Liu Quankai fell into a persistent coma due to severe hepatitis.
It was July 1998, and as a doctor at Nanchang University Hospital, he had undergone a wonderful journey after falling into a coma. Later, he wrote about it in his thesis.
"I was already unconscious, and my thoughts seemed to be detached from the flesh, floating up, passing through the dark tunnel, and there was a red light in front of me. I saw my grandmother and father, who gave me my favorite dried sweet potatoes and fried peanuts, and I was ecstatic but couldn't reach out, as if bound by a rope. I wanted to call for help, but I couldn't scream.
The father threw the food away, and snowflakes fell in the sky in an instant. My grandmother and father suddenly disappeared, and I was content and regretful, and turned to chase them, drifting toward a dark but not terrible intersection, as if something was holding me back and dragging me back into the harsh reality. The excitement, joy, and tranquility of meeting my loved ones that I have experienced have all disappeared without a trace. ”
With the continuous development of medical technology, many people who have been "dead" for a few minutes or even a few hours have been pulled back into the world, giving them the opportunity to answer a question .
What does it have to experience in the moment before death?
Studies have shown that some people may experience a "near-death experience" similar to Liu Quankai's.
About one in ten patients who recovered from cardiac arrest remembered experiencing a "near-death experience." In prospective studies in four countries, the incidence of near-death experiences averaged 17%.
What a near-death experience is
1975 Dr. Raymond M.D. Raymond Moody coined the term "near-death experience" in his book Life After Death. Since then, many scientists have begun to study this field.
"Near-death experiences" (NDEs) refer to the body's extreme weakness and proximity to death, triggering a series of reactions: pain disappears, feels detached from the body, floats upwards, meets deceased relatives and friends, looks back on one's life, travels through dark tunnels, sees bright light at the end, and feels "love, joy, tolerance, and peace" in the light.
Bright light was seen at the end of the tunnel|@snowcat/unsplash
Different people "come back" in different ways. Some people return to their beds from the light in an instant, without any transition in between. Some people are told by deceased relatives and friends that they have not arrived in time and must go back.
Ernest Hemingway, who fought in World War I as a young man and was hit by shrapnel and was seriously wounded and dying, later wrote home saying, "Faced with death after an injury, it felt very easy to die, like a soul leaving the body, floating into mid-air, and then returning to the body." All the same. ”
A Dutch study published in The Lancet in 2001 asked 344 patients who had successfully recovered after cardiac arrest, and 62 (18 percent) remembered experiencing typical near-death experiences: having positive emotions, realizing they were dead, having an out-of-body experience, walking through tunnels, communicating with light, seeing colorful colors, seeing the stars and rivers, seeing people who had passed away, looking back on their lives, and feeling the existence of some boundary.
Out-of-body experiences |@Louish Pixel/flicker
Psychologist Kenneth Ring investigated the near-death experiences of blind people and found that even people who were blind at birth had visual elements in describing near-death experiences that were basically consistent with those described by visionary people.
For example, a 5-year-old blind girl Marta had this near-death experience after walking into the lake.
"I breathed slowly in the water, losing consciousness. A beautiful lady dressed in bright white light pulled me out. The lady looked me in the eye and asked me what I wanted. I couldn't think of anything, and only later did I want to walk around the lake. When I do this, I see details that I don't see in "real" life. As long as I wanted, I could go anywhere, even to the top of the tree. For the first time, I was able to see the leaves in the trees, the feathers of the birds, the eyes of the birds, the details on the poles, and the things in people's backyards. My eyesight is far better than 2.0. ”
Is it real or made up?
"Near-death experiences" were once seen as something people fantasized about or made up, or as a dying insanity. Studying near-death experiences is somewhat thankless — it's too sacrilegeful to religious people; to the scientific community, it seems... Not very scientific?
Most people who have not experienced near-death experiences find these experiences suspicious – how can people who are in a state of severe trauma or even heart arrest "remember" what they have experienced?
