"Spring sleep is not aware, smell birds everywhere." Meng Haoran's "Spring Dawn" can be described as familiar and well known to women and children. Birdsong heralds the arrival of spring and is full of spring hope. Birds have played an important role in the history of human development, in transportation, industry, structure, communication and many other aspects of the inspiration of human wisdom, can be called human teachers, now many scientific problems, scientists often need to go to birds "consult" to seek answers. Humans who love birds have given different symbolic meanings to different birds in different eras. Today, let's talk about birds through the cultural relics collected by the Jinan Archaeological Museum.
Taining Yang unearthed late Dawenkou culture pottery pot late Dakou Zun
The pattern on the top of Oguchizumi has one interpretation as "Mt. Nichitori"
The Daxinzhuang site was excavated from the shang copper ti liang jie
The daxinzhuang site unearthed a bronze bronze bird pattern
The Daxinzhuang site unearthed a local bird pattern of the merchant phoenix bird pattern copper
In the pre-Qin era, the Shandong region was once known as Dongyi and was one of the important sources of Chinese civilization. In the Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Shuowen", it is said: "Yi, the people of the East are also". From the 9,000-year-old Houli culture, through the Beixin culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture, Yueshi culture, are all different stages of human civilization created by the Dongyi people. The totems of various tribes in Dongyi are different, and bird totems account for a relatively large proportion. In the archaeological excavations, many bird-themed artworks have been unearthed, some as ornaments, and some directly into the shape of birds.
The Daxinzhuang site unearthed a bone of a high-crowned phoenix bird
The Liujiazhuang site unearthed the peacock stone bird-shaped ornament
Not only did the dongyi tribes mainly use birds as totems, but birds were also the totems of the Shang Dynasty. Shang has a deep relationship with birds. According to legend, many ancestors of the Shang are inextricably linked to birds, and there are records of "Xuan Bird ShengShang" in the "Book of Poetry", "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and so on. Therefore, the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty created many images of sacred birds and strange birds to express their reverence for them. Daxinzhuang site unearthed a Shang Dynasty owl copper lift beam, the quarry is cast in hefan, the shape is two opposite type large-bellied owl, round eyes are bright and sharp, the beak is sharp and sharp, the legs and feet are thick and powerful, awe-inspiring and powerful, full of aura. The abdomen is decorated with a relief cirrus pattern, which vividly outlines the wings of the owl, and the smooth curves are more gently and ethereal like clouds. "Owl" is "owl-shaped wine vessel". The owl was revered in the Shang Dynasty and was the god of war in the minds of merchants. Merchants are martial, frequent conquests, in addition to routine divination calculations, before each expedition will hold a solemn sacrifice ceremony to pray for victory in the war, the ceremony is always indispensable to the figure of the owl. Therefore, the artifacts with owl ornaments can be called the national treasures of the Shang Dynasty. In addition, the Daxinzhuang site also unearthed a Piece of Shang Dynasty phoenix bird pattern copper, including phoenix pattern, owl pattern, luan pattern and flocks of goose patterns, etc., the casting era is the late Shang Dynasty, the shape is small and exquisite, the lines are beautiful and smooth. The Liujiazhuang site has unearthed a Shang Dynasty malachite bird-shaped ornament, which is flattened and bird-shaped, with rounded and smooth lines. Not only malachite, the ancients also carved the image of birds on jade, and the earliest phoenix pattern on jade began with the jade phoenix excavated from the tomb of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan.
The Site of Sun Jiadong in Zhangqiu unearthed a Warring States painted pottery bird bucket type vessel
Zhangqiu Luozhuang Han King Mausoleum unearthed Western Han copper hammer yu
The Tomb of the Han King of Zhangqiu Luozhuang was excavated from the Western Han Dynasty bronze hammer in an eagle ornament
The Weijiazhuang cemetery unearthed the Western Han Dynasty crane stepping turtle copper Boshan furnace
Weijiazhuang cemetery excavated the Western Han Dynasty crane stepping turtle copper Boshan furnace part
The Weixiang site unearthed a Song crested gold noodle
The Weixiang site unearthed parts of the Song crested gold noodles
The Ruins of Sun Jiadong in Zhangqiu unearthed a Warring States painted pottery bucket shape vessel, with a mouth, a square lip, a folded abdomen, a high circle foot, a three-dimensional bird head on the upper part of the abdomen on one side, and a long trapezoidal crank designed on the opposite side as a tail. The body is decorated with red color, the head outline and round eyes are painted on the head of the bird, the triangular thunder pattern is painted on the upper abdomen of the bucket, and the grid pattern is painted on the tail, which takes on the overall bird shape. Dongyi people have made great contributions to The history of Chinese culture and thought, people regard birds as personified gods, and the Han Dynasty's "feathered Dengxian" thought can be said to be the sublimation of Dongyi totem worship. Zhangqiu Luozhuang Han Tomb has unearthed a Piece of Western Han Copper Hammer, Ring Button, Round Shoulder, Corset, Oval Flat Mouth Slightly Open, Relief Eagle on both sides of the waist, eagle is painted in one stroke, which should be a continuation and reflection of bird totem worship. The rule of Wenjing in the Han Dynasty made the economy of the Han Dynasty gradually prosper, and this peaceful life made people begin to advocate the immortal world, so the patterns and ornaments of the Han Dynasty were full of fantasy and romantic colors. With the requirements of the times, the phoenix also appeared a new name - Suzaku or Suzaku. The Wei and Jin dynasties were a period of major change in Chinese history, and the rise of the landlord class of the Mengmen clan and the new system of ideas they represented violently impacted the old traditional consciousness. Reflected in art, it is a change in the mysterious, grotesque, fantasy and other religious content and forms before the Han Dynasty, and created a new style of starting from reason, facing life, and emphasizing realism. In the Tang Dynasty, people were very sought after the phoenix, because at that time conquered the southern wilderness, the birds from the far country were particularly loved by people, and the Tang Dynasty craftsmen had real references and produced a variety of phoenix birds with different shapes and lifelike shapes. Due to the relatively open cultural atmosphere, free and casual national character and social state, the use of phoenix birds has also begun to penetrate widely and casually into people's daily lives. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the prevalence of auspicious motifs, the use of phoenix birds in architecture, stone carvings, mausoleums, paintings and other aspects abounded.
Having said all this, come to the Jinan Archaeological Museum to see the true appearance of these cultural relics.
(Written by: Wu Yanhua Reviewer: Yang Yang)
Transferred from Jinan Archaeological Public Account