Tour of important ancient tombs in the Changzhi area

Tour of important ancient tombs in the Changzhi area

"Vicissitudes" 2008.05 Yang Yanying

Abstract By describing the general situation of the tombs of the Changzhi dynasties, this paper has certain significance for interpreting the deceased history of the Shangdang region from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and understanding the cosmology, morality, customs, customs and habits, burial customs and evolution trajectory of the Shangdang people of the past.

I. Tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Chi Di Duo Chenzi (Mid-Spring and Autumn Period)

In 1972, excavations and cleansing in the Changzhi watershed area can be inferred from the excavations as the tomb of a certain Duochenzi, and the southeastern part of Jin was occupied by the Five Departments of Chidi in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, and Changzhi was occupied by Duochen, one of the Five Departments.

The tomb is 22 degrees east-north, the entrance is rectangular in plan, and the lower part of the tomb has a wooden rafter chamber. The wood has decayed, leaving only the board ash. There is a wooden coffin, each of which is rectangular, the coffin jacket rafters, all of which have decayed, the bottom of the coffin is paved with a layer of cinnabar, and the skeleton inside the coffin is a skeleton, the head is north, male.

The burial utensils are relatively rich, mainly bronze ware, there are more than 150 pieces, most of which are placed in the rafter space outside the wooden rafters. Among them, the containers are mostly placed at the north end of the west side of the wooden rafters, and there are 25 pieces of Ding, Mane, Dun, square pot and so on. The musical instruments are placed at the south end of the west side of the wooden rafter, and there are brass chimes and stone chimes, a total of 28 pieces. The weapons are placed on the east side of the wooden rafters, and there are 37 pieces of go, spears, and hammers. The carriage and horse ware are placed at the northern end of the wooden rafter, and there are 39 pieces of jurisdiction, collar, ring and so on. The ornaments are placed in the coffin, including 12 pieces of jade bi and jade huang. Other lacquerware, shellfish, silicon and so on.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the relationship between Chi Di and Jin was extremely complicated, the Jin state was hegemonic from The Duke of Wen, the Gong gong was expanding its territory, and the five parts of the Chi Di were under siege like an isolated island in the Juhai Sea. The two sides were constantly at war, and in 588 BC Chi Di was basically annexed by the Jin. From the tomb shape system, burial style, burial varieties, combinations, etc., we can understand the relationship between Chidi and Jin at that time, because from the characteristics of the excavated bronze ceremonial vessels, it was not made by Chidi, but gathered here through plunder, exchange, gifts and other means. However, its ritual system of using Ding was similar to that of the Jin Dynasty, and the consistency of the archaeological and cultural appearance of chidi and the Jin state also reflected the integration of the peoples at that time.[1]

Second, there are two Han tombs: the hollow brick tomb of the Han Dynasty in Shenxia Village, Changzhi City, and the Shanhua Han Tomb in Lucheng City

1. Kamishita Village Han Tomb. This is a hollow brick tomb, discovered in 1985, collected from the villagers' yard one by one, and restored. The structure of this tomb is exquisite, the top of the tomb is made of 25 hollow bricks, divided into three rows, from the sides to the middle, in a trapezoidal shape, the two ends, lintels and back walls are connected with triangular bricks. The tomb door is two complete hollow bricks with carved heads on them. In the middle of the rear wall there is a pattern of animal heads, with deer heads on the top and bats on the bottom, to show "Fluke Double Complete". The patterns and patterns on the hollow bricks include five-baht coins, lotus flowers, geometric patterns, etc. Such tombs are found less in the Changzhi area, and are even less commonly preserved.

2. Lucheng Shanhua Han Tomb. Excavated in 1984, the tomb plane is divided into an anterior chamber, a rear chamber, and an east and west ear chamber. The front chambers are domed, and the other rooms are the tops. This change in the top of the tomb means that the idea of imitating the structure of heaven and earth in the burial chamber is gradually produced and perfected. The so-called "man law earth, earth law heaven." [2] Imitating the four squares of heaven and earth, and introducing the concept of the universe of the four sides of heaven and earth into all human activities, it was formed in the pre-Qin period and was widely popularized in the Han Dynasty. In addition, the idea of the five elements of yin and yang became a popular ideological and theoretical system in society after the Western Han Dynasty. Cosmic phenomena explained by the five elements of yin and yang form the basis of people's cosmology. It is combined with the myths passed down from ancient times to improve people's understanding of the nature of the universe, which is manifested in tombs, "up to the heavens, down to the flat earth", resulting in tomb forms with symbolic heaven and earth significance, such as coupon domes and domes. Under the guidance of this kind of thinking, the domed tombs that symbolize the four sides of heaven and earth have occupied a considerable number of tomb buildings in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and are the main forms of tomb architecture used by upper- and middle-class society.

