Originating from the northern slope of Mount Kailash on the Tibetan Plateau of China, the Indus River rushed out of the Karakoram Mountains and entered a flat river, which nourished the Punjab Plain in the middle reaches and the Sindh Plain in the lower reaches under the invasion of the Tar Desert, giving birth to the Indus River civilization, one of the four great civilizations of ancient times. The name of this land is Pakistan. But the glory and humiliation of this land have always been related to the Afghan highlands in the northwest, which can be called a pair of difficult brothers.
Originating on the northern slope of Mount Kailash on the Tibetan Plateau in China, the Indus River rushes out of the Karakoram Mountains and enters a flat river, the Indus Plain.
It is geographically interdependent with Afghanistan
Pakistan means "holy land", more than 95% of the inhabitants believe in Islam, is a multi-ethnic Islamic country, located in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent, south of the Arabian Sea, east of India, northeast adjacent to China, northwest of Afghanistan, west of Iran, land area of 880,000 square kilometers (including Pakistan-controlled Kashmir), coastline of 980 kilometers. The border with Afghanistan is 2430 kilometers, and it is located at the "crossroads" of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, facing the Arabian Sea connecting the Persian Gulf, and its strategic location is extremely important.
The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is 2430 kilometers long, and it is at the "crossroads" of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, facing the Arabian Sea.
Pakistan is the gateway to International Trade, Cargo Throughput, Travel and Travel to and from Afghanistan.
For Afghanistan, the 2,430-kilometer common border line is the longest of the borders between Afghanistan and its neighbours, accounting for about half of the Afghan border line, and is also the best access to the sea available to the landlocked country of Afghanistan, with the Kabul Valley and the Sistan Basin, two of the three major sub-plates in its interior, bordering it, close to Pakistan's land, sea and air transportation system, and the capital Kabul is also located. So Pakistan is the gateway to International Trade, Cargo Handling, and Travel to and from Afghanistan.
The Hindu Kush Mountains were the only line of defense against the invasion of South Asia by West and Central Asian powers, especially the Khyber Pass, which was the only passage from Central Asia to South Asia.
Alexander's Empire, the Kushan Empire, the Ghaznavid Kingdom, the Qajar Dynasty, and the Durrani Dynasty even occupied India all the way south through the Khyber Pass.
Conversely, the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan are also the only line of defense against the invasion of South Asia by West and Central Asian forces, especially the Khyber Pass, which is the only passage from central Asia to South Asia. This was the case in alexander's empire more than 2,300 years ago, and it was also true in the Kushan Empire more than 1,900 years ago, and hundreds of years ago, the Ghaznavid kingdom, the Qajar dynasty, and the Durrani dynasty occupied India all the way south through the Khyber Pass. Of course, Pakistan is also a springboard for many Indian dynasties to go north to Afghanistan, and in history, such as the Peacock Dynasty, the Gupta Dynasty, and the Jiezhi Dynasty, they all crossed Pakistan to complete the close-up and long-range hunting.
Pakistan is also a springboard for many Indian dynasties to go north to Afghanistan, such as the Peacock Dynasty, the Gupta Dynasty, and the Jiezhi Dynasty, all of which crossed the Khyber Pass to attack and hunt from a distance.
The road between Kabul and Peshawar near the Khyber Pass
In modern times, the British invaded Afghanistan three times through Pakistan, and later the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan also wanted to go south through Afghanistan to obtain a warm water port in the Indian Ocean, and twenty years ago the United States launched the War in Afghanistan, also in order to lay a contract in Afghanistan, and then realize the future eastward invasion of Wakhan, westward attack on Iran, north to Central Asia, south into Pakistan. It can be seen that Pakistan and Afghanistan have a cold lip on the geopolitical structure, which is determined by geographical location and prompts history to repeat itself here.
Northern Pakistan is home to some of the world's most rugged snow-capped peaks, with the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush converging in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.
Controlled Kashmir is home to the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush, as well as K2 Chogol Peak.
Pakistan is special in many ways, its cultural roots date back to 3000 BC, but as a country, it is only 74 years old; it has the most dangerous snow-capped peaks in the world, the Himalayas, the Karakoram Mountains and the Hindu Kush Mountains converge in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, where K2 Chogolli Peak is located, and there is almost the driest and hottest river valley desert in the world: the Tar Desert; here the Indus River that gave birth to ancient Indian civilization runs through the north and south of the country. But today it is Islamic culture that rules the land.
Pakistan's northern part has a low-temperature alpine climate, the south is desert, and only the central part belongs to the subtropical climate, which is fertile land moistened by the Indus River
Pakistan's largest city and economic center is Karachi in the south, but the capital is Islamabad in the north. The picture shows the downtown area of Karachi.
