Qinshui farming civilization and the folk custom of praying for rain in the Northern King Sanli

Qin River image

Grounded

Qinshui County is a county under the jurisdiction of Jincheng City in Shanxi Province, which belongs to the southeastern Plate of Jin in terms of geographical map. However, in history, Qinshui belonged to the Hedong territory for a long time, and it gradually belonged to the Jindongnan Plate after the Northern Wei Dynasty. In fact, the Hedong civilization has been deeply influencing Qinshui until after the Sui and Tang dynasties, when Qinshui gradually gave way to shangdang and Central Plains culture. The western part of Qinshui has always been the place where Hedong culture infiltrated before the Republic of China.

The Hedong mentioned in this article refers to the southwestern Jin Dynasty, including the Linfen and Yuncheng areas. It is the core of the formation of Chinese civilization. Yao, Shun, Yu, and Xia were all born and built here, and the Jin state that dominated the Central Plains rose and grew here. The dense ancient civilization sites, relics, and national history materials here prove that this is the "cradle of civilization" and the "root of China".

Qinshui is the highland that controls the safety of Hedong! It is the stronghold of Yao Shun Yu Xia and the Jin Kingdom! It is the earliest source of China's smelting petrochemical energy - charcoal, and the igniter of the sacred flame of China's five-thousand-year civilization! It is the source of Hedong's "Coal Capital" and "Fireworks Ancient Road"! It is the source of the Xingma Ancient Road. It is the pioneer of China's agricultural civilization!

The Xiachuan site culture in the late Paleolithic period, the "Zaoyuan Culture" belt of Longhua Yuntai Mountain in the Neolithic Era, the Shungeng Lishan and the Shunwang compiled the "Seventy-two Waiting Calendars". These major agricultural cultural phenomena have laid the foundation for the Qinshui farming civilization, which belongs to the advanced ranks of Hedong civilization and led the historical status of China's farming.

First, the formation of Qinshui farming civilization and rain praying folk customs

1. Shimokawa Ruins

Archaeology usually refers to the birth of human cultures up to 10,000 years ago, referred to as the "Paleolithic". At present, Shanxi has found more than 300 Paleolithic cultural relics, covering the south and north of Shanxi, ranking first in the country. Among them, nearly 200 paleoanthropologists and cultural relics in the early Paleolithic period have been found in China, and Shanxi Province accounts for 157, accounting for more than 78%. Moreover, it is mainly concentrated in the foothills of the Zhongtiao Mountains, along the Yellow River in southwestern Jinxi and in the Fenhe River Basin. The ruins of Ruicheng Xihoudu and Jiaohe are representatives of the early Paleolithic period; the middle period is represented by the ruins of Dingcun and Xujiayao.

The Shimokawa site is a late Paleolithic cultural site dating from about 24,000 to 16,000 years ago. In 1970, it was found that it is distributed in the mountainous area adjacent to the main peak of Zhongtiao Mountain, Alexandre, and the three counties of Yangcheng, Qinshui and Yuanqu nearby, with a length of 20 to 30 kilometers, and the Xiachuan area of Qinshui County is well preserved and the remains are the most abundant, so it is called "Xiachuan Ruins".

Xiachuan is an intermontane basin in the eastern foothills of Lishan Mountain, with a north-south basin of 4.5 km in a narrow length, 2 km at its widest point from east to west, and an altitude of 1550 meters. The bedrock and surrounding mountains under the basin are composed of Cambrian and Ordovician limestone, and there is a canyon at the southern end of the basin with a large slope, from which the water flow is discharged. The relics of the Xiachuan culture are distributed on the surface of the second order around the basin, as well as in the late Pleistocene gray-brown sub-clay soil of the upper layer of the terrace.

From 1973 to 1974, the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Work Committee conducted the first investigation and excavation. From 1976 to 1978, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences cooperated with the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Work Committee to conduct a partial test excavation at the Xiachuan site, and unanimously agreed that the Xiachuan site was a stone tool culture with fine stone tools as the main feature in the later stage of the late Paleolithic period in north China.

The discovery of the Xiachuan site shows that between 16,000 and 24,000 years ago, humans had lived and multiplied in the land of Qinshui.

Chinese agricultural origin research scholar Wei Si published an article "On the Origin, Domestication and Spread of Chinese Millet" in the 2nd issue of "Ancient and Modern Agriculture" in 1994, that is, based on the archaeological discoveries of the Xiachuan site, placed it in the context of the archeological discovery of the origin of the entire ancient Chinese agricultural millet, and referred to the spread and distribution of millet grains throughout the country, so that the spread and distribution of millet grains around the world, and the invention and cultivation of ancient millet grains, etc., conducted in-depth research, and concluded that "the beginning era of the domestication of dogtail grass by the ancestors of China" When the conclusion was set in the late Paleolithic Period of the Xiachuan Culture Period, it was the precursor of the Huangzuo culture in the Yellow River Basin, and laid the lofty status of qinshui's early agricultural civilization.