The burial materials of this tomb are mainly pottery, and each clay pot contains different foods, such as wheat, soybeans, grains and other food crops.

3. Tomb of Tang Lidu

In 1987, it was excavated in the Jianhua Community on the western outskirts of Changzhi City. The tomb is a domed brick chamber tomb, with a direction of 205 degrees, consisting of a tomb passage, a tomb door, and a burial chamber. The tomb door is on the south side of the burial chamber, at the top of the ticket. The tomb chamber is rounded square, the four walls are convex, the tomb wall is made of bricks three flat and one vertical masonry into four groups, and the upper tomb roof is changed to staggered flat brick, and the dome is harvested layer by layer. The interior floor is tiled with strips of bricks one horizontally and one vertically. The coffin, placed on an east-west trapezoidal earthen coffin on the north side of the burial chamber, has decayed. The coffin bed is side-by-side with two skeletons to the north and south. The tombstone excavated in the middle of the tomb is a combination, the top of the tomb is covered, and a beast head is carved in the middle, which can be seen from the "Inscription of the Tomb of Li Jun of the Tang Dynasty", which is the joint burial of husband and wife and their lives. All kinds of clay figurines in the tomb have been soaked into mud blocks, and the shape is not distinguished. Only the 5 celadon jars around the epitaph, the three-colored duck figurine placed under the east wall, and the copper spoon, copper chopsticks, and bone gui plate remain in place. Among them, the three-colored duck figurine is shaped like a young girl holding a duck-shaped pot sitting on a corset-shaped pier, which can be used as an artistic masterpiece in the burial items of tang tombs in the Shangdang area [3].

Changzhi Tang Dynasty tombs can be divided into three types, namely earthen cave tombs, single-chamber brick tombs and double-chamber brick tombs. The shape of the tomb is nearly straight-backed knife-shaped. The brick chamber tombs are all rectangular Jomon brick construction, domed, single room, the tomb floor is curved square, the bottom of the tomb is paved with bricks. The tomb doors are open on the south wall of the burial chamber. Coffins are commonly used, but most tombs do not have coffin beds, only a few brick platforms or broken bricks are built at the bottom of the coffin to support the coffin, and those who have coffin beds are only built into brick platforms the size of coffins or as earthen coffins. And there are records of the tomb owner's life, status and official position of the chronicle epitaph unearthed, from the epitaph text to see the identity of the tomb owner is mostly the local aristocratic bureaucrats and landlords in various periods of the Tang Dynasty, at the same time, the burial items that reflect the identity and status of the tomb owner are also extremely rich.

4. Three Song tombs: the Song Tomb in Beiguan Village, Lucheng City, the Song Tomb in Xibaitu Village, and the Song Tomb in Wang Zhuang

1. Song Tomb in Beiguan Village, Lucheng City. Excavated in 1993, the brick chamber tomb was built for imitation wood, facing north and south. The tomb is rectangular in shape, the tomb roof is dome-shaped, the ground is built with a brick platform of The Sumire Seat, the upper and lower railings are carved with a ribbon of leaning and covering lotus, and the middle corset part is divided into a frame with bricks, and every interval is inlaid with a piece of figure brick carving.

The south wall, in the middle is the tomb door Yongdao, the door is arched, and the symmetrical octagonal columns on both sides of the door are built. The second room is built with symmetrical square broken windows. On the north wall, there is a plate door in the middle, four door hairpins on the front of the door, and an anvil on the lower railing of the door. Masonry columns on both sides of the door. In the second room, one window was built. The east and west walls are the same structure. Beware of the slab door between the walls. Four square door hairpins are built on the upper part of the door forehead. The upper part of the door is engraved with a turtle back pattern, and the lower part is a ruyi pattern.

