In order to support Ukraine, the famous Polish football star Lewandowski changed the armband on his arm to the style of the Ukrainian flag, which caused great attention and repercussions in the international community, so the question is, is there any intimate relationship between Poland and Ukraine in addition to being neighbors?
Also, as we said in the last episode, Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians were originally from one family, that is, the East Slavs, one of the three barbarian tribes in Europe, who should be closer in blood than Poland and Ukraine, so why did they later embark on the road of differentiation?
The reason for this was the invasion of the mighty Mongol Iron Horse in the twelfth century.
The Mongol conquest of Ancient Rus' including russian-Ukrainian territory took less than five years...
In 1235 AD, the Great Mongol Khan Wokoutai convened the "Kuritai Assembly" and agreed that the elders of the various clan kings would command the army to conquer Chincha (a Turkic tribe in the northern part of the Caspian Black Sea), Horos (Rus), Boljeel (Poland), and Mazar (Hungary). Battus was the head of the kings, so he led the general Subutai and the four great kings: Baidar (second son of Chagatai), Hedan (the sixth son of Wokoutai), Guiyu (the eldest son of Wokoutai) and Meng Ge (the eldest son of Toray), and others, and launched the second western expedition of the Mongols.
Among them, Subutai was a heavy general during the first western expedition in 1219, which can be described as an old horse knowing the way. In the spring of 1236, it was he who took the lead and led an army to suddenly attack the city of Briar.
In the spring of the following year, Möngke attacked Chincha, removing obstacles to the invasion of the ancient Rus' states. In the winter of that year, the Mongols whirled into the Rus' territory from the east, attacked the eastern Rus' city of Ryazan, and killed the Grand Duke of Ryazan and his wife.
In the winter of 1240 AD, the Mongols took advantage of the freezing of the rivers and rivers to launch a major attack on the Rus' states. Liank Moscow, Kiev, destroyed their cities. After five years of conquest, the region of Ancient Rus, with the exception of Novgorod and part of Western Rus', was conquered by the Mongols.
Many people ask why, after the conquest of Rus, Batu did not continue his western expedition until he reached the end of all of Europe...
In the spring of 1240 AD, the Battus army was divided into two routes, and the Northern Route Army completely annihilated the combined polish and Germanic forces at the Battle of Rignitz, and then joined forces at the Sayo River, annihilating the Hungarian army of 60,000 and trapping the capital of the Hungarian kingdom, Pest.
At this time, the troops of the Battusian conscription army had reached the outskirts of Vienna in Central Europe, and the whole of Europe was trembling and trembling.
But at this crucial moment, in the winter of 1241, the Great Khanate of the Four Great Mongol Khanates died at the age of fifty-six. Before his death, Wokoutai did not deal with the problem of succession, his eldest son Guiyu, the second son Kuoduan, and the third son Kuozu were involved in the dispute, because it involved a series of problems, and the chief of the kings, Batu, also had to return to the master, and because of this, he saved the fate of the entire Europe under the iron hooves of the Mongols. (@Takeshi Tieli This may be the so-called fate should not be extinguished.) ）
Finally, with the full support of Battus, Tuolei's son Möngke succeeded to the Khanate after Wokoutai. The following year, in 1242, Batu returned to fiefdom and established the famous Golden Horde. However, Meng Ge intended to go to the Southern Song Dynasty (he himself died in Diaoyu City), and had no intention of making another big expedition to the west.
Batu, the heir of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Shuchi, but because of his bloodline, he could not become the Great Khan of all Mongolia
In fact, Batu, like Möngke, was also the grandson of Genghis Khan and the head of the kings, but he was doomed to the throne of the Great Khan. This is because of blood.
Genghis Khan and his empress Dowager Erti had four sons, namely Shuchi, Chagatai, Wokoutai and Tuolei. The fourth is Guo Jing's Mongolian Anda in Jin Yong's magnum opus "The Legend of the Archery Hero". The second and third elders and Temujin have similar personalities, while the eldest son Shuchi is more unusual, because soon after Bo Er tian got married, he was snatched away by the Tatar tribe and occupied for nine months, Shuchi was conceived in Tatar, born with a stain, and when he grew up, he could not help but be a little silent and introverted.
However, Genghis Khan was worthy of the talent and grandeur, and he did not care about the red blood vein. History records that Genghis Khan only lamented that he was weak at that time, failed to protect his beloved woman, and felt very guilty in his heart, and since then he loved Bo Erti even more, and he also regarded Shu Chi as his own flesh and blood, without any discrimination. When Genghis Khan was about to die, he also divided the entire empire into four pieces, with four sons holding one piece each, that is, the four great khanates, and the total scoop was the most popular nest. According to the rules of the Mongols' young sons to keep the stove, the strongest army gave the fourth son Tuolei.
In the thirteenth century, the reign of Battus became a watershed, and Russia and Ukraine began to gradually diverge
But as the eldest son, shuchi was divided into the Khanate of Chincha, the westernmost part of the Mongol lands, north of Khwarazm, "up to wherever the Mongol horseshoe went." "It's a reasonable but marginal disposition."
Shu Chi's wife is called Wu Qixu Zhen Ke Dun. Batu was her second son, who was born to Shuchi. In 1225, Shuchi died two years before Genghis Khan, and after his death, his eldest son generously allowed his second brother, Batu, to inherit The Khanship and fiefdom of Shuchi. He then led his army in the Eastern Expedition to the West for decades, and died on the Volga River in 1256 at the age of forty-eight.