2. Longhua Yuan Yuntai Mountain "Jujube Garden Culture" strip

The ruins of Zaoyuan in the area of Longhuayuan in Yicheng County, as well as the ruins of Nanzhu, Beizhu and Nanwei, are about 7000-6400 years old, which is the earliest Neolithic relic found in Shanxi Province, and is named "Zaoyuan Culture" by the state. The excavated house sites, pottery, stone tools and other remains mark that the "Zaoyuan people" have crushed the wheel of history into the eve of Chinese civilization. The mountain between Longgang Town and Yicheng County Longhua Town and Qiaoshang Town are adjacent townships connected by soil, and the mountain between the Meihe River (ancient name: Heishui Dongjian) and the Xinghe River (ancient name: Heishui Nanjian) is called: Beiwang Mountain (also known as Heilong Mountain, now known as Yuntai Mountain), and ancient ancestors have always believed that the Black Dragon God lived here. Beiwang, Yuanshang, Jiejiashan, Quzhaiping, Chenlianggou, Kongjiapo, Kangjiaping and other villages on Beiwang Mountain pass through the Beiwangshan Lingtou Ancient Road, through the west side of Beiwangshan Mountain, and the Shangliang fox village on the south side of Wuling (Huang Father, Black Soil, Juzheng), connected with LonghuaYuan, Beiwang Mountain and Zaoyuan are located in the same belt distance of only 20 or 30 miles, the same Zaoyuan cultural belt, reflecting the process of China's agricultural civilization. Zaoyuan culture occupies a pivotal role in the origin of Chinese history and culture.

The site of Xiyin Village is a Neolithic (10,000 BC - 2000 BC) site located in Xiyin Village, Weiguo Township, Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, which was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It is the "Top 100 Archaeological Discoveries in a Hundred Years" in China. China is the hometown of the silk industry, known as the "silk country" since ancient times, and the ruins of Xiyin Village are one of the birthplaces of China's silk industry. Silkworm weaving, Hedong area and Qinshui and Yangcheng are all pioneer areas.

3. Pottery and smelting industry

Pottery is the embodiment of early farming civilization, and many pottery artifacts have been unearthed in the Zaoyuan ruins group of Longhua Town, Yicheng. The Zaoyuan culture, 7,000 years ago, is the earliest Neolithic site in Shanxi. The pottery of this period is earthenware, and its raw material is loess. It marks that the "Zaoyuan people" have crushed the wheel of history into the eve of Chinese civilization.

During the Taikoo period (the period of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors), Yao was enfeoffed in Tang (present-day Yicheng). Tongzhi Duyiluo: "The Capital of Jin, known as Xia Xu, Daimyo, Ben Yao Sodu, called Pingyang, became the king's mother and brother Yu here, initially called Tang, his son Xie's father was initially changed to Jin, with Jinshui out of Yan, its place is justified by the name of Wing, also known as Dai, and Pingyang is its general name." Commentary on the Book of Poetry: "The Kingdom of Tang, the old capital of Emperor Yao, in the domain of Yugong Jizhou... King Cheng of Zhou made his brother Tang Shuyu the State of Tang. "History of the Jin Dynasty": "Tang in the river, Fenzhi East Hundred Miles ...". "Chronicle of the Ancient Tang Dynasty": "The ancient Tang Dynasty was twenty miles west of Yicheng County, Daizhou, that is, the one who was sealed by the sons of Yao. "Pingyang Fuzhi (Yicheng):"Gu Yao began to seal the country. Yu Fengyaozi is here. Xia Shang because of this. The Zhou Tang Rebellion, the Zhou Gong extinguished, and the king of Chengfeng's uncle Yu was here for Uncle Tang..." "Ciyuan": "Tang refers to Tang Yao, that is, Tao Tang clan, or the name of the princely state, and there is an ancient Tang City in the west of present-day Yicheng County, Shanxi. "Yicheng County Chronicle, Monuments, Villages" "Yaodu Village: Twenty Miles of Yinan, The Sun of Shuishui, Yaofeng Tang Marquis Duye. ”

Through historical data, we can clearly see that the beginning of Yaodu, whether in the west twenty miles of Yicheng County or the yaodu village near the bridge, was generally in the east of the Yellow River and the sun of The Fenhe River, and the Wuling and Fushan mountains were the source of the water and the backer of the Yao capital.

Later Yao Dynasty ascended to the rank of Tianzi (天子), known as the Tao Tang Clan (Tao Tang Clan), and the capital was Pingyang (present-day Xiangfen Tao Temple Site). During the reigns of Yu Shun and Xia Yu, Tang had been a descendant of Yao.

Emperor Yao's greatest achievement was the invention of clay pottery, pottery made of clay, which is much better than pottery made of loess, and it carries some characteristics of porcelain. Such as: bowls, casseroles, cylinders and so on. The manufacture and use of pottery is a feature of the progress of human society. Emperor Yao began with Tao Tang and later as Pingyang, and Tao Tang was a feature of that era. Pottery, ancient kiln, refers to the kiln stove. The "Intensive Training" is interpreted as "burning clay kiln also". Pottery, "Zaoyuan period" first made of loess, loess is easy to obtain, many places have; clay is rare, its mineral layer is mainly chalky upper silt sand clay, Yao Emperor period derived into clay manufacturing, making this artifact more solid, more practical.

It is also strange to say that there is Yaodu Village in Yicheng County and Yaodu Village in Qinshui County, one next to The Flood Water in the west of Fushan Mountain, and one next to the Apricot Water in the east of Fushan Mountain, and the two villages are only about 15 kilometers apart. There is Shimen Village near Yaodu Village in Yicheng County, which has long been famous for firing lime; there are also Shimen place names near Yaodu Village in Qinshui County, which has also been famous for firing lime for a long time in history. The area around Yaodu Village and Shimen Village in Yicheng County is a 5,000-year-old casserole and cylinder firing place; the Ketao Village, Hezhu and Xingyu Bowl Kilns near Yaodu Village in Qinshui County are also places where pottery, casserole pots and bowls have been fired for a long time, and their history is also related to Yao Shun.

