Qingming holiday is coming. Qingming not only contains the meaning of cautious pursuit of the end, but also a festival close to nature, integrating mourning and vitality. As the capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties, what kind of Qingming festival customs did Beijing have?
Wen Cheng Xiang Ancestral Hall: Sacrifice the tears of the ancestors
Our Qingming tour began with Fuxue Hutong in Dongcheng District. The Ming Dynasty's Shuntianfu School was located in this hutong, hence the name. No. 63 Fuxue Hutong, on an archway-style gate, the four characters of "Wen Cheng Xiang Ancestral Hall" shine brightly.
This Wen Cheng Xiang is the Wen Tianxiang who "lived since ancient times who has not died, and left Dan's heart to take care of Khan Qing". In the places where Wen Tianxiang was born, studied, raised soldiers, drifted, and died, most of them built commemorative buildings. But the place at No. 63 Fuxue Hutong has an unusual significance, which is the terminal station of Wen Tianxiang's life.
At the end of the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1278), Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured, and he was escorted to Dadu and imprisoned in a tullein in the Terracotta Division. Wen Tianxiang once described the darkness of this earthen prison: "Yu Imprisoned in the North Courtyard, sitting in a dirt room, the room is eight feet wide, the depth can be found in all directions, the single door is low, the white room is short and narrow, and the stain is dark and dark." He was imprisoned in this earthen prison for three years, during which the Yuan Dynasty constantly sent people to either coerce or induce Wen Tianxiang to surrender, and even Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, joined the ranks of persuasion, but he never gave in. From the beginning of the Nineteenth Year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), Kublai Khan summoned Wen Tianxiang, who stood proudly and insisted on not kneeling or worshipping, Kublai Khan hoped that he would change his mind, submit to the Yuan Dynasty, and promise the high position of Zhongshu Zai chancellor, Wen Tianxiang was not moved. Kublai Khan finally asked him, "What do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "It is enough to be willing to die with one." ”
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was tortured in Chai City, which was probably at the west entrance of the present-day Fuxue Hutong, and Wen Tianxiang prayed to the south for the last time and generously died. Wen Tianxiang's wife found a note from his blood clothes, which was Wen Tianxiang's masterpiece: "Kong Yue Chengren, Meng Yue takes righteousness, but its righteousness is exhausted, so RenZhi." Read the books of the sages, what you learned, and now and then, you are almost worthy. ”
Wen Tianxiang's deeds of loyalty and courage to serve the country have a strong emotional power, and the commemoration of Wen Tianxiang has continued endlessly since his death. In the ninth year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1376), Liu Song, then the deputy envoy of Beiping According to chasi, asked to build a shrine to commemorate Wen Tianxiang's murder, which is the origin of The Ancestral Hall of Wen Chengxiang. Later, the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, and the sacrifice of Wen Tianxiang was included in the national ceremony, and the status of the Wen Xiang Ancestral Hall was thus improved, and in the second year of Xuande (1427), the imperial court stipulated that once a year in mid-spring and mid-autumn, the officials of The Shun Tianfu would go to the Wen Tianxiang Ancestral Hall and sacrifice Wen Tianxiang with the ceremony of less prison. This year's Zhu Wen praised Wen Tianxiang for "Qing Xi Song Chen, martyrdom with his body." The Great Festival of Loyalty and Righteousness, Bingruo Sun Star".
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, many foreign readers came to Beijing to visit The Ancestral Hall of Wen Chengxiang, leaving many poetry articles, Wen Tianxiang was originally a reader, he was an outstanding graduate of Bailuzhou College, he was a champion of poetry, he practiced the teachings of the sages, and finally paid the price of his life without regret. To this day, around the time of the Qing Ming Dynasty, there are still commemorative activities in the Wencheng Ancestral Hall, or organized visits, or spontaneous homaging, or restoration of ancient ceremonies, or joint sacrifices with the other two heroic martyrs' shrines in Dongcheng District, Yuqian Ancestral Hall and Yuan Chonghuan Ancestral Hall.
In the commemoration of Wen Tianxiang, there was a recitation of "Zhengyi Song", which was written when Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned for more than two years. Imprisoned in a dark and damp cell all day long, Wen Tianxiang remembered Mencius's "Haoran Qi", he said that the enemy has seven qi, he has one qi, but he dares to "fight with one enemy seven", because his qi is the haoran qi, the righteous qi of heaven and earth - "Heaven and earth have righteous qi, and miscellaneous manifolds are endowed." The lower part is the river, and the upper part is the sun. To the people know Haoran, Pei Hu Sai Cang Meditation..."