Some near-death experiences may indeed be made up, especially those with overly twisted and rich plots. The 2010 bestseller Boy From Heaven, written by a father and son who were both in a serious car accident in 2006, depicts their son Alex Lee. Alex Malarkey went to heaven during his two months of coma after a car accident and saw angels take him through the gates of heaven, to Jesus, and also to the devil, who had three heads, red eyes, dirty teeth, and hair made of flames. In 2015, Alex wrote an open letter acknowledging that his entire journey to heaven was fictional. The book was also removed from the shelves as a result.
Boy Alex goes through a serious car accident and fictional journey to paradise | Tony Dejak/AP
However, too many people report having near-death experiences, many from unaffiliated medical professionals, and many have something in common.
The "world" after death doesn't have to be real, but the feeling of "having arrived in another world" is likely to be real.
To minimize memory errors, there are more than a dozen prospective studies on near-death experiences. The researchers looked for patients who had just experienced a medical emergency (such as cardiac arrest) at the hospital, and after obtaining the patient's consent, asked open-ended questions such as "What happened to you when the doctor tried to rescue you?" ”
If there are unusual parts of the patient's response, the researchers then compare the patient's treatment records to see if there is anything that can match the point in time or explain the factors of the experience.
The researchers focused on what is known as "true perception of non-traditional senses," in which the patient sees or hears things that should not be perceived, and that things are later corroborated.
Of course, such cases are rare.
A 2001 Lancet paper documented a case of "out-of-body patients" reported by nurses in the coronary ward.
"During the night shift, the ambulance brought in a bruised 44-year-old man who had been spotted unconscious on the grass by passers-by about an hour earlier. After being admitted to the hospital, he underwent electric shock defibrillation and cardiac compressions, and when he was intubated, I found that he had dentures in his mouth, so I removed the dentures and put them on a trolley while we continued to give him CPR. An hour and a half later, the man's heart rhythm and blood pressure returned to normal, but he was still in a coma and he was transferred to the intensive care unit.
It took more than a week for him to be transferred back to the coronary heart ward. I was in charge of giving him the medicine, and as soon as he saw me, he said, "This nurse knows where my dentures are, and when I was taken to the hospital, you put my dentures on a cart with a lot of bottles and a drawer underneath." He was able to accurately and in detail describe the small room in which he was rescued, as well as the physical features of the medical care present. I was amazed because he was in the middle of a deep coma. I followed up with a question, and he said he remembered seeing himself lying in bed, with the doctor next to him rescuing him. He tried desperately to tell the doctor that he was still alive and that he must continue CPR, but was unable to deliver it. Indeed, the medical care at the time was very unfavorable about his prognosis, because he was in poor condition when he was admitted to the hospital. ”
The patient was discharged four weeks later.
In 2014, a study published in the journal Resuscitation by U.S. and British researchers included 2,060 cases of cardiac arrest in 15 hospitals, of which 101 were interviewed.
Of the 101 people, 46 had no memory of the rescue process, and 55 remembered something.
A 57-year-old man remembers having a downward view and accurately describing the people, sounds, and activities in his CPR process.
"I walked through the tunnel toward a very strong, but not dazzling light. There were still people in the tunnel that I didn't know. ...... There is a beautiful crystal city, a river runs through the city center, the water is clear and transparent. Many faceless people bathe in the river... Very beautiful singing, I was moved to tears. The next memory is that I looked up and a doctor was doing chest compressions.
……
I heard the nurse say, "444 Cardiac arrest, and I was scared. I looked down from the ceiling and saw my body and everything around me, and the doctor shoved something into my throat while measuring my blood pressure. I watched the nurse pump air into my lungs while measuring my blood gas and blood sugar.
I was talking to the nurse when all of a sudden I was gone. I must have lost consciousness. But I distinctly remember a mechanical voice that said "electroshock patient, electric shock patient".
I looked down at me, the nurse, and another stocky man, wearing a blue surgical gown and a blue hat, and I could tell he was bald.
The next thing I remember is waking up in bed and feeling very happy.
The next day, I saw the man in the blue dress again. ”
Medical records show that the patient was indeed electrocuted, and the "man in blue" he recognized was indeed involved in rescue during cardiac arrest.
If hallucinations refer to "cognition that does not correspond to objective reality," then there are parts of a near-death experience that should not be hallucinations.