Pottery is a sign of the beginning of agricultural civilization. Before this, human beings were still the primitive life of ru mao drinking blood and taking chestnuts from the fire. With the advent of pottery, human life has taken a big step forward, qualitative changes have taken place, and with these is the agricultural civilization. On both sides of Fushan Mountain, Yao Shunyu's footprints are spotted, Duyi Hehe, Tao Huo fierce, smelting and casting rumbling, this is the ancient land of Tang Yao! This is the core area of Chinese civilization! This is the historical source of Qinshui!

4. Shungeng Almanac and the Seventy-two Marquis Calendar

Shungeng Lishan is a well-known historical legend in China, the precursor of the Yellow River Basin's huangzuo culture, and the symbol of China's agricultural civilization.

Alexandria is a national nature reserve. Located in the south of Shanxi Province, in the eastern section of the Zhongtiao Mountains, it is located in the three prefectures of Yuncheng, Jincheng and Linfen, qinshui, Yicheng, Yuanqu and Yangcheng, with a total area of 24,200 hectares. According to legend, when King Shun was cultivating this mountain, he compiled the phenological calendar of the Yellow River Basin - "Seventy-two Waits", so posterity called this mountain Alexandria.

Shunwangping is the first peak of Alexandria, with an altitude of 2358 meters, located in the southwest of Qinshui County, and is the main scenic spot of The Alexandria Scenic Area, named after the "Shungeng Lishan" here. Pingding has more than 5,000 acres of subalpine meadows, and under the cliffs on its south side, there are 23,000 acres of Alexandria primeval forest. There are relics of Shungeng Lishan, Shunwang Temple, Shunwang Plough Ditch and so on. The climate on the ping is changeable every day, and there will be a little drizzle under the red sun, and there will be clouds and fog under the sun, and you can enjoy the wonders of the four seasons in one day. The Qing Dynasty poet Zhang Eryong traveled to the mountains and once wrote a hymn: "The ancient emperor has cultivated the place, and the traces of a thousand autumns have been lost." The head is near the high mountain, and the extremely chaotic peak is low. Flowers bloom and smell the trail, and the spring water crosses the distant stream. The Yellow River is far away, and the sky is red. ”

Shun, the legendary leader of the tribal alliance in the late patrilineal clan society, was one of the "Five Emperors" of China, with the title of Youyu (有虞氏), the surname Yao (姚) and the surname 妫 (妫), the name Chonghua (重華), the character Dujun (都君), and the courtesy name "Shun". Because the name of the country is "Yu", it is also called: Yu Shun.

According to legend, when King Shun was cultivating this mountain, he compiled the phenological calendar "Seventy-two Waits" used in the Yellow River Basin to guide agricultural activities, and The mountain was also named after it.

"Things" refers to living things, and "weather" refers to qi and weather. At that time, Alexandria agriculture was already relatively developed, and the needs of farming made people begin to observe natural phenomena in detail and summarize the laws, and Alexandria became the origin of the Seventy-two Weather. "Spring and summer are long, autumn harvest is hidden in winter", "white dew is early, cold dew is late, autumn equinox wheat is just in time" and so on, are all summaries of farming seasons.

The Seventy-Two Seasons is the earliest Chinese calendar that combines astronomical, meteorological and phenological knowledge to guide agricultural activities. Originating from the Yellow River Basin, the complete record can be found in the Yizhou Shu Shi Xun Xie in the 2nd century BC. Five days as the weather, three days as the qi, six qi as the time, four o'clock as the age, a year of twenty-four solar terms a total of seventy-two. Each phenology corresponds to a phenological phenomenon, called a phenological phenomenon. Among them, plant phenology should have young budding, flowering, fruiting, etc.; Animal phenology should have the first vibration, first sound, mating, migration, etc.; Non-biological phenology should have freezing, thawing, thunder sound, etc. The sequential change of the seventy-two waiting conditions reflects the general pattern of climate change throughout the year. He embodies Qinshui and China's ancient farming civilization. The various legends of Shun's cultivation of Alexandria are enough to explain the ancient history of Qinshui farming activities and become the pioneer of Chinese farming civilization.

5. The synchronization and inseparability of the ancient civilization of Qinshui and the ancient civilization of Hedong

In the primeval period, the rainfall was abundant and the water system was developed, and floods were one of the main natural disasters that threatened people's survival and life. Whether it is spring news, summer news or winter news, it will bring great disasters to the ancestors of the Hedong Plain. The Qinshui Highlands around Lishan, Fushan and Wuling became the patrons for the ancestors of Hedong to escape.

The original meaning of the word "patron" is to be close to the mountain, extending to the people or forces that rely on and rely on.

In the surviving literature of China and the West, there is a common record of the Great Flood that occurred more than 4,000 years ago, which profoundly changed the course of civilization in many parts of the world. The Great Flood described in the Bible began when God sinned against the evildoers of the world, thus destroying flesh-and-blood creatures in heaven and earth with the flood. In the Chinese pre-Qin historical document "Liezi Tang Qian", it is written: "After that, the Gonggong clan and Zhao Xiang competed for the emperor, angry and untouchable mountains, folded the pillar of heaven, jedi dimension; therefore the sky fell to the northwest, the sun, moon, and stars were yan; the earth was dissatisfied with the southeast, so the hundred rivers and rivers were sloppy and returned." ”

Due to the emergence of a large fault zone in the historical materials of the Western Zhou And Spring and Autumn Period in China, the historical documents recording the Great Flood are mainly reflected in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, such as "Liezi", "Mencius", "Classic of Mountains and Seas", etc., and there are sporadic records of the Great Flood. The Huainanzi of the Western Han Dynasty also collects many records of the Great Flood of the Ancient Period. Through these records, we can understand that the most severe period of the great flood was the era of Yao Shunyu, and the words "flood" and "flood flow" in the literature seem to remind us that this is not a disaster with great impact and wide scope.