The lower corset brick carvings are arranged in order of east, north and west with 24 filial piety stories, such as Cao E, Zhu Shouchang, Yang Xiang, Zhong You, Cai Shun, Wang Xiang, Dong Yong, Guo Ju, Han Boyu, Lao Laizi, Lu Ji, Meng Zong, Tan Zi, Bao Shan, Ding Lan, and Zeng Shan. The brick carving adopts the form of intaglio line engraving, with smooth lines, accurate character portrayal and realistic image.

The entire burial chamber is painted in a painted manner throughout. The four walls of the burial chamber are painted horizontally and vertically with black, white, red, yellow and other colors. The arches of the pillars are painted with painted paintings.

The four walls of the bucket arch structure are the same, and the brick carved pillar foundation on the corset seat is carved with lotus petals. The columns are octagonal in shape, and the columns are built with single copy and four paving as bucket arches. Make the arch scatter bucket built with hidden wood. The upper part is a fu with a cornice, and the rafters are built on the top, and the tiles are laid on the top. Then layer by layer of bricks to form a dome.

This tomb imitates the wooden architectural structure, and only the forehead is used on both sides of the pillar head of the tomb, and the practice of not setting up Pu Baifang is exemplified in the main hall of the Nanchan Temple and the East Hall of foguang Temple in Wutaishan, Shanxi, which shows that this practice retains the style of Tang Dynasty architecture. In addition, judging from the practice of the arch of the Chinese arch at the mouth of the bucket, the rolling part is obviously slashed into a circular curl. The head that protrudes from the middle of the arch is made in the shape of a splitting bamboo. This practice was built on the ground for the early Song Dynasty.[4]

2. Song Tomb of West White Rabbit Village. Excavated in 1995, it is a stone tomb with imitation wood structure. The entire burial chamber is made of sand and stone after being carved and carved. The burial chamber is nearly square in plan. It is made of a corseted waist. The upper and lower parts are carved with stone strips of lotus petals, and the middle is made of strip-shaped boxes, each frame is engraved with a beast, and recognizable patterns such as dogs, sheep, cattle and peony flowers are recognizable. There is a platform of 0.32 meters left on the throne of Meru. A four-wall structure is built on the platform.

The south wall is equipped with a tomb door (the door panel has been taken out of the tomb), the door is made of strips of stone to form a ticket hole arched door, the stone door panel is a four-headed head, engraved with a skirt board, the skirt board is carved with flowers such as curly grass, peony and sea pomegranate. The middle waist rail is engraved with a folded branch peony pattern. The upper edges of the door panels are engraved with text. On each side of the tomb door is a symmetrical broken window. On the north wall, there is an ear chamber in the middle, and the two sides of the ear chamber have been built with windows. On the east wall, an ear chamber is built, and there is a symmetrical broken window on each side. The west wall, built with two ear chambers, has the same shape. The two chambers are separated by stone slabs. In the middle of the sculpture is a broken window. The window shape is the same as that of the other wall windows.

The four walls of the tomb are carved with imitation wooden bucket arches, which are paved with four. The practice is that there are no columns on the four walls of the Sumire Throne, and a dragon head is carved in the corner of the northeast wall. The arches are covered with cornices, cornices and tiles.

The top masonry method of the tomb is to use half a circular stone to erect opposites on the east and west sides, with a green dragon painted in the east and a white tiger painted in the west. The north and south sides are made of stone blocks, and the "Twenty-Eight Astrological Charts" are painted on them.

The four walls of the burial chamber are brushed with white ash, followed by painted paintings and frescoes.

The south wall is painted with filial piety. The north wall is painted with a picture of the story of Filial Piety. In the middle of the east wall, a figure of offering to the flying sky is painted, the left side is painted with a picture of a unicorn, and the right side is painted with a picture of a fairy sheep, and several auspicious clouds are painted around it. The two sides of the door of this wall ear chamber are painted with servants. The filial piety figure in the blank space on both sides is no longer clear. The west wall is the same as the east wall.