The study also had a very interesting setup — the scientists had placed shelves in the emergency rooms of 15 hospitals in advance, and at the top of each shelf were a picture that could only be seen from the ceiling, with different pictures, such as people, animals, logos, newspaper headlines, etc. If a patient actually floats up to the ceiling and looks down, he may be able to say what the pictures are.
So far, there have been no cases where "the content of the picture can be described".
Can near-death experiences still be "shared"?
The hardest to explain is the "shared death experience" (SDE).
Relatives, friends, or doctors who are watching the patient on their deathbed feel that they have gone through the transition process of the deceased from life to death. Some people describe the room full of brilliant light, hearing indescribable beautiful music, feeling the "life review" of the deceased, perceiving the ghosts of the deceased's deceased relatives and friends, and even seeing the translucent "fog" of the deceased leaving the deceased's body at the time of his death.
"Remotely Sensing a Death" is also classified as a "shared near-death experience." The person who reported it suddenly felt something in his heart at a certain moment, remembered someone, and afterwards determined that it was the time of death of that person.
A 2021 paper in the American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine collected 164 cases of "shared near-death experiences."
Another described her husband's "shared near-death experience" on his deathbed.
His soul left his body, and then he stood whole behind my right. It was as if a different perspective had been activated on my right side, and from that perspective I saw him, very lively, turning his head over, running, screaming, energetic. He looked as young, radiant, happy and free as when I first met him. Then, the walls of the hospital—hard to describe—disappeared. Even though it was two o'clock in the morning, I saw many gray clouds floating in the pink-tinged orange sky. It's almost like dawn. His soul turned into a ball of steam and drifted into the pink sky. ”
An American reports his experience of "remotely sensing death" —
"I was shopping for clothes when a vivid picture came to my mind, my childhood friend Jane (not her real name) when I lived in england. I can't help but think of all the things we've done together. She came up to me and said, "I'm really sorry, but I have to leave." I can't do it anymore. "I had in my head jane, 16 years old, free and free from physical restraint. Then my phone rang. I knew what was going to happen next before I picked it up, and I was told that Jane was dead. ”
A while ago, in the media report "The Life and Death Miss of a Pair of Mothers and Children", there are actually details that are almost "remote sensing death"——
A mother and son who have been separated for 31 years due to trafficking, they have been looking for each other for many years in the vast sea of people, and they have been in contact, but they have not recognized. In March 2022, his son Xu Jianfeng received a call from the police telling him that the DNA identification was matched and that his mother was Yang Suhui.
However, Yang Suhui died of cancer in 2017. He even left a message under the notice of Yang Suhui's death issued in the early morning -
At 3:30 a.m. on January 23, 2017, Yang Rudan told relatives and friends through Yang Suhui's circle of friends that her mother had just passed away. After 8 minutes, Xu Jianfeng left a message below: All the way to Aunt Yang. He remembered it as if he had lost something and was confused. Exactly 5 years later, Yang Jianfeng realized that he was saying goodbye to his mother. In the face of many media, he always mentioned the awakening of this early morning and mentioned this inexplicable accident. ”
What exactly triggers a near-death experience?
There is no such thing as a physiological or psychological theoretical model that can explain all the characteristics of a near-death experience.
Doctors who encounter dying people must be rescued first, and it is impossible to "seize the opportunity" to experiment with the dying.
What is known now is that the brain does have some kind of "activity" of high intensity before dying.
A 2022 study, just published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, suggests that dying people may flash back to fragments of their lives.
In 2016, an 87-year-old man was taken to the hospital for emergency treatment with a cerebral hemorrhage, and three days after brain surgery, the man developed epilepsy again. To determine the root cause of the seizure, the patient was continuously monitored for an EEG, and it was during this process that the man died of cardiac arrest.
Because of these coincidences, his dying EEG was recorded, and just a few minutes before and after his heart completely stopped beating, the part of his brain's electropolitical gamma oscillation increased dramatically, and this neuronal oscillation pattern usually appeared when people recalled, flashbacked, dreamed, and meditated.