The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Classic of The Sea: "The flood is monstrous, and the tarnish of the emperor is stolen to flood the earth." ”

The Shang Shu Yao Dian records that "the tang and tang floods were cut in all directions, and the Xiangling Tombs of the Huai Mountains were swept away, and the vast and monstrous heavens were great. ”

"Mencius Teng Wen Gongxia" said: "When Yao was in power, the water was retrograde and flooded China, and the snakes and dragons lived in it, and the people were uncertain. ”

Moreover, we can also clearly see from these documents: this mainly refers to the Linfen Yuncheng Plain in Hedong. "Xiangling" is the present-day Xiangfen County, which is also recorded in the "Shang Shu Yao Dian", and it seems that yao's capital is indeed in Xiangfen County. The "China" mentioned in the "Mencius Teng Wen Gongxia" refers to the land of Yao, Hedong.

Historically, the Hedong water system was developed, and in addition to the explosion of rain, the main thing was the backfilling of the Yellow River. In ancient times, it was not only severely cold, but also a large amount of water, many times larger than the current Amount of water in the Yellow River. Every winter, the Yellow River is frozen, the temperature rises in the spring, the Yellow River often forms huge ice blocks, gushing giant ice blocks, often causing river congestion, not only causing the river to flood out of the river, but also along the Fen, Xun, Xu and other water irrigation, resulting in floods in the Linfen and Yuncheng basins, and this situation in the Hedong area occurs almost every year, so the mountain is the survival law of the ancestors." In order to avoid the flood, people have taken to the highlands to survive during the disaster.

The western mountains of Qinshui along the Zhongtiao Mountains, Fushan Mountains and Taiyue Mountains have always been the backbone of the ancestors of Hedong. Here the mountain fruit can be eaten, the hundred beasts can be hunted, the mountain spring can be drunk, and the cave can be inhabited. They entered the western part of Qinshui, and in the flatter area, it was natural to move the hedong farming to the local area. And this flood phenomenon is continuous, and the floods are monstrous, driving the ancestors of Hedong to the western highlands of Qinshui, and the flood recedes most of the ancestors and returns to the basin or fish or farming.

In this constant cycle of reciprocating, can you separate the western part of Qinshui from the east of Hedong? Can you say that we are different from the Hedong civilization? This place was first developed by the ancestors of Hedong, lived here, and is regarded as a sacred place that controls the security of Hedong, can you say that this is not the early core of Chinese civilization?!

In ancient times, the Taotao Qin River was the natural dividing line between the western part of Qinshui and Shangdang, as well as a large area of primeval forest on both sides of the Qin river, which cast the western part of Qinshui and the Hedong region into one, objectively causing a huge gap between the ancient civilizations in the Hedong and Luze areas.

I mentioned in the first article of the "Fushan History" series, "Fushan - The Igniter of the Sacred Flame of China's Five Thousand Years of Civilization":

"In peacetime, Fushan was a place of profit for officials and eunuchs; in times of turmoil, it was a place of contention for soldiers, a gathering place for bandits, and a place for great thieves. It has a deep history and culture. Some official eunuch families or giant merchants in Hedong, with their strong political and economic strength, either set up mines in this area and occupied enclaves, or rumbled in the middle of the business. Or the enclave is reincarnated, or the world is easy to become an enclave, in this continuous cycle, the Hedong elite continues to enrich the quality and volume of Qinxi's humanities. ”

"In particular, since the Tang and Song dynasties, the official eunuch family of the Yang clan living in Shizhengli, the yicheng city of Fushan, as well as the wen and martial families of Xue, Liu, Li, Zhang, and Pei in Hedong, whenever the world is in chaos, they will support the army to control Fu, strangle the qin qi's throat, go to the east to choke the Taihang, the west to the Yellow River, and control the Taiyue in the center, and embrace the millet of Pingpu, the iron of Zelu, the copper of Zhongtiao, and the salt of Xiezhou into their arms, and they will be the view of the world and the conspiracy of the world."

This contains two aspects of war and commercial factors, his connotation information is huge, considering the length of the article, here is the point. However, these factors will be Qinshui and Hedong, tightly woven together.

The four major factors of the Yellow River disaster, war, commerce and strategic highlands have continuously driven the elites of Hedong to the Qinshui Highlands, deepened the ancient civilization of Qinshui, and reflected the synchronization and inseparability of the ancient civilization of Qinshui and Hedong.

6. The formation of the folk custom of praying for rain in the west of Qinshui

In the era of slavery and feudalism, the great affairs of the country were praying and fighting. Due to the backwardness of economy and culture, slaves and feudal dynasties, in order to strengthen their rule over the people, constantly strengthened their divine power and regulated folk sacrifices, coupled with the backwardness of productive forces, people revered nature, believed in nature, and often prayed to the gods in the face of disasters, hoping that the wind and rain would be smooth and the people and animals would be safe.

The formation of the folk custom of praying for rain in western Qinshui is closely related to the origin of China's agricultural civilization and the six-hundred-year Jin civilization. With the advent of the agricultural era, the reality of sacred worship and relying on the sky to eat has made the western part of Qinshui form two major rain praying folk customs very early, namely: "Northern King Sanli Praying For Rain Folk Customs" and "Baihuajian River Praying For Rain Folk Customs".

