Regarding the pronunciation of the word "no", a question from a friend in the column study group.
Every week, some friends' questions will be collected in the column study group and answered in the live broadcast room. Some issues have been discussed before, such as the problem of "saving both sides without words". This kind of knowledge is described in detail in the column, but many friends have no video face-to-face explanation and understanding in text expression, so it is only an auxiliary understanding, even if it is said.
Some problems are not mentioned in the column study, but there is a certain universality, after speaking, I think it can be summarized, become an article published, in case friends who also have this question to read and find.
Attitude is a prerequisite for communication
The flatness of this "no" word belongs to this kind of problem, so it is sorted out and issued here with text to facilitate friends who have not watched the live broadcast to understand.
In fact, this is an old question, so old that I am not willing to explain it when questioned.
When explaining the rescue, I once took Bai Juyi's "wildfires burn endlessly, and the spring wind blows and grows again" as an example, because the word "no" is judged to be a slang sound, so the sentence is replaced, and the word "blowing" of the sentence is rescued. This is a typical pair of sentences to save, but there are countless people who sneer at it under that article - the word "no" clearly makes a second sound, belongs to Yangping, where is the law? Elementary school said "no" in front of the second sound before four sounds, did you not graduate from elementary school? Do you mean to speak poetry?
For those who personally attacked, many years ago, I must have been angry and scolded, killing him personally, but now it will not be, I basically do not say a word - interfere with their blind confidence, argue with him, and you yourself become them.
Of course, I am only referring to the brainless goods who personally attack, not to mention friends who have doubts and questions about this issue. Otherwise, how could it be explained in detail in the live broadcast, and how could there be this article?
I have repeatedly said that communication is based on mutual respect, and attitude is the decisive factor for improvement. Even if you know all the power and say everything is right, and you are dirty when you open your mouth, we don't have to care if you are right or wrong. The road is facing the sky, get on your own side.
Among the group rules of the exchange group and the learning group, there is one that has been criticized by the humble gentlemen, that is, "there is a problem with the attitude, no matter how high the level, all roll cū" - many friends think that a person who speaks poetry, how can you be so vulgar?
That is because you have not faced people who are shameless and ignorant, who are shameless because of ignorance. This rule, which I have been thinking about for a long time, has been expressed in the most gentle manner.
Back to the point.
Why doesn't the Yangping pronunciation of the word "no" affect its judgment of ping in ancient poems?
That is to say, why is the "no" word of "wildfire inexhaustible", we say that it is a slang sound, causing this sentence to lose its substitution and need to be rescued in the sentence?
Isn't it correct for elementary school teachers to teach us that the word "no" is transposed to yangping before four tones?
Of course not, you see, when I say "no", the word "no" does indeed send "bú", the second sound, this is a fact, can not be denied.
This is a phonological phenomenon called "flow of speech".
Inflection
Flow of tone is the phenomenon that the tone of some words is affected by the context of the speech environment in the flow of speech.
The types of speech flow changes are divided into assimilation, alienation, weakening, and shedding, and their changes are caused by different flow situations. These phenomena are characteristic of colloquialism and the preservation of the individuality of dialects under the unity of "book and text". If you ask the root cause, it is caused by the pronunciation of the change in the tone value.
The occurrence of phonological changes in the flow of speech occurs regardless of language, region, or ethnicity, as long as the word structure is inconsistent with the spoken language in the pronunciation, so that the output of the spoken language becomes fluent.
However, this does not affect the meaning of the word itself – both the content meaning and the pronunciation meaning.
That is to say, no matter what the word is transposed, it is a special case under a specific language stream and will not affect its own pronunciation mark.
And these specific situations, if repeated, will be summarized as a law. What is the premise of this law? It is the situation in which this particular flow occurs, but there are many such situations, which does not mean that the pronunciation is correct.