Gao Liang Bridge: Hui Feng and Chang Tread Qing Go
Qingming season, spring and Jingming, huifeng and chang, all eyes are new green, begonia blossoms, willows Yiyi, a pool of spring water, fish jumping waves, this is a good time to step on the green.
Chinese pay attention to the interdependence of mountains and rivers, the mountains without water are lacking in beauty, the water without mountains is less rigid, and it is best to have mountains and water where you step on the green. Beijing's rivers and lakes are not as rich as Jiangnan's, but they also have their own style. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Beijingers treaded green, choosing Gaoliang Bridge and Tonghui River, both of which were close to the river, although they were outside the city, but they were not far away, and the traffic was convenient.
The next step in our Qingming tour was the Gaoliang Bridge. Gaoliang Bridge is outside the present-day Xizhimen Gate, which was a necessary place for Beijing to go to the western suburbs during the Ming and Qing dynasties. However, to talk about the origin of the sorghum bridge, we must first talk about the long river under the bridge. As a capital city, Beijing's biggest shortcoming is the shortage of water resources. After the Yuan Dynasty fixed the capital of Beijing, water conservancy expert Guo Shoujing took over the task of sorting out the water system in Beijing, which is not an easy task to complete, he after careful investigation and formulated a plan to divert water from changping BaifuQuan, this line collects multiple springs and undercurrents along the line, injects it into the kunming lake of the present Summer Palace, and then connects to the present-day Jishui Lake through the Yangtze River, the water out of the pond, will flow in the city for a while, after leaving the city, all the way to the east, into the North Canal. Guo Shoujing's plan allows the ships of the Grand Canal to directly pass to the pond, which for a while has a grand scene of cargo ships gathering and connecting end to end.
The Sorghum Bridge on the Yangtze River is said to have been built from the Yuan Dynasty to the 29th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1292), and the location of the ancient bridge we see today is no longer the location of the old times. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Gaoliang Bridge was the first choice for Beijingers to walk in the Qing Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty recorded Beijing customs in the "Imperial Capital Scenery Strategy", which said that Qingming "is the sun hairpin willow, touring the Gaoliang Bridge, known as 'stepping on the green'." If many guests from all over the world have not returned, they will go out to the sun to commemorate the trip."
The Ming Dynasty Zhu Maorui has a poem "Crossing the Gaoliang Bridge on the Qingming Day": "The water of the Gaoliang River is surrounded by biwan, and it is half into the spring city and half around the mountain." The wind willow is easy to shake the wine curtain obliquely, and the shore flowers are constantly receiving Zen guan. Watch the field pressure to drop Dulu, what is the matter with the horse jumping pill? That Danqing looked for a good hand, And Qingming did not write a river map. From this poem, it can be seen that at that time, there were many restaurants and restaurants in the area of Gaoliang Bridge, and during the Qingming Dynasty, people came out to walk in the green, and it was inevitable to consume a lot, in addition to enjoying the spring light, they could also visit the temple, and they could also ride horses and watch acrobatics. Zhu Maorui sighed that this scene, when a Danqing holy hand painted it, it achieved a Beijing Gaoliang Bridge version of the "Qingming River Map".
It is conceivable that the sorghum bridge during the Qingming Dynasty must be full of people and shoulders, but there are also people who can take quiet in the noise. Two of the "Three Yuans of Public Security" in the Ming Dynasty literature circle wrote about the travels of Gaoliang Bridge, and Yuan Hongdao visited Gaoliang Bridge with friends on the first day of the third month of the lunar calendar one year. He said, "When spring is in full bloom, the city's sergeants and women are gathered, and the gentlemen and doctors are not very busy, and there are no ones who are not in the same place", and since everyone else went to Qingqing, he also came to Gaoliang Bridge with his friends.
In the atmosphere of "the mountains are slightly lan, the water and the embankment are flat, and the silk pipe is sandwiched between the shores", he sat on the ground with his friends, enjoyed the scenery, the shadow of the waves and trees, the fish and birds flying and sinking, and the characters coming and going, all in this scene, they just watched quietly. Some people saw Yuan Hongdao and his friends sitting under the tree, and they did not understand their meaning, but laughed. Yuan Hongdao thought that they had failed to live up to the feelings of the mountains and waters, and He Lezhi had it. Just at this time, they met friends on the road, and they went together to see the plum blossoms.
