-right solid star-like white dot in the figure may have been a supernova that appeared in 1006 AD, and the scorpion-like object on its left side represents the constellation Scorpio. 丨Source: John Barentine, Apache Point Observatory
https://www.space.com/2458-ancient-rock-art-depicts-exploding-star.html
A public opinion that caused panic in the Northern Song Dynasty
When other officials of the Qin Tianjian observed the supernova on the second day of the first month of April (May 1 in the Gregorian calendar), the chief official of the Qin Tianjian, Zhou Keming (954/955-1017), was not in Kaifeng. His colleagues in Kaifeng did not report to the imperial court for nearly a month. The imperial court also remained silent on official occasions.
Why is there such an embarrassing situation? Because many people at that time thought that this star was an ominous omen. According to the biography of Zhou Keming in the History of the Song Dynasty, after the appearance of this star, some people believe that it is the "emperor" star, indicating that war is about to occur. According to the classification in ancient texts, the emperor star is characterized by "large, yellow and white, with horns". The Yellow Emperor Zhan said that seeing the Emperor's Star meant national turmoil, floods, famine, and disease, and the Emperor hated it.
Only a few months after the signing of the Alliance, the Emperor Star, which heralded the disaster of war, suddenly appeared, which made Song Zhenzong, who believed in the induction of heaven and man, and the subjects below have different degrees of trepidation.
The main purpose of the ancient emperors in setting up the Qin Heavenly Prison was to formulate a calendar and predict auspiciousness according to the celestial signs. However, at that time, the officials who were still in the capital city in the Qin Heavenly Prison did not dare to explain this celestial phenomenon "truthfully" and could only remain silent.
Picture: World Heritage Site, national first-class cultural relics protection unit - Henan Dengfeng Observatory. It is the oldest surviving observatory in China. The Western Zhou Dynasty began construction, and the Yuan Dynasty astronomer Guo Shoujing and the astronomer and mathematician Wang Ke greatly expanded it in 1276, using it for 364 years from 1281 onwards. Here, astronomers observe the shadow cast by the sun during the day and the stars at night. 丨 Image source: tak.wing
Zhou Keming, who "turned murder into luck"
After nearly a month of suffering, qin officials in the capital finally waited for Zhou Keming to return to Kaifeng.
Zhou Keming's origin is not simple. According to the History of the Song Dynasty, Zhou Keming's great-grandfather Zhou Defu was a Tang Dynasty Secretary of Agriculture. His grandfather Zhou Jie was a jinshi during the Kaicheng period, proficient in the calendar, discovered the errors in the "Great Yan Calendar" and revised them, and then took his family to the Guangdong area due to the chaos of the army and horses; Liu Gong (yǎn) forced Zhou Jie to take office after establishing the Southern Han regime in the south, responsible for astrology and fortune telling for the imperial court. Zhou Jie's son, Zhou Keming's father Zhou Maoyuan, succeeded his father and served as a sitian shaojian in the Southern Han Dynasty, and after the southern Han surrendered to the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Maoyuan served as the superintendent of the Northern Song Dynasty Qin Tianjian .[13]
Due to his family's academic background, Zhou Keming was proficient in mathematics, calendar, astronomy, the five elements, and the knowledge of predicting auspiciousness, and after examinations and interviews, he was awarded the title of Tongjinshi and was appointed as the supervisor of qin tianjian.
When the star was observed, Zhou Keming was either on official business in Guangdong or on his way back to Beijing. According to Zhou Keming's later performances, on his way back to the capital, he had already heard many people talking about this star, and also knew the uneasiness that pervaded the government and the public.[14]
With his profound knowledge of astrological literature, Zhou Keming soon thought of explaining the star to the emperor and dispelling the panicked public opinion.