Qinshui is not only a pioneer area for farming, but also a sacred place for the ancestors of Hedong, and also a liter of the sacred flame of China's five-thousand-year civilization. Fushan Mountain, in the western part of Qinshui County and the boundary of Yicheng, is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization, the origin of China's coal mining and industrial utilization, and the igniter of the sacred flame of China's five-thousand-year-old civilization. (See "Qinshui Fushan - The Igniter of the Sacred Flame of China's 5,000-Year Civilization" and "Fushan, the Place of the Immortals")

The farming civilization of Meixing and The southwestern Qin (Zhongcun, Tuwo, Zhangcun) and the handicraft civilization of charcoal mining, iron smelting and stone in the Fushan area have become the symbols of the ancient civilization of Qinshui. At the same time, it also spawned and interpreted the worship of the gods.

"Shang Tang praying rain" was an important event in the early days of the founding of the Shang Dynasty. The story of Shang Tang praying for rain is widely spread in Qinshui, and there are many records in history books. The Bamboo Book Chronicle records that in the twenty-fourth year of the Shang Tang Dynasty, "the king prayed in Sanglin". The "Lü Shi Chunqiu Shunmin" says: "In the past, Tang Kexia was in the world, the sky was in a drought, and there was no harvest for five years, and Tang Nai prayed to Sanglin with his body." Corpse Cloud: "(Soup) prays in the wilderness of the mulberry forest." "In the pen of historians, he was generous, a courteous corporal, an elderly man, and more importantly, he had his own people in his heart.

Qinshui is very close to the Sanglin forest in Yangcheng, and is deeply influenced by the Tang culture, and there are a large number of Tangwang Temples. In my article "Qinshui Ancient "Fireworks Avenue" - Toad Mouth Five Qu", I talked about the southeast Qu: "Qin (Water) Yang (City) Ji (Source) Ancient Road", which passes near Sanglin. An ancient road of thousands of years has long been closely linked to each other.

Qinshui County Tuwo Township Woquan Village girl married Yangcheng, missionary needlework, after the temple, and left behind the "needle and thread bag village", this is not only a beautiful legend, but a real history. I think that missionary needlework should not be a matter of recent antiquity, it should be a matter of antiquity, and man has become a god, which is even more magical. To this day, the people of Woquan Village in Qinshui County go to Yangcheng Dongping to pray for rain, and the road to Needle and Thread Bag Village, all of them are buried in pots and pans to make rice, warm hospitality, it is really amazing!

At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng's brother Shu Yu yu Tang (today's Yicheng), Shu Yu's son Xie Father took the throne, moved the capital to Xiang Ao Mountain (now known as Gucheng Village), and Yi Tang became Jin. Fushan, on the other hand, directly became the center of Gyeonggi to guard the Jin capital. The area around Nanliang and Wuchi has been irrigated by Jinshui since ancient times, and is called "holy water" by the people. "In the event of a major drought, hundreds of miles of people go to Nanliang to pray for rain, so Nanliang is also one of the first places to form a rain praying folk custom." The establishment of the capital of the Jin Dynasty further strengthened his social influence.

Hou Yuannian (709 BC), the Younger Duke of Jin, duke of Quwowu, cut down his wings. In this war, Hou Ai and Luan Cheng were killed, and in order to commemorate Luan Cheng, Xiao Zihou held a solemn funeral for him in present-day Southern Liang, and when he excavated the grave, he received a clear spring, because of the name Luanchi. In recognition of Luan Cheng's loyalty to the cause of the Jin Dynasty, He made Luan a general, and at the same time changed the Jin Water to Luan Shui and built a temple next to the water. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song, he also enfeoffed the general Luan as the god of Qiao Ze. And due to the edict of Emperor Huizong of Song, the god Qiao Ze, who prayed for General Luan, gradually became a water god.

Every year on the eighth day of March, the day of the festival of the Yukihata Race, the god Qiaoze is worshipped every year. It is designated as Nanliang Village, Jianxia Village, Gucheng Village, and Qingliu Village as the four villages, and the remaining villages are all hanging banners, and the twelve villages are round races. Every year, a small festival, a big festival in twelve years, when the round race, the big banner is one pole, eight feet high, several layers of colored flags, driving five large ox carts, and more than 100 people are supported by ropes from all directions. Kohata has twelve rods, each two feet high, one pole pulled by one cow. Not only the flags, but also the two monks wearing robes and playing instruments to lead. There are various sacrifices such as oil feasts, colorful feasts, whole pigs, whole sheep, large food, and durian food (more than 2,200 catties of white noodles). There are also stories such as lions, tigers, stilts, pavilions, flower drums, etc., arranged in rows, fish running through, extremely lively, called giant views, and become habits, becoming ancient rules.

In the 1980s, Nanliang Town, Yicheng County, tried to hold a "Flag Festival", and as a result, people from all directions poured into Nanliang, not only Nanliang Town was overcrowded, but the road from Nanliang to Quwo for more than 100 kilometers was also blocked by large and small vehicles from all over the world, causing major traffic incidents in the Linfen area. In the end, the activities were suspended, and comprehensive means such as troops, radio, and radio stations were also used to defuse the crisis and dredge up traffic. This has become a case of our country's intangible cultural heritage, which cannot be held and dare not be held because of its huge social influence, which in itself has become an anecdote that people often talk about after dinner.

The Qinshui rain praying folk customs such as the rain praying folk customs of Nanliang and the qinshui rain praying folk customs of the Northern King Sanli influence and promote each other, forming their own different cultural phenomena.

Here I will first briefly talk about the "Baihuajian River Rain Praying Folk Customs", and then focus on the "Northern King Sanli Praying Rain Folk Customs".

