Occupational health literacy refers to the awareness and ability of workers to obtain basic knowledge of occupational health, practice healthy working methods and lifestyles, prevent the risk of occupational diseases and work-related diseases, and maintain and promote their own health. Improving occupational health literacy is essential to protect the overall health of workers and even the health of the entire population throughout the life cycle. The Healthy China Action (2019-2030) and the National Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Program (2021-2025) both list the awareness rate of occupational health knowledge as important assessment indicators. The national occupational health literacy monitoring and statistical survey of key populations has been included in the "Statistical Survey System for Monitoring and Monitoring of Health Literacy of Chinese Residents and Key Populations", which was formulated by the National Health Commission and approved by the National Bureau of Statistics in January 2022. The Occupational Health Department of the National Health Commission organizes the monitoring and intervention of occupational health literacy of key populations at the national level, understands the level and changing trend of occupational health literacy of key populations, analyzes influencing factors, determines priority work areas, evaluates occupational health policies and occupational health education effects, and provides a scientific basis for formulating occupational health-related policies.
The scientific and authoritative core information of occupational health literacy is the basis for the statistical survey of occupational health literacy monitoring and the implementation of health promotion interventions, which is essential for popularizing occupational health knowledge and improving the level of occupational health literacy. Entrusted by the Department of Occupational Health of the National Health Commission, the Occupational Health Institute of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention organized experts in this field to compile the "Occupational Health Literacy of Chinese Workers - Basic Knowledge and Skills (2022 Edition)" (hereinafter referred to as "60 Articles of Occupational Health Literacy").
Taking great health and great health as the starting point, the "60 Articles of Occupational Health Literacy" expands the previous dissemination mode focusing on the knowledge of traditional occupational disease prevention and treatment from a new perspective, defines the basic content of occupational health literacy, and clarifies the focus of occupational health promotion and publicity and education. The overall framework includes four aspects: "Legal Knowledge of Occupational Health", "Basic Knowledge of Occupational Health Protection", "Basic Skills of Occupational Health Protection", and "Healthy Working Styles and Behaviors". The follow-up will be based on the "60 Articles of Occupational Health Literacy", further compile the interpretation of the article, develop and produce relevant popular science readings, videos and other publicity materials, for health departments at all levels, professional institutions, social institutions, mass media, etc. to carry out the work related to improving the occupational health literacy of workers.
Legal knowledge of occupational health
1. The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases is the basic law for the protection of workers' health and related rights and interests.
2. Occupational diseases refer to diseases caused by exposure to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful factors in the occupational activities of workers of enterprises, public institutions and individual economic organizations.
3. Occupational diseases are preventable diseases, and the occurrence of occupational diseases can be prevented by taking effective control measures.
4. The State strengthens occupational health protection, and people's governments at or above the county level shall formulate plans for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases, and improve the ability and level of comprehensive prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
5. The employer is the main body responsible for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases, and shall create an environment and conditions beneficial to the health of the employees; the employees shall learn and master relevant occupational health knowledge, improve the level of occupational health literacy, and maintain and promote their own health.
6. Female employees enjoy occupational health protection during special physiological periods such as menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation in accordance with law.
7. Employers shall actively organize employees to carry out fitness activities to protect their health; the State encourages Employers to carry out health guidance for employees and encourages Employers to carry out regular health examinations for employees.
8. The labor contract shall state the occupational disease hazards and their consequences that may occur in the process of work, and the protective measures and treatment of occupational diseases.
9. The intensity or concentration of occupational disease hazard factors in the workplace should comply with national occupational health standards and health requirements.
10. Workers have the right to refuse illegal commands and force risky operations, and female employees have the right to refuse prohibited operations such as underground mines and high-intensity physical labor.
11. Occupational health examination is an important measure to detect the health damage and occupational contraindications of workers in an early stage and reduce the consequences of occupational disease hazards, and the cost of occupational health examination shall be borne by the employer.
12. Occupational health examinations cannot be replaced by general health examinations.
13. Workers who suffer or may suffer from acute occupational disease hazards shall be promptly subjected to emergency health examinations and medical observation.
14. When the employee leaves the employer, he has the right to obtain a copy of his or her occupational health monitoring file.
15. Suspected occupational diseases should enter the occupational disease diagnosis procedure in accordance with the law, and the required expenses shall be borne by the employer.
16. The diagnosis of occupational diseases may be carried out at the occupational disease diagnosis institution where the unit is located, where the person is registered or where he or she habitually resides.
17. Where the parties concerned have objections to the diagnosis of occupational diseases, they may apply for an appraisal to the local health department at or above the districted municipal level where the medical and health institution that made the diagnosis is located.
18. The diagnosis and appraisal of occupational diseases shall be carried out on a two-level appraisal system, and the districted municipal occupational disease diagnosis and appraisal committee shall be responsible for the first appraisal of occupational disease diagnosis disputes, and the provincial appraisal shall be the final appraisal.
19. The State implements categorical management of occupational diseases, and formulates and promulgates the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases.
20. Patients with occupational diseases shall enjoy the treatment of occupational diseases prescribed by the State in accordance with law. After being diagnosed with an occupational disease, an application for the recognition of work injury should be applied for in time in order to enjoy the treatment of work injury.