When this patient is dying, the eegbogamation portion of the eegropoetic gamma oscillation increases dramatically|@alinnnaaaa/unsplash
This phenomenon has been documented in other animals, and a 2013 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) found that rats also had a stronger gamma oscillation in the brain than in the waking state within 30 seconds after cardiac arrest.
But what exactly triggers near-death experiences? What happened in the process?
In short, I don't know.
Factors that scientists believe may cause near-death experiences include: hypoxia, hypercapnia, the influence of endogenous neurochemicals such as endorphins, temporal lobe excitement, rapid eye movement invasion, personality disorders, hypnosis and susceptibility to suggestion, personality disintegration, etc.
When a phenomenon has many explanations, it actually means that we do not have a particularly good explanation for the phenomenon.
From young to old age, near-death experiences can occur in people of any age. Studies of near-death experiencers also showed that they were essentially mentally healthy individuals, with no differences in gender, race, intelligence, anxiety, and other traits from the control group.
The 2001 Lancet study failed to find the specific factors that caused near-death experiences—all 344 people experienced short-lived "clinical deaths," experienced similar hypoxia in their brains, similar medications, and no one was particularly frightened.
But some people have near-death experiences, some people don't.
The most common question about near-death experiences is whether the "out-of-body" and "bright light" we feel when we are dying are conceived by us under the influence of religion.
However, no distinction was found between devout believers and secular atheists in terms of the odds of experiencing near-death experiences. Those who knew nothing about near-death experiences in advance describe experiences that are essentially the same as those who have heard of near-death experiences. Even young children who do not have a preconceived notion of death still have the same characteristics of reported near-death experiences.
Maybe it wasn't "religion that influenced near-death experiences" but "near-death experiences that came down and became religion"?
British psychologist Susan Blackmore, who also experienced the "out-of-body" experience of near-death when she was young, believes that near-death experiences are the product of the overactive stress of the brain near death, and interestingly, near-death experiences tend to follow certain specific orders, such as crossing a dark tunnel and then seeing white light. She suspects that this is related to the cascade of neurotransmitters.
Another guess is that a lack of oxygen to the brain, certain therapeutic drugs, or organic dysfunction of the brain causes a near-death experience that is essentially an illusion.
However, near-death experiences seem to be triggered by a variety of situations. Surgery, childbirth, accidents, cardiac arrest, blood loss and severe injury, asphyxia and lack of oxygen, and real death can all lead to a "near-death experience."
Sometimes, there is no "lack of oxygen," but near-death experiences happen. There are even studies of dying people who have shown that the oxygen levels in their bodies are not low, but that carbon dioxide levels are sometimes lower than normal.
In addition, some people have suggested that near-death experiences are not the same as hallucinations.
Hallucinations are usually produced by hyperactive sensory cortex, and near-death people often have impaired brain function, which is not conducive to hallucinations.
True hypoxia, medications, and organic dysfunction of the brain often cause frightening hallucinations that cause patients to become agitated and irritable, as opposed to the tranquil soothing that comes with a "near-death experience."
Other researchers have proposed that "passing through a dark tunnel and entering a bright light and another world" cannot be a memory from a person's birth.
Pass through dark tunnels, into bright light and into another world | Javier Esteban/unsplash
However, newborns' vision is actually not good, and memories before the age of three are difficult to retain. In addition, people born by caesarean section and those born through vaginal birth have the same common "tunnel experience."
There is also a hypothesis that near-death experiences are a type of dream.
However, dreams mostly occur during rapid eye movement (REM), while general anesthesia that inhibits REM can trigger near-death experiences.
People who have experienced near-death experiences also tend to insist that near-death experiences are the "most real" things they have experienced, "more real than anything I've ever experienced", and that "near-death experiences are by no means dreams, and they feel very different from when they dream".
A 2010 survey of 613 people experiencing near-death found that 96 percent of them thought their near-death experience was "absolutely real, and none thought it was "absolutely unreal."
In 2017, a paper published in the journal Consciousness and Cognition by researchers at the University of Virginia interviewed 122 people who had had near-death experiences and found that in terms of the "authenticity" of memory, the memory of near-death experiences > memories of "real events that occurred during that time" > memories of "imagined events during that time."