"Baihuajian River Rain Praying Folk Customs" is a large-scale civil activity of the villagers in the three townships of Zhangcun, Tuwo and Zhongcun in Qinshui County today, and the villagers in the eastern area of Yicheng and Daixian County. On the southern slope of Jianhe Village, there is a natural cave, deep and bottomless, the cave wind whizzes, and the water is babbling. It has as many as six names: JuxianTan, QijianTan, Qixingdong, Panlongdong, Panlongtan, and Wulongtan. I'll call it "Panlong Cave." In this rain-praying place, the earlier idols were all placed in the east to pray, and qianlong only built a temple outside the cave entrance. I would now like to quote two passages of inscription for your understanding, to conclude the statement as soon as possible and to shorten the length.

"The mountain is not high, there are immortals are named, the water is not deep, there are dragons and spirits, and the Dragon Cave of the Yinanjian River is."

Look beyond: the mountain peak saga, the stream of water Qinglian, peach plum chunyan, pine cypress dongrong.

Inside: the pond is divided into seven rooms, the turbulence is deep, the natural stone ridge, the scales shine, the jagged coil ring, but the dragon is like, the strange shape is strange, and it cannot be exhausted.

Words are like gods: Ganlin will fall, thick fog will be born, drought and carp will be abused, pray and pray, rebuke yourself, clouds and rain, spirit is not ignorant, more around.

Since ancient times, Shuo Dongxi Province, residents near and far, festival spring race, water to pray for lin, when there is a drought, pray for rain, Deze sea deep, Yu can bear it?! ”

Also: "Shang Kao: During the Shang Dynasty, Tang had the whole world, and there was a great drought for seven years. Tang Nai prayed to Sanglin and blamed himself for six things, and the heavens felt the rain. So far, people have followed suit. That is, there are seven streams of ponds, because of the wide terrain, there are Panlong Caves, and there is Panlong Pond in the cave, that is, the so-called Seven Streams Pond. The dragon spirit illuminated, and the rumors were far and near. East to the south of the county, west to the east of Yicheng County, where the size of the village, in the event of a drought, salty to fetch water and pray, this is also seen and heard by people. ”

As for the Qinshui jiaokou girl, she married the Black Dragon God of the Great River of Yicheng, and became the "Black Dragon Lady", and the words of the gods were transmitted, and the inscription was erected, so I will not talk about it.

2. The folk custom of praying for rain in the three miles of the Northern King

Praying for rain is a folk tradition that has been passed down for a long time, and the forms vary from place to place, and the largest civil activity in the history of Qinshui County is the Folk Custom of Praying for Rain in the Northern King Sanli, which has the longest history and the largest scale.

Beiwang Sanli is the general name of the ancient Xinghe area. Li and Jia are a system of ancient administrative jurisdiction. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the county below the capital, li, and jia system was implemented. The county is fifty-four miles, the west eighteen miles, the middle eighteen miles, and the east eighteen miles. Beiwangsanli belongs to the West Eighteen Li, dongli central village is Shitang, Zhongli central village is Liangzhuang, and Xili central village is Xingyu, which is under the jurisdiction of Qinshui County's Northern Wangdu. Beiwang originates from Beiwang Village, Beiwang Village is located on Yuntai Mountain, and its land has a flood of clear water, called: Hai (Black) Dragon Pond, covering an area of about 3600 square meters, the legend is connected with the sea eye, there is a Dragon King, in charge of Si Yu.

With the advent of the agricultural era, the reality of sacred worship and relying on the sky to eat has made Beiwang Village on Yuntai Mountain in the north of the Xinghe River become a sacred place for worshipping gods and praying for rain very early. In the event of a major drought, it has become a spiritual place for people to pray for rainfall from the Dragon King, and the folk customs of rain prayer and the local rain prayer folk customs of Luanchi have been absorbed and evolved, and gradually formed the local folk culture of Qinshui Xinghe - the Folk Customs of Praying for Rain in the Northern King Sanli.

The folk custom of praying for rain in the Northern King Sanli was first launched from the Northern King Xili and The Southern Stream of Shuishui, and gradually developed into a large-scale civil activity in which the people of the Qinshui Meixing River and the Yicheng Bridge and the Lianghu area participated together.

Due to the great social influence of the Folk Customs of praying for rain in the Northern King Sanli, the formation age is very long, and the sacred status of the Northern King Mountain is deeply rooted in the bone marrow, so for a long time the Xinghe area has been named "Northern King". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the administrative structure was "Duli System", and the Northern King Sanli, Fudian Xili, Xuanhuafang, and Guozhuangli were all under the jurisdiction of the Northern King, and "Li" and "Du" were all named after the Northern King, which shows the historical influence of the Northern King Sanli Praying for Rain Folk Customs.

In the third year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, shanxi was in a drought, more than 70% of the population of Qinshui died of the plague, when the Dragon King Temple in Beiwang Village was in great need of restoration, it suddenly encountered a major disaster, the population dropped sharply, the people were tired, and the temple fell into disrepair and destruction.

Rain Prayer Process:

1. Select a date. In the event of a major drought, the date is first agreed upon by the Northern King Sanlili. In the late Qing Dynasty, the rainy land was moved to Bifeng Mountain again, and the reporting of county orders was added due to the need to pass through the county seat.

2. Rain prayer arrangement. Each lili is summoning the benli gentlemen (head of society or chief of the company) to arrange relevant matters. After the gentleman returns to the village (society), specific arrangements and preparations are made, including: the preparation of sacrifices, the celebrant, the flag bearer, the drum music, the raising of the gods and other personnel arrangements, as well as willow hats, costumes, etc. At least one male from each household participates.