On the first day of the first month of May (May 30, 1006 in the Gregorian calendar), Zhou Keming played on behalf of Qin Tianjian. In the recital, he said: According to the Astronomical Records and the Jingzhou Zhan, the subject judged that this star was a "Zhou Bo" star, which was yellow and dazzling, and that the country that saw this star was a very prosperous country, and it was a moral star representing the country.[15]
Zhou Keming described the color of this supernova as yellow, rather than yellow and white, thus completing the transformation from "emperor" to "Zhou Bo". But this step is not enough, because according to the earlier astrology book "The Yellow Emperor's Astrology", Zhou Boxing also foreshadowed war, death, famine, and exile. Therefore, Zhou Keming does not quote the Yellow Emperor Zhan, but quotes the Astronomical Record and the Jingzhou Zhan, because the latter two books say that Zhou Boxing represents prosperity and auspiciousness.
Zhou Keming also suggested that the emperor let the civil and military officials celebrate the appearance of this star and stabilize the hearts of the people of the world. After receiving Zhou Keming's explanation, Song Zhenzong was very happy, praised Zhou Keming, and approved his proposal. The confusion and panic that had previously plagued the government and the public for a month turned into a festive mood.
Zhou Keming not only showed his solid foundation in astrology in this matter, but also showed his smooth ability to deal with public opinion. Through this series of operations and suggestions, he not only completely dissolved the negative public opinion caused by the star, but also made people believe that it was an auspicious omen.
In recognition of Zhou Keming's professional ability and ability to explain "turning murder into luck", Song Zhenzong gave him a new official position,—"Prince Wash horse" who assisted the prince in political affairs and liberal arts, and "Dianzhong Cheng" who was equivalent to the director of the Secretariat Bureau of the General Office of the Central Committee, and appointed him as an astronomical officer of the Astronomical Academy in the Hanlin Academy.
The Astronomical Institute of Hanlin Academy and the Qin Tianjian are independent institutions and verify each other's observations. At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty built four observation platforms around the capital, the most important of which was the "Yue Tai" managed by the Qin Tianjian and the "Waiting Platform" in the Forbidden City managed by the Hanlin Astronomical Institute. The new position of astronomer of the Astronomical Institute of the Hanlin Academy made Zhou Keming the undisputed first person in the field of astronomy in the Northern Song Dynasty at that time.
After Zhou Keming's explanation was officially adopted, the Zhou Boxing was also included in the ranks of the auspicious "Jingxing", which was later described in the "Jingxing" in the History of Song.
Some people think that this supernova is called "Zhou Boxing" because it is "certified" by Zhou Keming, and others think that it is called "Jingxing" because it was discovered during the Jingde period. This is all a misnomer.
As early as the Tang Dynasty, the famous astrology book "Kaiyuan Zhanjing" quoted the definition and description of Zhou Boxing in the "Yellow Emperor Zhan"; besides, Zhou Keming could not have named this star with his own surname in the compromise to the emperor. As for Jingxing, the Bamboo Book Chronicle of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has this name; since then, Jingxing has been frequently used as an auspicious star in history books and astrological books.
Color Mystery: Is Zhou Keming lying?
Zhou Keming's first link in resolving the public opinion crisis is to describe the color of supernova 1006 as yellow. But other accounts give different colors. For example, the biography of Zhou Keming in the "History of Song" says that people initially thought that this was a national emperor star, which can be seen that it should be yellow and white. In Japan's "Chronicles of generations", it is recorded that its color is white and cyan.
So, is Zhou Keming lying? We can say yes or no. Because modern astronomical observations and theories tell us that supernova explosions will not only produce a sharp change in brightness in a short period of time, but also expand sharply. Therefore, the color of almost all supernovae will change significantly within a few tens to a hundred days after their explosion, and supernova 1006 is certainly no exception.
Shortly after supernovae explode, the temperature on their surface will exceed 10,000 degrees Celsius. With the rapid expansion of supernova material, most supernova temperatures will drop to five or six thousand degrees Celsius within a few tens of days. As the temperature of supernovae drops from more than 10,000 degrees Celsius to 5,000 or 6,000 degrees Celsius, their color will evolve from blue-white (bluish-white) to yellow-white, and then to yellow. If the temperature continues to drop to three or four thousand degrees Celsius, they will also turn orange-red.