"Real events" include the birth of a child; the death of a family member; the end of relationships; natural disasters such as hurricanes, wildfires, or floods; major surgeries, illness, and more. "Imaginary events" include divorce or marriage, job opportunities or promotions that were expected at the time, natural disasters that were feared but not occurred, and so on.
A life changed by a near-death experience
The impact of a near-death experience on a person is enormous.
Near-death experiences that develop in a specific order are actually a bit like a "hero's journey."
"The Heroic Journey" is a narrative archetype proposed by Joseph Campbell, a professor of American literature: a man who, because of some interference, leaves his original way of life and embarks on a journey of adventure, is often reluctant at first, but eventually overcomes many tribulations, wins in a decisive crisis, and returns to the original world with the spoils of war and inner transformation.
From myths and legends, Homeric epics, famous novels, to many Hollywood blockbusters today, there is a framework of "heroic journeys". The famous Star Wars series was heavily influenced by The Hero's Journey.
Ancient Greeks based on Homeric epics depict Helen and Priamus| Bibi Saint-Pol/wikipedia
That's why near-death experiences have such a powerful power. Those who "cross boundaries and return to the human world" will be shocked and changed. Near-death experiences are like a powerful catalyst for growth, forcing people to rethink their lives — when you've "died" once, you want to live again in a different way.
Many people say that near-death experiences make them believe in the existence of future lives and stop fearing death. Some people say that the power, wealth, and fame they used to pursue in life are no longer important, and they believe that the most important thing in life is to learn how to love. They are determined to be more engaged in loving others and building bonds.
People who have experienced near-death experiences tend to care more about others and become less focused and less materialistic. Some researchers have tracked people who have had near-death experiences for 8 years and found that this transformation can last for many years and even become more pronounced.
A 2001 Lancet study found that within 30 days of resuscitation, people with near-death experiences had significantly higher mortality rates. After a few years, people who have had near-death experiences are less afraid of death and more convinced of the afterlife.
Domestic studies have come to similar conclusions.
Wu Jiang of Huazhong University of Science and Technology summarized 16 cases of near-death experiences that occurred in two top-three hospitals in Wuhan between 2009 and 2011, and concluded that there was pain or discomfort in the body, there was no fear and fear in the psyche, but there was a sense of ease and tranquility, conscious separation, reunion with relatives and friends, traumatic memories and other extraordinary or transcendent experiences.
Wu Jiang's research also found that the "near-death experience" will bring about changes in the four directions of self-knowledge, interpersonal relationships, life attitudes, and life and death concepts. People who have experienced near-death experiences are more understanding and caring for themselves, more sympathetic to others, more concerned about their families, more cherished, loved, and grateful for life, more active in adopting a healthy lifestyle, and at the same time look at death more calmly.
People who have had near-death experiences will cherish life more, care for others, and adopt a healthy lifestyle that looks down on death|@livvie_bruce/unsplash
Not so pleasant near-death experience
People who have experienced a near-death experience often feel that it is a positive or even beautiful experience. However, there are also a few people who have a less enjoyable near-death experience.
University of Virginia psychiatric researcher Nancy M. Evans · Nancy Evans Bush and Bruce Greyson report three types of unpleasant near-death experiences:
Inverse distressing NDE
The part that other experiencers find pleasant, and some who experience dying feel bad or fearful.
Someone who fell off his horse and felt himself floating on top of a tree, watching the first responders below rescue his body, he was frightened and screamed "No! No! This is not right! Put me back! But no one heard his voice.
Someone who felt her soul leave her body and fly into space during childbirth, and a dazzling ball of light rushed towards her, getting bigger and bigger, getting closer and closer to her, and eventually engulfing her, which made her very frightened.
Someone was in a coma from heat stroke and saw a marquee looking back on his life, "I was filled with sadness and experienced a lot of depression. ”
Void distressing NDE
Some people experience great, even devastating, loneliness.
A woman feels herself floating on the water during childbirth, but at some point the sense of calm disappears, she feels lonely, empty space, vast universe, except that she has only one ball of light.