3. Road order. On the morning of the rain prayer, the rain prayers from all walks of life gathered at the Dingtou River Beach and sorted the whole team (this is also the origin of the place name Dingtou, when the Guanyin Temple was built in Dingtou Village in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, when the guanyin temple was completed, it was renamed "Dingdu" in order to take Daya. ）

First of all, the chief emcee, who was promoted by sanli, was responsible for directing the rain prayer activities of the day. The chief celebrant is a highly respected, knowledgeable, and proficient in prayer and ceremonial person of the Northern King Sanlide, and most of them are sages who have been honored (retired).

The rain prayer team is concentrated in the following order: 4 warriors who open the way, all dressed in black, tied legs and sleeves, holding a whip, wielding a whip to open the way, majestic, crackling.

This was followed by a wooden statue of the Jade Emperor carried by four people, along with Luan driving and honor guards.

The wooden carving of the jade emperor deity, and luan driving, honor guard, for the jade emperor temple statue in the east village of Jiaogou (now Jiuhe). Because the village is the birthplace of China's coal industry, has long been the source of Hedong's "coal capital" and "fireworks ancient road", zhou is directly under the jurisdiction of the Jin Dynasty, the northern Wei dynasty belongs to the jurisdiction of Dai County, since the Sui Dynasty, there are as many as 16 temples that can be examined, there are many very old temples, such as the Xingma Temple of Xingma Mountain, the Shenwanggou Buddha Temple (moved to ShenxianLing in the Qing Dynasty), the two Old Buddha Jade Emperor Temples in The East and West Villages of Jiaogou, the Laojun Temple of Niuwangshan, etc. Among them, the Jade Emperor Temple in Dongcun Village of Jiaogou was created for the Northern Wei Tuoba temple, the Tang Wuzong was expanded to the Jade Emperor Temple, and the Old Buddha Jade Emperor was juxtaposed with the main hall since Tang Xuanzong, and the whole temple followed the ancient system, all of which were wood carved gods, and Qinyi was unique. (For details, see the text of "Overview of ancient temples in Jiaogou Village")

Li Zheng, the chief emcee, the flag bearer, and the band followed the Jade Emperor's driving ceremony.

The chief emcee is also dressed in black, the jacket is a "dragon coat" with a short front and a long back, which looks like a horse coat from the front, and looks like a robe from the back, which is a collared and sleeveless "kai".

The following A (Society) are all carved with wood dragon gods, sorted by the size of the Dragon God (referring to the time of the construction of the temple, the ancient temples have births, and there are complicated procedures for inducing the gods and giving souls), and the internal order of each A (Society) is: Dragon God, First Master, Flag Bearer, Drum Music, Dancer, Prayer. All the personnel were covered with willow branches and carrying dry food, and they marched from the Dingtou River Beach through Qinshui County to Bifeng Mountain.

4. Pick up the gods and cross the city. The rain prayer procession marched to the west gate of the county seat, and the county order and the retinue met the gods at the city gate according to the agreement. The soap servant laid the straw mat on the ground in front of the statue of the Jade Emperor, and the county grand master knelt on the ground to worship, and the other entourage followed the place to kneel and pray, performing the ritual of three kneeling and nine kowtows.

Li Bi, joining the team, was located behind the Jade Emperor's driving ceremony, Li zheng accompanied the trip, and the county ordered the entourage to follow into the city. Passing through the county seat, officials of various departments of the county and businesses along the street burned incense and bowed down on the side of the street to greet the gods. Exit the north gate of the county town and cross the river up the mountain.

5. Pray for rain.

After reaching the North Mountain Spirit Spring, the gods are arranged in order.

The Chief Emcee is in place.

Make offerings and make offerings.

The county grand master and the chief celebrant burn candles and incense.

Greet Kagura and play "Welcome Cyclamen".

Perform the first gift, play "Joy and Affection", and offer the community goods.

Read the greetings. Written by county order. It reads to the effect that:

On a certain day in a certain month of a certain year, Qinshui County ordered X.X.X., before the supreme Jade Emperor, you are the Lord of the Three Realms, ruling the gods, the rise and fall of all things, the auspicious and the rich are under your control. I have been in drought for a long time, and the people's hearts are afraid, if anything is wrong, I should bear it alone. The ignorance of the people, I hope you have a lot of sea. Pray that you will send the gods to rain! Lay down the grain, fertilize the livestock, we will first pay homage to you.

The Son of Heaven worships the gods of heaven and earth and the mountains and rivers under the heavens, the kingdoms, famous provinces, prefectures and counties worship the mountains and gods within the territory, and the common people worship their ancestors and the gods of the community. The gifts of the upper and lower levels have their own orders.

The Emperor's Grace still remembers that there are no ghosts and gods in the underworld, and once died for unknown reasons for the living people, such lonely souls were destined to sacrifice to the Lord.

Now that so and so dare not violate it, hereby set up an altar in the north of the city, and to prepare a special sacrifice for livestock and soup today, and the spirits will not be ignorant and will enjoy this sacrifice forever. Whoever is in the territory of our county, if there are those who disobey filial piety and disrespect the six relatives, those who commit fraud and hypocrisy and do not fear the public law, those who bully the good and the good by making a mistake, those who evade their servants and rely on the damage to poor households, like this stubborn and treacherous and evil person, God will repay the city god and expose his deeds, and he will not be called a good citizen at the light end, and he will not be called a good citizen; if he is serious, he will be hanged in vain and will not be allowed to return to the countryside. If the matter is not revealed, it will be punished by the insidious punishment, so that the whole family will be infected with plague, and the silkworms of the six animals will be unfavorable. If there are filial pieties to their parents, harmonious relatives, fear of the government, obedience to the law of etiquette, non-misconduct, and goodness and integrity, God will reach the city of god, and protect him with yin and blessing, so that his family will be peaceful, the order of farming, and his parents and wives will keep the village. I and other officials and people in Hexian County, such as those who deceive the imperial court, those who deceive the good and the good, those who are greedy for money and cheat, who abuse the government and harm the people, who are selfless in their spirits, and who are all rewarded. In this way, the ghosts and gods have the insight to discern, and the government is not a sacrifice of slander. Shangyi!