In modern times, the word "no" has only one pronunciation, that is, "bù", even if you look up the pinyin labels of "indefinite" and "not going", it is still "bùdìng", "bùqù", and "not allowed" and "different". It is only when the two four tones are connected to make the pronunciation strange and awkward, which is not conducive to the smooth flow of speech, which will lead to a change in tone, becoming "búdìng" and "búqù". However, if there is no "difference" or "not allowed" that is obstructed by smoothness, there will be no change in the flow of speech.
What does this mean? Explain that the word "no" is a four-tone word, although you pronounce it as a second sound, no matter how many special cases of these rheological changes, it does not mean that the pronunciation of the word "no" can be identified as "bú" - even under the new rhyme, we think of the word "no" as flat, and there is no deviation in the flat position of the new grammar poem, but this is also a compromise under the change of the flow of the language, and it does not mean that you are correct.
Even in the Grammatical poem, it still has to appear when the word in the back is four sounds, right?
Note - the flow of phonetic changes is only a special case, the word compromise of the flow of sound changes is flat and flat, but the requirements of the grammar are not strict, after all, it is not the Tang Dynasty now, and the poetry can become an official if it is written well.
If the college entrance examination is still a grammar poem, do you think this will be a problem? No amount of sophistry you can match a fork from the grading teacher.
Can the word "no" rhyme in silence?
Under the new rhyme, many problems are relaxed and compromised, so under the change of voice flow, the word "no" is not a problem in the flat rhyme. After all, poetry is used for chanting, and it must be read smoothly.
But we should pay attention to the fact that this is under the new rhyme, that is, in the context of Mandarin that will produce changes.
So "wildfires burn endlessly" is not within this allowable range – how do you know if the word "no" will change in Tang yin and Song rhymes? If so, why is the word "no" a polysyllabic word? Will there be a flat sound of its own?
Yes, the word "no" does have a flat pronunciation in ancient rhymes, but this is not at all the same thing that we now classify the rheological pronunciation into the new rhyme flat sound.
The word "no" originally had three pronunciations in ancient times, and these three pronunciations were different, and the difference in meaning was small, but it should never be confused when writing poetry into rhyme.
To repeat the main point, the word "no" is pronounced "bù" in everyday life today, and we use it to flatten the sound as a compromise of the phonological flow under the new rhyme.
Although some places will be marked with another pronunciation of "fǒu", when have you ever seen us use the word "no" instead of "no" when we write articles and speak? Nothing. Occasionally, on some occasions, when people ask you for your opinion, you say "no", but it is just a bit of ancient meaning to pretend, so its pronunciation "fǒu" can only be classified as an ancient sound.
In the ancient sounds, or in the texts and poems that we can usually read, "no" has three pronunciations.
The first, as it is pronounced now, is "bù". At that time, I am not sure whether speech rheology would occur, but according to the physiological function of human pronunciation, there should also be rheology, and it may also be pronounced "bú". But whether it is inflected or not, it belongs to the sound word in the rhyme book, that is to say, no matter how you pronounce it, it always belongs to the slang here.
Here are a few examples:
"Wildfires burn endlessly, and the spring wind blows deeply" - "仄仄平仄仄, 平平仄平".
"One after another, the snow fell at dusk, and the wind did not turn over the red flag" - "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping
"Shan Gong is not drunk, ask Ge Qiangzhi" - "Ping Ping, Ping Ping, Ping Ping".
The second, "fǒu", is synonymous with the word "no". When you look at the structure of the word "no", don't you just say no? But saying no in the mouth is not necessarily true. Therefore, there will be "know it or not, know it or not", and only then will there be "can it" and "whether" these confusing group words.
The pronunciation of the word "no" appears most often in Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist terms. For example, in "Shaolin Temple", when the great monk was scarred for Jueyuan, he once asked a series of "Can Ru Jin hold it?" In fact, it is the pronunciation of "Ru Jin can hold no", but most of the current movie subtitles will use the word "no", so it is not clear. However, there are also large passages in the Diamond Sutra:
Subhuti is in the way of Yi Yun Ho. The Eastern Void can be imagined, can't it?