Pictured: VLT's FORS shoots NGC 1559 "directly above" an explosion of supernova SN 2005df, which is the same type of supernova as supernova 1006. 丨 Image source: ESO
https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0527a/
With this modern knowledge, we can analyze the color evolution of this supernova. In addition to the yet-to-be-confirmed records of Yemen, the earliest record in Japan is that supernova 1006 was still very hot and therefore likely to appear bluish-white; when Chinese astronomers observed it three days later, its color did not change significantly; but within a month, it would turn yellow-white, and possibly even yellow.
Zhou Keming went to the top at least a month after the supernova 1006 erupted, when it may have turned yellow. If Zhou Keming said that it had always been yellow, then Zhou Keming was lying. But if Zhou Keming says it's yellow "recently," he might be reporting truthfully, a little more exaggerated at best. Apparently, Zhou Keming acquiesced to the latter mode, because in this mode, the star is easier to interpret as a Lucky Star.
In fact, the color of celestial bodies and all other luminous objects reflects the temperature of the celestial bodies. High-temperature objects are biased towards blue-white, low-temperature objects are biased toward orange-red or even dark red, and objects with median temperatures are biased toward yellow.
It's just that most celestial bodies can't observe color changes during a person's lifetime. Supernovae, on the other hand, change rapidly within a few dozen days after the outbreak, causing their temperature to change significantly, resulting in a significant change in color.
Pictured: Ground-based telescopes photographing the "Great Winter Triangle" with the constellation Orion. One of the orange-red stars is Betelgeuse, which has a temperature of about 3600 K, that is, about 3330 degrees Celsius, so it appears orange-red. The lowest giant blue-white star is Sirius, which has a temperature of about 9940 K, or about 9670 degrees Celsius, and therefore appears blue-white. 丨 Image source: Akira Fujii
Supernova 1006's "Afterlife" and "Predecessor"
In 1965, astronomers used radio telescopes to discover a shell-like object containing the radio current near the β star in the constellation Officiation, which was eventually identified as a remnant formed after the explosion of supernova 1006. According to analysis and calculations, its distance from the Earth is about 7200 light-years (1 light-year is about 9.5 trillion kilometers). The figure below is a multi-band composite of the remnants of supernova 1006 synthesized from data obtained by multiple telescopes. Continuous observations show that it is still expanding at a high rate.
Figure: A multiband composite of the remains of a supernova of 1006 taken by multiple telescopes. The diameter of the supernova remnants in the figure has reached about 60 light-years. Among them, red represents the radio image; yellow, orange, and light blue represent optical images taken by different telescopes; and cyan represents the X-ray image. Represents a visible image taken by another optical telescope. 丨Source: NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI).
https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0822b/
Now, astronomers have determined that supernova 1006 is a Type Ia supernova. Type Ia supernovae have two modes of production: (1) in binary systems, white dwarfs swallow up the material of their companions, reaching about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, and explode; (2) in binary systems, two white dwarfs merge to produce an explosion.
If it is the former, the white dwarf will survive its companion after it explodes. In 2012, astronomers attempted to search for the supernova's companion star, but were unable to find it. This means that the supernova is likely to explode after the merger of two white dwarfs.
Figure: An artistic image of two white dwarfs forming a double white dwarf system. 丨 Image source: ESO/L. Cal ada
https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1505a/
If these studies are all reliable, we can describe the sequence in which this event occurred below.
About a few decades to more than a billion years ago, two stars larger than the Sun in the Milky Way formed a binary star system that orbited a common center ("centroid"). Over hundreds of millions to billions of years, they expand and eject the outer layers, and the remaining internal cores evolve into white dwarfs, which are hundreds of thousands of times denser than water or more. Since then , the white dwarfs have continued to orbit the centroid and continue to move closer to each other due to the continuous loss of gravitational waves.