The first paragraph of the blessing text is the content of the greeting, and the last paragraph is a persuasive text that reflects the personal tendencies of the county at that time.

After reading, le re-compose, county order retirement. Li Zheng and Jia (She) took their seats and performed the gift of Ya. Juya offered music and played "Shou Nanshan".

Li Zheng represents a prayer.

The Emperor Qiyu said:

The Three Realms Gods stood on either side, and the Jade Emperor sat in the middle.

The people of the Northern King Sanli prayed, and smoke grew in the dry land for a long time.

Pray to the Jade Emperor to issue a jade decree to make the gods rain and sweetness.

Good rain into the soil to moisten the grass, and then prostrate the grace of God to offer pigs and sheep.

Praying for the Dragon King:

The sky panicked, and there was a dragon king in the four seas.

Guangqin Shunrun is very powerful, and drought and flood are in his hands.

Pray for the favor of the Dragon King, and all the rain will help Fan Yang.

Wait until the harvest is full of grain, kill the animals and sing the xie dragon king.

There are many prayers, and there is no elaboration. In between, prayers or drums are alternately repeated. The music still includes "Shou Nanshan" and "Chao Tianzi".

After all the procedures are completed, the rainfall is finally checked. After the incense is burned and handed over, the person holding the water hyacinth takes the water from the spiritual spring three times and pours it around. After that, a paper bucket is rolled with a yellow table, soaked in an empty bottle after splashing water, and when it is small, it is taken out to view the humidity to check the amount of rain. If you are not satisfied, ask until you are satisfied. Usually for one day, there are also many pleadings for two days.

After praying for rain, Li Zheng and the chief celebrant led the people to perform the final offering. The music is played "Putian Music". Ceremony, withdrawal of sacrifice, return.

6. Return. Still queued back in the order in which they came. When passing through the county seat, the county order and the county government personnel, businesses, and people have to pay their respects on the street, and after leaving Xiguan, each village (community) returns to the village on its own.

Rain prayers were cancelled after liberation.

Third, an alternative extension of the folk custom of praying for rain

After thousands of years of evolution, the folk custom of praying for rain in Northern Wang Sanli has continuously improved the organizational strength and cohesion of the people of Northern Wang Sanli, and has become a frequent area of peasant uprisings in the history of Qinshui, and has become a matter of great trouble for qinshui county to control Qinshui in successive dynasties. Although the Qinshui County Chronicle of the past generations avoids such events, it is indoctrinated. However, li youjing of the Tang Dynasty was still handed down by historical events such as the peasant revolt, the Jin Dynasty Fushan Resistance to Jin Juyi, the Qing Dynasty Hou Fawang smashing salt merchants, and the Republic of China's Xinghe villagers' anti-frame donations. The 1987 edition of the "Chronicle of Qinshui County" records that "the people of Northern Wang Sanli (Shitang, Liangzhuang, and Xingyu) were upright in nature, and there were many peasant uprisings in history", which is a summary summary of this historical fact.

In the summer of 1948, it was the last rain prayer in the history of the people of the Xinghe River. Since then, due to the destruction of feudal superstitions, the gradual popularization of scientific knowledge, and the enlightenment of people's wisdom, the folk customs of praying for rain in the Northern King Sanli have come to an end and entered history.

Through the "Northern King Sanli Praying Rain Folk Customs" and "Baihuajian River Rain Praying Folk Customs", and the rain praying folk customs of Yicheng Nanliang and Dahe, we Qinshui villagers also participate in the historical facts, and it is not difficult for us to see: the close connection between Qinshui and Hedong.

Qinshui's natural endowment of "the highland that controls the handle of Hedong's security" and the gift of charcoal, iron ore and clay that meet the original mining conditions make Qinshui an unparalleled natural treasure.

Yao Shun Yu Xia, Jin Guo Xiongba, etc., these glorious Chinese ancestors and civilizations followed, so that Qinshui had the honor of becoming "Tang Yao Ancient Land", "Chinese Five Thousand Years Civilization Flame Igniter", "Yao Shun Yu Xia and the Jin Dynasty Gyeonggi Heavy Land", "China's Agricultural Civilization Pioneer Land".

And what shocked me was why our ancient "Qinshui County Chronicle" did not record these histories in the county chronicle? How come we have not embodied such a lofty historical glory as Qinshui? What a pity to completely bury such a glorious history as our "core area of Chinese civilization"!

I am proud of the land that gave birth to me, and I am sad that this land is dusted. Whenever I see words such as "Qinshui ancient is Duanshidi" and "Qinshui is named because of the Qin River" in relevant articles, I always feel uncomfortable because he mistakenly embodies the history of Qinshui.

Even if we have taken the ancient history of Qinshui, we are the highlands that control the security of Hedong, this is a natural design, who can shake it?! The history of tang yao ancient land, the original country of the first seal, the Jin state of Gyeonggi heavy land we do not want, to drag the "Duanshi ju", a backward Hedong civilization of nearly 1700 years of primitive settlement, the tail of the Jin state, it is really crying and laughing.

We should be proud that we are the highlands that control the security of Hedong, and we should raise the banner of "the flame lighter of China's five-thousand-year civilization" high!

(In the near future, I will publish a companion article to "Examination of the History of "Qinshui" Place Names" and "Qinshui Ancient Original Country and Former Bo Ancient City", please pay attention to it)