The paintings of green dragons, white tigers, and "Twenty-Eight Astrological Charts" in the murals have a lot to do with the five elements of yin and yang that prevailed in the folk at that time. The depictions of sacred beasts such as the offering of flying heavens, immortal sheep, and unicorns are inseparable from the architectural system at that time and the influence of local ground architecture. The story of filial piety and the funeral diagram are prominently placed on the north and south walls of the tomb, which undoubtedly reflects the deep influence of the social and ethical thought of the Song Dynasty at that time and the stubbornness of local funeral customs and habits [5]. A large number of twenty-four filial pieties appear in tombs, which is actually believed by the ancients to have the function of exorcising evil spirits. "Chu Ci Summoning Souls" believes that there are various monsters underground. When the tomb is buried in the ground, it is always inevitable that they will be threatened by various threats, so they have to take some measures to place them in the tomb with the use of filial piety, town tomb beasts, epitaphs, town tomb lead coupons, town tomb pottery bottles, etc., with the help of the above words, Taoist symbols, lead and white ash to achieve the purpose of disarming.

3. Tomb of Wang Zhuang Song. Excavated in 1988, it is an imitation wooden structure, the burial chamber is nearly square, and the tomb roof is dome-shaped. On the ground, a brick platform is built with a sumire, and the edges of the upper and lower rails are carved with a ribbon of leanings and lotuses, and the middle corset is divided into a frame with bricks. Each of them is inlaid with brick carvings. Four corners and four columns between the walls. The four bunks on the fang are used as bucket arches.

Tomb mural: The four walls highlight the four gods, and the four gods are the four gods who guard the four directions and expel the evil gods. The "Three Auxiliary Yellow Figures" say: Green Dragon, White Tiger, Suzaku, Xuanwu, the Four Spirits of Heaven, with the four squares. Also known as the Four Houses, the Four Elephants, or the Four Spirits, it is the name of the twenty-eight stars. This is in line with the ancient continental observance of the celestial movements of the celestial phenomena. The south wall is a picture of the breath of life of pounding rice and pushing and milling. There are attendants painted next to each ear room. The east and west walls are painted with flying figures.

5. There are two yuan tombs: the yuan tomb of the Changzhi City Urban Construction Bureau and the yuan tomb of the horse-catching village

1. The Yuan Tomb of Changzhi Urban Construction Bureau. Discovered in 2001, it is an imitation wood structure, the burial chamber is nearly square, and the tomb roof is dome-shaped. There are no pillars on the four walls of the tomb, only the column head part is revealed, and the corner bucket arch is also used as a pillar head bucket arch. Above the bucket arch is the eaves section. A rafter is carved from a strip of brick, on which tiles and dripping water are made, and then the four corners of the tomb wall are formed into an arc, and gradually adducted into a dome.

The murals in the tomb are painted on both sides of the false doors of the north, east and west walls, and each wall is painted with two people, both male and female attendants, symmetrical left and right, and different shapes. The costumes of the waitresses are all wearing cardigans, and from the headdress costumes, they are typical of the women's costumes of the Jin Dynasty; and the costumes of the male attendants in the north wall are dressed in the Style of the Yuan Dynasty.

2. Capture the horse village yuan tomb. Excavated in 1983, the burial chamber was nearly square in plan and built of strip bricks. The north, east and west walls of the burial chamber are made of coffin beds, and the bed walls are upright. The walls are masonry with columns separated by stigmas. The pillar head is crossed with Pubai Fang, and the fang is set up with a grasshopper shaped head, and the bucket arch is made to hang the head. The four corners of the burial chamber are masonry pillars. The corner bucket arch is also used as a stigma bucket arch. Above the bucket arch is the eaves section. A rafter is carved from a strip of brick, on which tiles and dripping water are made, and then the four corners of the tomb wall are formed into an arc, and gradually adducted into a dome.

There are many ink book inscriptions in the tomb, and from the inscriptions, it can be known that it is the joint burial tomb of Yang Cheng and Shen Shi.

There are fewer burial items in the tomb, and only 1 piece of white porcelain lamp is produced.

The frescoes in the burial chamber are well preserved. The two sides of the tomb door on the south wall originally appeared to be painted with tent racks and draped curtains, and the rest of the part has been blurred. The west, north and east walls are stories of filial piety and handmaidens. This tomb mural painting technique is a method of outlining and rendering that has been popular since the Tang and Song dynasties. The costumes of the two male and female attendants in the fresco are painted in light and dark blue, not ochre yellow. The male attendant wears a hat and black boots on his feet. The waitress has no extravagant decorations. Hand-held utensils were also a common practice at the time. As recorded in the "History of the Yuan", "Shu people are not allowed to wear ochre yellow, but they are allowed to wear dark flowers and ramie silk Aya Luo Mao, hats are not allowed to be decorated with gold and jade, and boots are not allowed to be cut." Jewelry is allowed to use jade flowers, and gold and nobiles are used for each matter, but the earrings are made of gold beads and silver. The wine vessel is allowed to use a silver pot bottle table cup, and the rest is forbidden to "match." The image and costume of the waiter in the mural resembles that of the Mongols, but is mixed with stories of filial piety, reflecting the integration of Mongolian and Han cultures at that time.[6]