The Dumbbell Nebula (M27) taken by the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) evolved from a medium-mass star that ejected from outer gas to form this beautiful "planetary nebula", leaving a white dwarf with a mass of about 0.56 times the mass of the Sun, but its radius is only 1/18 times that of the Sun. 丨 Image source: ESO
After another few hundred million to billions of years, about 8200 years ago, the pair of white dwarfs that were constantly approaching each other finally collided together and exploded violently. About a dozen days after that, its brightness increased dramatically, reaching about ten billion times the brightness of the sun at its brightest. Then, its brightness begins to decrease. Ten days is the typical time for a Type Ia supernova to rise in brightness, which is why it is said above that it is unlikely to continue to brighten for two months.
The light it emitted traveled through the Milky Way for about 7,200 years at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second, and a small fraction of it finally came to earth in the spring of 1006 AD, was recorded, and was later named "Supernova 1006".
Despite its remoteness, supernova 1006 became the brightest star in the night sky at the time, seen by astronomers in many countries, and caused panic in the Northern Song Dynasty and wilderness—the emperor watched the silence, and the minister watched the tears (edited). Zhou Keming, the overseer of the Northern Song Dynasty Qin Tianjian, interpreted it as an auspicious star, defusing this public opinion crisis.
Of course, when we tell this story, we are not advocating the study of Zhou Keming's sleek means, nor are we supporting astrology. As the main text says, different astrological books give the exact opposite interpretation of the golden Zhou Bo star; as for the Emperor star, they are not even uniquely determined in color: some astrological books say it is yellow and white, and others say it is red. It can be seen that astrology has no scientific basis.
We are only telling the story of the stars through this story about people.
Imaged: Ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared images of the core region of the Centaur Ω cluster of globular clusters taken by Hubble's third-generation wide-field camera (WFC3). In this core region, there are about 100,000 stars. 丨Source: NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team
https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910g/
exegesis
[1] The Julian calendar of the Gregorian calendar of the time. Unless otherwise mentioned, the Gregorian calendar in this article is the Julian calendar. The Julian calendar is different from the Gregorian calendar we use today. The Julian calendar averages 365.25 days in 1 year, while the true year of regression is 365.2422 days, which cumulatively leads to differences. The Gregorian calendar was promulgated in 1582 to correct problems with the Julian calendar. If we use the Gregorian calendar backwards to 1006 AD, its date is 6 days more than the Gregorian calendar of the Julian calendar. Now it's 13 more days.
[2] Song Zhenzong himself was not a famous emperor, but four famous quotes in one of his poems were extraordinary: "There are thousands of bells in the book", "There is a golden house in the book", "there are many cars and horses in the book", and "There are Yan Ruyu in the book".
[3] Original text: "On May 1, the third year of the third year of The Song Zhenzong Jingde, Qin Tianjian said: First of the first two nights of the first four months, I saw the big star, the color was yellow, out of the east of the warehouse, the west of the knight, gradually bright, measured in the third degree of the clan." (According to the Song Hui Zhi Manuscript, vol. 52)
[4] Original text: "Jingde 3rd year of May NongYin Shuo, Si Tianjian Cheng: April Peng Yin first saw the big star, yellow, out of the warehouse east, riding officer west, gradually bright." ("Celebrating the Dynasties of the Calendar")
[5] Conversions between the lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar (including the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar) can be found on this website: https://ctext.org/. The transformation of the fourth month of the lunar calendar of the third year of Jingde is seen: https://ctext.org/date.pl?if=gb&entityid=997417&year=3&month=4&day=15
[6] Original text: "Jingde 3rd year of April PengYin, Zhou Boxing, out of the south of the cavalry officer West once, shaped like a half moon, there are manghorns, Huanghuangran can be appreciated, Likulou East." In August, the wheel of the day goes into turbidity. In November, see you again in Krypton. Since it is often seen in November to the east, August southwest into the turbid. (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 56, "Zhi No. 9" and "Jing Xing")
[7] Original text: "Hirohiro 3rd year March 28th Penzi, guest star into the ride, color white blue, astronomy Doctor Abe Yoshinori sang." Note that the twenty-eighth day of March in the third year of The Third Year of Kuan Hong should be Gengwu, not Pengzi, and the original text is incorrect.