The Mongol army under the command of Batu was brave and good at war, and could win the world at once, but it was not as good at governing the world as it was in war. For a long time after his rule, the Northeastern Rus' (today's predominantly Russian) was under stricter Mongol rule, and the Southwest Rus' (predominantly in present-day Ukraine) was nominally a vassal of the Mongols and had to pay tribute to the Mongols, but was relatively less influenced by the Mongols. Since then, Southwest Rus and Northeast Rus have begun to embark on different development paths.
In the thirteenth century, Lithuania, rising next to the Baltic Sea, captured the beautiful city of Kiev
In a poll of Russians, the country that disgusted them the most was not the United States, but Lithuania, a country that was inconspicuous in the international community.
Lithuania, the least favorable of the Russians, originated on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, and just as the Mongols dominated Eastern Europe, Lithuania gradually formed a feudal state and began to expand southward.
Around the middle of the 13th century, Lithuania produced a young and ambitious Grand Duke, Gediminas, who during his reign conquered most of Belarus and one part of Ukraine.
In 1362, the successor Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gil Ardas, defeated the mongol golden Horde's army and seized the Principality of Kiev from the Mongols. At this time, the small country of Lithuania was transformed into a country dominated by Orthodox Rus' people. But the Lithuanian rulers themselves embraced polytheism.
The Grand Duke of Lithuania married the Queen of Poland, and the Principality of Poland and Lithuania ruled Ukraine completely
In the fierceness of the Mongols and the rise of Lithuania, the master of most of Ukraine was a branch of the Ancient Rus' army, the Duchy of Galic-Warren, the excellent leader Daniel was doing everything he could to defend their territory, he had to submit to the Mongols, but also constantly tried to reduce the Influence of Mongolia on the western Ukraine, but unfortunately the front door refused the tiger, the back door led the wolf, shortly after his death, his royal descendants were cut off, and the tide of Poles infiltrated from the west in large numbers.
The decisive event occurred in 1385, when the Grand Duke of Lithuania married the Queen of Poland and through this marriage united the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom.
More than a hundred years later, in 1569, the two kingdoms formally merged, known as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and completely ruled Ukraine.
Poland-Lithuania was a Catholic state that could not tolerate Orthodox Christianity, but could not eliminate the Orthodox influence of the ancient Rus' national faith, which led to the creation of the "Eastern Catholic Church" in 1596, stipulating that believers could follow orthodox rituals, but must obey the leadership of the Roman Catholic Emperor. In this regard, the Eastern Ukrainians denounced it as a separatist sect and a traitorous sect and refused to join. Many people in western Ukraine have converted to this new religion, so the establishment of the Eastern Catholic Church has objectively caused religious divisions in Ukraine, and the consequences are still difficult to eliminate.
The steady growth of Northeast Rus' from the Grand Duchy of Moscow to the Russian Empire
The word "Ukraine", which originated around the 16th century, is the East Slavic word for border, frontier, frontier area. It refers to the border between the Polish-Lithuanian state and the northeast Rus' border. Taking the region as the name of the clan, it can be seen that in these centuries, the influence of Poland and Lithuania on the southwest Rus' and the status and religious beliefs of the southwest Rus' have undergone great changes.
In stark contrast to the fall of Southwest Rus' and loss of self, during the same period, Northeast Rus' gradually formed a unified, independent, and powerful state centered on Moscow.
The landmark event was that in 1472 AD, Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, married Sophia, the last princess of the Eastern Roman Empire, and from then on began to present himself as Roman orthodox and third Rome.
In 1477, the Muscovite Principality conquered Novgorod and unified the Northeastern Rus' territory. Three years later, in 1480, the Muscovite Principality successfully expelled the Mongols and achieved Rus' independence.
The idea that the Muscovite principality represented Rus' orthodoxy (i.e., Russia) gradually took shape.
The illustrious Golden Horde lasted for 43 generations of khans and fell to the Muscovite Principality in 1502. But the Mongols ruled Russia for more than 260 years.
Due to intermarriage and cultural influences, Russians also have a clear imprint of Mongolian ancestry and civilization. So there is a European proverb: "Peel off the skin of a Russian, and you will see a Mongol under the skin", which also makes a more obvious difference between Russians and Ukrainians.
After the overthrow of the Golden Horde, the Muscovite Principality continued to grow stronger, and in 1547, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan IV, proclaimed himself "Tsar of Russia" and declared himself the orthodox of the Ancient Rus.
Since then, the Russian tsarist power has expanded day by day, to the west, Russia encroached on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Catholic Knights states, and to the east, opened up Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. The sad scene in Chinese's memory was also staged at this time.
In 1721, Tsar Peter I of Russia began to call himself "Emperor" and the Russian Empire was formally established. It was not until October 25, 1917 (the Russian calendar, according to the Gregorian calendar as November 7, 1917 AD), that the great "October Revolution" was fired and the Red Soviet Union was born.
It is precisely because of the increasing strength of Russia after the liberation of Mongolia that the world has since mentioned Rus (Russia), usually referring to the Russian Empire with Moscow and St. Petersburg as its capital. The presence of Southwest Rus' or Ukraine was almost completely obliterated.
But one thing that will never be lost is that before the arrival of the Mongols, the Ukrainian Russian Belarusians were originally from the same source.