No, sir.
Subhuti. The four-dimensional void in the north and south can be considered?
Subhuti, bodhisattva without dwelling in almsgiving, and so are merits, inconceivable.
Subhuti, bodhisattva, but should dwell as taught.
We can see that there are five "no" words in this passage, the first four of which all read "fǒu" and only the last "inconceivable" reads "bù".
The third pronunciation, which is the key to the word "no" into the flat sound. When expressing the undecided meaning, it is pronounced "fú", which belongs to the Pingshui rhyme "Eleven You" part, that is, it rhymes with the words "Lou" and "Qiu".
Doesn't it feel strange?
The use of this pronunciation is abundant in pre-Tang and Tang poems. In fact, I personally think that it is probably under the influence of the singing sutra (see the development of phonology for details), which is the "no" word expressing the question "fǒu", that is, the transposition of the second pronunciation. It is not only different from the "no" used in the usual time, but also conducive to the rhythm arrangement - when expressing "bù", the syllable sound is included, then a flat sound pronunciation is arranged, which is conducive to the rhyme arrangement of the poem.
Although this is just speculation, the creative change is not such a continuous and abrupt change.
Think about it, is there a more appropriate way to change the tone of real words to express the meaning of negation and doubt? Don't say the words "what" and "what", they have no negative or questioning meaning in themselves. In the creation of ancient poems with refined words, there is no room for development of such imaginary words. The word "no" is different, and can clearly express the meaning of the word, so why not use it in poetry to create a pronunciation inflection for the sake of grammar and chanting?
We can compromise with the change of voice under the new rhyme, but the ancients cannot compromise with the change of singing voice? Otherwise, where do polysyllabic words come from?
Although this pronunciation is basically gone now, it is because society is becoming more and more refined, the use of polysyllabic characters is less and less, and words like this that make expression difficult to understand have disappeared with the removal of Wen Yanwen.
However, there are many examples in ancient poems. Very obviously, the title verse of this article is from Bai Juyi's "The Confessor":
Sick eyes are like night, and the sideburns are like autumn. Except for the need for food and clothing, the rest of life.
The wise man asked me if I doubted it or not. If it is not for other reasons, the world has nothing to ask for.
The poem is very interesting, but it is not the focus of the poem today. We look at the sixth and seventh sentences, the two "no" words are next to each other, which clearly highlights the difference between the two pronunciations. "Ask me if I doubt it or not", in the sixth sentence, is definitely going to rhyme with the whole poem, so it must be pronounced "fú", and the "autumn, hugh, and qiu" are the same as the "eleven you" department.
"Bu Bu is not for other reasons" is an obvious negative meaning, that is, the normal pronunciation of "bù", and even if it is read from today, "Bu Bu" will not have a phonological flow.
Similar to this, there are a large number of poems such as Tao Yuanming's "Unknown from now on, when the repetition is so not", which will not be cited here.
In general, in ancient poetry, when the word "no" appears at the end of a sentence, either "fǒu" or "fú", as for what to read, it is necessary to consider the problem of rhyme.
This is a polysyllabic change that occurs for the sake of chanting, although it may also be collected by dialect into the official rhyme book at the time of the rhyme department, and in some places the second sound is not known.
The source of this change is the matter of the linguists. It is enough for us to appreciate ancient poems, know the three pronunciations of the word "no", know that in different situations, can change into rhymes, and know how to deal with them.
As long as you don't foolishly think that the word "no" will have the pronunciation of "bú" because of the pronunciation of Mandarin pronunciation, and reverse the word "no" in Tang and Song poetry, it has surpassed most people.
This is really not a problem that elementary school teachers will tell you.
So you know that the word "no" is yangping, and there is nothing to be bothered about.
Because it's wrong.
By the way, the concept of "Yin Ping, Yang Ping" was only after the Yuan Dynasty, don't take it to set up Tang poems and Song words.