A woman who attempted suicide felt herself sucked into the emptiness, "I was sucked into this dark abyss or emptiness, I was scared, I was looking forward to sleeping and being forgotten, but this force pulled me to where I didn't want to go." 」 ”
A man who had been attacked felt himself floating out of his body, "I was suddenly surrounded by complete darkness, floating in a space where there was nothing but darkness, no up, down, left, right. I can only reflect in this terrible situation. ”
Hellish distressing NDE
This is the rarest painful near-death experience.
A man with heart failure felt himself falling into the depths of the earth, where there was a tall, rusty gate that he thought was the gate of hell and panicked.
An atheist university professor who experiences encountering a group of vicious creatures due to a ruptured intestine is caught and even torn apart by them.
The near-death experience of a heavily bleeding woman involved "terrible creatures, grabbing me with gray gelatinous appendages," and 41 years later she still remembers the moans and indescribable stench of those creatures. There was no divine light in her near-death experience, no marquee of life, and nothing beautiful or pleasant.
People deal with bad near-death experiences, and there are probably three ways —
Convince yourself that this is an "opportunity for change."
People believe they have made mistakes in their past lives, but they are given a second chance to return to the world to reform themselves.
Treat it as if it didn't happen, or convince yourself that it was just an illusion.
Some people think that it is a meaningless illusion and not worth worrying about.
Persistently haunted. Constantly struggling to think, why is this happening? What did I do?
Some people go to psychotherapy. Some people are completely silent, but still often flash back to the scene.
End
Perhaps the reason we can't understand near-death experiences is that we still know very little about "consciousness."
Where does the original "consciousness" go after death? For materialists, consciousness is an attribute of the brain that "emerges," and all the physical, chemical, and physiological processes in our nervous system are somehow "woven" together. Once these processes are dismantled, consciousness ceases to exist. Just like when you turn off the projector, the image that was thrown doesn't "go anywhere", it simply doesn't exist.
But how exactly does this "weaving" and "emergence" happen? Why does a badly damaged dying brain return to the light and weave a "super real" experience?
Perhaps the day these mysteries are solved is when we understand the nature of consciousness.
When the brain is bloody and hypoxic, the human brain is like a city experiencing power outages, and the lights are extinguished one by one.
Humans are constantly searching for the nature of consciousness| stills from The Matrix
However, when the brain's large-scale electrical activity stops, some scattered neurons may still produce some electrical activity, maintaining a sense of "self" existence, and creating near-death experiences based on fragments of past experiences.
Perhaps, "artificially inducing near-death experiences" will be a research direction.
Experiments have been successful in inducing near-death experiences in healthy people. Some American pilots were tested, and when they experienced about five times the acceleration of gravity, the pilots were dizzy due to cerebral ischemia, at which point the extra acceleration of gravity was removed, and after 10 to 20 seconds, the pilots regained consciousness and gradually recalled their previous feelings— a tunnel-like narrow field of vision, bright light, a calm sense of floating, pleasure and even euphoria, and short but exciting dreams, in which family members often appeared.
In addition, some researchers believe that the hallucinogenic drug LSD also often induces similar feelings to near-death experiences: life review, out-of-body experience, and merging with warm and beautiful light to experience a strong sense of happiness and meaning.
It is not necessary to see near-death experiences as "absolutely real spiritual experiences" or as "irrelevant lies and illusions." Near-death experiences can be important life-changing experiences and can help us better understand life and death.
The inquiry into near-death experiences is also an inquiry into the nature of human beings.
As human beings, we are always exploring the world, exploring our hearts, trying to understand ourselves and how everything works. We observe, think, hypothesize and experiment, we carefully choose words to describe what we find, we fish out countless fragments from the river of time, and we combine and distill the complete life story, giving everything explanation and meaning.
The study of "near-death experiences" does not mean that there must be a "afterlife." It means more that when we can no longer heal, when we can no longer hold on, we can still comfort and help.
If most of the near-death experience is warm and calm, then we who know this will be more unafraid when we go to death.
As Heine said, "Death is a cool night." "Sometimes, walking gently into a good night is also an option.
In Interstellar, the stone tablets on Cooper's station at the space base are inscribed with stills from the Poem "Don't Walk Gently into That Good Night" by The English poet Dylan Thomas, | Interstellar
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Author: You Zhiyou
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