In the north is a low-temperature alpine climate, in the south is a tropical desert climate with widely high temperatures, only the central part is a subtropical climate, moistened by the Indus River is fertile land; there are many slums in the major cities here, and there is a very luxurious and wealthy class; there are not many women in bars, dance halls, night shows, and even on the streets, but there has been a female prime minister and a number of female ministers; the largest city and economic center is Karachi in Nandu, but the capital is Islamabad in the north.
A KFC fast food restaurant in downtown Karachi, Pakistan
Pakistan's Punjabi beauties, white skin, high nose, dark eyes, black hair are its distinguishing features.
Ethnic distribution in Pakistan
As one of the birthplaces of the earliest human civilization: the Indus Valley. There are many nationalities that come here, some of them stay, some of them leave, and even more the culture they bring, and then the people leave, which also makes Pakistan a multi-ethnic country. Of the total population of 208 million, Punjabis make up 63 percent, Sindhi 18 percent, Pashtuns 11 percent, Baluch 4 percent, and others such as Kashmiris, Burlas, Chiclars and Gujarats combined make up 4 percent.
Pakistan's most populous Punjabi is the Rajputs of the Aryan race, and Punjab is also the richest province in Pakistan.
The largest population of Punjabis, the Rajputs of the Aryan race, were tall and robust, mostly with light brown skin, and a few were white, with high noses, dark eyes, and black hair. He lives mainly in Punjab Province, Pakistan's richest province, Zahara and Drah-Ismail Khan in the North-West Frontier Province, and Sindh Province. The second most populous Sindh, of mixed Aryan and Arab descent, is one of the first peoples in the South Asian subcontinent to accept Arab culture, mainly in the southern province of Sindh.
The Sindhis are of mixed Aryan and Arab descent and are one of the first peoples in the South Asian subcontinent to accept Arab culture.
The third largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns, known as the Bataans, live in the rural areas of the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan and are divided into nine tribes: Afridhi, Wachiri, Yusufzai, Mukhmand, Orakzai, Khatak, Kakar, Durrani and Gilzai, speaking The Afghan Pashto language, which belongs to the Iranian language family.
The Pashtuns, also known as the Patans, are a major ethnic group in southern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, who speak the Pashto language (of the Iranian language family) and are known for their toughness and bravery.
There are about 45-60 million Pashtuns, of whom one-third live in Afghanistan, or 44% of the total Afghan population, and about two-thirds live in Pakistan.
The fourth largest ethnic group, the Baloch, has a total population of about 9 million, with more than 60% living in the mountains and deserts of Batibalchistan province, engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, 25% living in Iran's Balochistan province, and the rest in southern Afghanistan. In addition, Balochistan is the largest of Pakistan's five provinces, with an area of 347,000 square kilometers, accounting for 40% of the country's area. Baloch (a dialect of Ancient Persian) is common to the Baloch people and is the poorest of the four major ethnic groups in Pakistan, with rampant separatism (the port of Gwadar belongs to the province of Balochistan).
Baluch (a dialect of Ancient Persian), the Baluch people, are the poorest of the four major ethnic groups in Pakistan, and separatism is rampant.
The Kashmiris belong to the Aryan race, but have the characteristics of northern ethnic groups such as Serbs, Huns, and Mongols. The Kalash were descendants of the Greeks, descendants of soldiers who came to garrison the area with Alexander in 327 BC, and the least populous non-Muslim people in Pakistan, spread over 3 villages in the Kalash Valley, and still worship God and the Twelve Angels.
The Kalash have lived for generations in the Chitral region of northwestern Pakistan and the province of Kulastan in northeastern Afghanistan, believing in their own polytheistic religion.
The Kalash people bear distinctly Europa ethnic traits, with a high proportion of blonde hair and blue eyes. Probably the remnants of Alexander's crusade in the 4th century AD.
Therefore, although Pakistan belongs to a multi-ethnic state, it lacks a history of "unified multi-ethnic state" like China, nor does it have an overwhelming dominant ethnic group and language culture, and this "patchwork" situation has led to frequent fluctuations in Pakistan's domestic situation, especially in the mountainous areas of the northwest and balochistan in the west. Therefore, on the one hand, Pakistan relies on the appeal of religion to integrate the country, and on the other hand, it relies on the army to suppress religious forces and ensure the smooth implementation of secular development in the country. 、
In the future, with the deepening of the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan and the return of the Taliban to the helm, whether they can catch the express train of China's economic development is crucial.
It is such a landscape that depends on each other as lips and teeth, and it is such a "strange" ethnic composition that is constantly cut and chaotic, and often once Afghanistan "has something", Pakistan will "eat tight", and vice versa, like a difficult brother in a boat. In the future, with the deepening of the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan and the return of the Taliban to the helm, it remains to be seen whether this pair of difficult brothers can catch the express train of China's economic development.
Review of the previous issue: Wakhan Corridor: Afghanistan's "arm" to China, is it possible to open the China-Arab Highway in the future?
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