21. Employees shall participate in work-related injury insurance, and the employer shall pay the work-related injury insurance premium, and if the employer fails to pay the work-related work-related injury insurance, the medical and living security related to occupational diseases shall be borne by the employer.
22. In addition to enjoying work-related injury insurance in accordance with the law, patients with occupational diseases who still have the right to compensation in accordance with the relevant civil laws have the right to submit compensation claims to the employer. Patients with occupational diseases whose employers do not exist or cannot determine the labor relationship may apply to the local people's government department for medical and living assistance.
Occupational health protection basics
23. The severity of adverse health effects caused by occupational disease hazard factors is related to the level of exposure to hazard factors.
24. Pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of mineral dust is an irreversible disease. The control of productive dust should adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures and follow the eight-character policy of "leather, water, density, wind, protection, management, education and investigation". Dust masks cannot be replaced with cotton gauze masks and medical masks.
25. Attention should be paid to preventing chemical poisoning in contact with chemical harmful factors at work, strictly implementing operating procedures, strengthening ventilation in the workplace, standardizing the wearing of personal protective equipment, and regularly participating in occupational health examinations.
26. In contact with harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in the work, attention should be paid to preventing suffocation and irritating gas poisoning, strictly implementing operating procedures, regularly overhauling equipment, preventing "running, running, dripping and leaking" in the production process, strengthening ventilation and daily monitoring, setting up warning signs in the workplace, installing automatic alarm equipment, and correctly wearing oxygen-supply gas masks.
27. Long-term exposure to high-intensity noise in the workplace can lead to hearing damage and even deafness, and noise sources and noise propagation should be controlled, and anti-noise earplugs or ear should be standardized, and occupational health examinations should be carried out regularly.
28. Work in a high temperature and high humidity environment for a long time to pay attention to the prevention of heat stroke, serious heat stroke can cause death, should be reasonable design of the process flow, take ventilation and cooling, heat insulation and other technical measures, supply salty cool drinks, supplement nutrition, special high temperature workers must wear heat insulation masks and wear heat insulation, flame retardant, ventilation and heat-proof clothing.
29. Exposure to radiation at work may lead to acute or chronic radiation disease, cancer or genetic disorders. When engaging in radiological work, radiation protection equipment should be used correctly and personal dosimeters should be worn correctly. When entering a radioactive workplace where there may be a large dose, an alarm dosimeter is required.
30. Long-term bowing work, fixed position operation or forward-leaning sitting posture work should be used to avoid the occurrence of cervical spondylosis, frozen shoulder and low back pain through stretching activities, intermittent rest, etc.
31. Long-term standing posture operation should keep the waist and knees relaxed by appropriate walking and other means to prevent varicose veins.
32. Excessive work stress or exposure to extreme scenarios may damage physical and mental health, and it is necessary to actively learn mental health knowledge or seek professional help to alleviate it.
33. Depression and anxiety can be effectively prevented and treated, and it needs to be evaluated early and treated actively.
34. Reasonable diet, moderate exercise, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction, and psychological balance are conducive to maintaining and promoting physical and mental health.
Basic skills in occupational health protection
35. Know how to access occupational health information and services.
36. Know the rules and regulations and operating procedures for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases in this post.
37. Understand the warning signs and descriptions of occupational disease hazards in this post.
38. Understand the test results and suggestions of occupational disease hazard factors related to this position.
39. When encountering acute occupational injury, be able to correctly save themselves, rescue each other and report in time.
40. When urgent medical assistance is required, you can call 120 or the contact number of a cooperative medical institution.
41. When the surface of the body is contaminated with radionuclides, it can be immediately decontaminated and washed; when radionuclides enter the body, they can seek medical treatment as soon as possible to block absorption and promote excretion.
42. If you have psychological problems, you know how to seek professional help from mental health hotlines or medical institutions.
43. When workplace violence or harassment occurs, you can take the initiative to report or report to the police.
Healthy working styles and behaviors
44. Comply with laws, regulations, rules and regulations and operating procedures related to occupational health.
45. Actively participate in the democratic management of occupational health of employers, and put forward opinions and suggestions on the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
46. Actively participate in occupational health education and training, and actively learn and master occupational health knowledge and protection skills.
47. Correctly use and maintain protective equipment for occupational diseases and be able to judge its operating status.
48. Correct selection and standardization of the wearing of personal protective equipment.
49. Correct identification of toxic components of organic solvents.
50. Proper use of workplace flushing and spraying equipment.
51. Entering the restricted space should achieve one ventilation, two detection, and three monitoring.
52. Hidden dangers of occupational disease hazard accidents shall be reported in a timely manner.
53. Engaged in operations that expose to occupational disease hazards should actively participate in occupational health examinations before, during and after leaving the post, pay attention to the conclusions of the examination, and follow medical advice.
54. If the disease may be related to work, timely go to the occupational disease prevention and treatment professional institution for consultation, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.
55. Avoid long-term continuous work or poor posture work, and reasonably arrange breaks and exercises.
56. Understand physical and mental health and know how to manage your own health.
57. Actively learn mental health knowledge and enhance the ability to maintain mental health.
58. Use scientific methods to relieve stress, do not escape, do not be negative.
59. Understand and care for people with mental illness, without discrimination or exclusion.
60. Master the knowledge and skills related to the prevention and treatment of new crown pneumonia and other infectious diseases, develop good hygiene habits, and strengthen self-protection awareness.
(Contributed by: Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control)