6. There are three golden tombs, the north stone groove golden tomb in Changzhi City, the southern golden tomb, and the golden tomb in Guzhang Village

1. North Stone Trough Golden Tomb of Changzhi City. Discovered in 1988, it is an imitation wooden building structure, the burial chamber is square, and the opening is large. The dome is dome-shaped. The partition door of the north wall is the characteristic of this tomb, four partitions, and the pattern carved on the door is turtle back pattern and autumn wind partition eye pattern. Kinyo Kokisaku. Very local.

2. Nantrijin Tomb of Changzhi City. Discovered in 1965, a brick chamber tomb was built for imitation wood. The plan of the tomb is octagonal, octagonal and eight columns, four paved as bucket arches, and the tomb roof is dome-shaped.

The main chamber of the tomb is decorated with painted paintings commonly used in the Song and Jin dynasties. The north wall, for the tomb owner couple sitting picture. The south wall is the "Water and Land Festival Map", that is, the funeral map of monks and nuns, the so-called ghosts of all the transcendent water and land, and the puji six-way sentient beings. The east wall is a picture of the drinking feast. The west wall is a map of the receipt and delivery of belongings.

3. Golden Tomb of Guzhang Village, Changzhi City. Discovered in 1981, it is a brick chamber tomb with an imitation wood structure. The tomb consists of a passage, a tomb door, a main chamber and an east and west ear chambers. The tomb sits north to south, in a direction of 190 degrees. Rectangular vertical tomb passage, the east and west walls are made of old brick horizontal vertical barrier, in the burial passage fill there are fragments of pottery and broken bricks. Tomb door, semicircular arch ticket door. The burial chamber, the main chamber is nearly square, and the ear chamber is rectangular. The floors are paved with square bricks and strips of bricks.

The main chamber has four walls of imitation wood structure: four corners stand four columns, and the column head bucket arch is also used as a corner bucket arch obliquely out. The two pillars are crossed by Speber's fang, and the lower pillar is carved next to the finch. Between the two columns of each wall, there are two tweens, and there are twelve flowers in the four walls. The north wall arch is made for five shops as a single copy of the single down ang. The other three walls are paved with four single bucket arches. Above the arch is the cornice, the eaves are dripping, and the pointed walls are gradually stacked on top. North wall, front of the main chamber. A door and window are carved in the center, which is a four-headed partition door, and the partition door is symmetrical with sub-windows on both sides. On the door frame, there is an ink book under the Pu bai fang, which describes the living conditions of the tomb owner. East and west walls, the middle of the two walls is the ear chamber door. There are four square door hairpins on the front of the door. The doors are flanked by symmetrical windows. There is an inscription on the upper part of the arch of the middle ear chamber of the west wall, which may be the craftsman who built the tomb by the tomb owner or the painter.

The main chamber of the tomb is decorated with painted paintings commonly used in the Song and Jin dynasties. The murals are painted in a single line of white with a brush and then painted with pastels. Contents: On the south wall, each side of the door is painted with a god, the two pictures are basically the same, but the appearance is different. The facial expressions of the characters are deep and cold. The other three walls are painted with the story of "Twenty-Four Filial Pieties" Zhongyi. Each wall door is painted on two sides, and each picture is separated by a window. Twenty-two stories are painted on the three walls.

The tomb was followed by three people, including a porcelain pillow, five gray clay pots, a white porcelain bowl, and 89 pieces of currency.

7. Tomb of Huaihai Ming, Changzhi City

Discovered in 1987, the tomb is a rectangular cave-style brick chamber tomb. The tomb is painted with clouds, galaxies and windows.

8. Nanzhai Qing Tomb in Changzhi City

Discovered in 1997, the tomb is a rectangular cave-style brick chamber tomb. The tomb plan is rectangular, the east and west walls are the living customs map of the Changzhi area, and the north wall depicts the tiger of the town house.