[8] Original text: "On April 2 of the third year of The Broad Hiroshi, the night descended, and there were large guest stars among the knights, such as the sense of screen, the light was shining, and the night was facing the south, or the clouds, and the cavalry general star changed the body to increase the light." ”
[9] Some reports and sources record the location as Iran. However, later research believes that the location is in Uzbekistan.
[10] Rada, W. & Neuh user, R. Supernova SN 1006 in two historic Yemeni reports. Astronomische Nachrichten, 336, 3, 249 (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AN....336..249R/abstract)
[11] Original text: "(Jingde) Three years, there is a big star out of the west, the crowd can not distinguish; or the Emperor of Yanguo Demon Star, as a sign of war." (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang Jishang", "Zhou Keming")
[12] The original text: "The kingdom is changeable, and if there is water hunger, the lord of man is evil, and the man is sick." ”
[13] Original text: "Zhou Keming, Zi Zhaowen, Zeng Zu Defu, Tang Si Nongqing." Zu Jie, Kaicheng Zhongjinshi, Xie Brown Won Jia Wei, Li Hongwenguan School Scribe. In the middle of zhonghe, Emperor Xianzong was in Shu, and Jie Shang wrote a book to cure chaos and more than 10,000 words. Wai Lang, a member of the Water Promotion Department, and a young secretary of the Three Migrations Division. Jie was proficient in almanac, and tasted that the number of the "Great Yan Calendar" was different, and because of his perfunctory method, he wrote twenty-four articles of "Extreme Yan" to investigate the number of heavens and earth. When the world was in turmoil, Jie occupied it with astronomy, but Lingnan could avoid the land, but sent his brother DingQiu to join the army as a fengzhou recorder. Jie Tianfu also abandoned the official and took the family Nanshiling table. Liu Yinsu heard of his name, and every time he ordered an astronomical catastrophe. Jie thought that he was old, tasted the name of the Chinese Dynasty, and was ashamed to be a hypocrite with the ephemeris, but Xie xie could not get sick. Attack the throne, strong up, lingzhi Sitian supervisor, because of the shortness of the question of the country. ...... Jie Sheng Maoyuan, also known as Shi Qixue, was sent to Si Tian Shaojian and was given to the Song Dynasty supervisor, that is, Ke Ming's father. (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang Jishang", "Zhou Keming")
[14] Original text: "The subject was confused by the people at home and abroad who heard about it in Tu (Tu). (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang JiShang", "Zhou Keming")
[15] Original text: "According to the Astronomical Records and jingzhou zhan, its star name is 'Zhou Bo', its color is yellow, its brilliance is brilliant, and the country Dachang seen is Dexingye." (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang JiShang", "Zhou Keming")
[16] Original text: "May Xu Wenwu be celebrated, so as to reassure the hearts of the world." (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang JiShang", "Zhou Keming")
[17] Original text: "Shang Jiazhi, that is, from its please." (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang Jishang", "Zhou Keming")
[18] Original text: "Worship the prince to wash horses and the temple to be a servant, both of whom are hanlin astronomers and have the right to judge supervisors." (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 461, "Fang JiShang", "Zhou Keming")
[19] Sima Qian's Book of Tianguan of Han: "Jing Xing, De Xing Ye." Its impermanence often comes from the kingdom of the Word. The Kaiyuan Zhanjing quotes Song Jun: "Jingxing is large and hollow. Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty explained: "Jing, Daye, Mingye."
[20] González Hernández, J. I., et al. No surviving evolved companions of the progenitor of SN 1006. 2012, Nature, Volume 489, Issue 7417, 533
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