Tao Ranting: Poetry sings well for Yaxing
The ancients arranged many festivals for spring, before and after the Qingming Dynasty, there were cold food, Shangwei and other festivals, these festivals are in a competitive relationship, and the last winner is the Qingming Festival, although the figure of the cold food, Shangwei and other festivals gradually faded, but did not completely disappear from people's memories, and their festivals were also partially absorbed by the Qingming. In the ninth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (343), during the Shangwei Festival, the Shusheng Wang Xizhi and his friends "would meet at the Lanting Pavilion of Huiji Shanyin", bending the waters, chanting poems, and recounting humorous feelings, which may have been a whim, but left the tradition of Shangwei Yaji. Because Shangmi and Qingming are too close in date, for example, this year's Shangwei is April 3, Qingming is April 5, the two festivals are integrated, and Qingming Yaji is also a custom.
If you want to talk about the qing dynasty Beijing literati gathering place, "Jiangting" can not be circumvented in any way. The name of Jiangting is quite unfamiliar to people today, and its other name, Taoranting, is known to more people. That's where our Qingming journey ends. In the thirty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1695), the Ministry of Works LangZhongjiangzao proposed the affairs of the Black Kiln Factory, and the place name of the Black Kiln Factory still exists today, which is a factory for firing bricks and tiles in the city. JiangZao in his spare time, often go to the nearby Mercy Nunnery to enjoy the tour, he saw that there is a pond in the west of the nunnery, "a lot of water and grass, extremely quiet, without a little dust", very liked, he built a small pavilion next to the nunnery, from Bai Juyi's poem "More to wait for Ju Huang home brewing, Gongjun a drunken taoran" to name this pavilion, because it is built by JiangZao, also known as "Jiang Pavilion".
After the Taoran Pavilion was built, it soon became a place for literati to gather. The Qing Dynasty Beijing City was divided into the North City and the South City, the North City was mainly inhabited by Manchus, the South City was mainly inhabited by Han Chinese, and the Southern City well atmosphere was very strong. At the same time, the south city is also a gathering place for the guild hall, and readers from all over the world who enter Beijing to take the exam will first go to the hometown hall to inquire about the news, or temporarily live here. Their arrival added a bit of culture to the southern city, and it was advisable for scholars to gather in a quiet environment, and Taoran Pavilion was a good choice.
In the Qingming Dynasty of the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the famous scholar Hong Liangji and his friends gathered in Taoranting, the main purpose of this gathering was to send his friend Wu Xilin back to Jiangnan, and everyone came with wine and rhymed with poetry. The ancients must compose poems, but they cannot be written at will, and there must be certain rules, such as specifying the title, stipulating that there must be a certain word in the poem or stipulating that the poem must rhyme. Hong Liangji assigned Guo Yun and wrote a poem describing the scenery of Taoran Pavilion during the Qingming Dynasty: "Peach apricot between pears and begonias, flowers and dark pavilions." There are dozens of spring vegetables, and the joys are new", but parting is always sad, "mud drinking is not proud, stopping to sigh and leave".
Taoranting Yaji reached a climax in the late spring of the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836). The host of the collection is the minister Huang Juezi, a total of forty-eight people participated in this collection, following the story of Lanting, poetry and singing, a volume of "Jiangting Exhibition Map" has been passed down to this day, illuminating the style of the people on that day. Huang Juezi was friends with Lin Zexu, Gong Zizhen and others, and two years after this collection, Huang Juezi wrote to the imperial court to discuss the necessity of banning opium, which Lin Zexu strongly agreed with.
Taoranting Yaji inevitably declined with the changes in the situation of the Qing Dynasty, although the Yaji activities are still quite numerous, but it is no longer the Yaxing of the past, and melancholy more and more appears in the Yaji poems, and the readers not only know the wind and the moon, but also talk about current affairs, but they can not find a reliable way out.
Two gatherings in Taoranting Park in 1920 heralded a new direction. In January of that year, Mao Zedong and others discussed the expulsion of the Hunan warlord Zhang Jingyao at Taoranting and explored a plan to save the country. In August of that year, representatives of members of five progressive societies, including the Tianjin Enlightenment Society, met at Taoranting to discuss the direction of national salvation, and Zhou Enlai, a member of the Enlightenment Society, attended the meeting, and Li Dazhao came to guide, "He encouraged everyone to have a common doctrine and unite as one." At this time, the advanced Chinese found Marxism, a brand-new ideological weapon, and a great cause of transforming China was already brewing.
Today, Taoran Pavilion is still a good place for the Qingming party, where classical poetry and revolutionary passion are integrated, the sky is clear, and people are also full of energy. in Romukh
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