In the 2022 Spring Festival movies, the "War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" is undoubtedly the biggest IP, and there are two movies alone - xu Ke's "Watergate Bridge" and Zhang Yimou's "Sniper".
It can be said that the two famous directors are at the peak of the showdown, and the stars are gathered.
With the release and popularity of the film, people have a deeper understanding of the spirit of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and the deeds of those ancestors are all touching.
But even so, many people still believe that the volunteer army can fight with the US army on the Korean battlefield by relying on the tactics of the sea of people; it is better to say that the volunteer army relies on the "spirit of not being afraid of death."
I have never been polite about such remarks
If the number of people alone can win, then the Indians should suppress the United States; if they can win the war without fear of death, the Boxers of that year can completely defeat the Eight-Power Alliance.
If the volunteer army had the same conditions and strength as the US army, the final result could only be an overwhelming victory of the volunteer army against the US army, even if "God Himself wore a helmet to participate in the war", the US army could only lose.
What are the advantages of the Volunteer Army over the U.S. Military?
Next, I will use the background of the movie "Sniper" - the "cold gun and cold artillery movement" launched by the Volunteer Army in the middle and late period of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea to dig deep into the superiority of the Volunteer Army.
Even if you are not interested in the military, it is recommended that you take a moment to be patient and read it. Because of the profound truth contained in it, it also has a very great guiding and reference significance for individuals' lives.
One
Is the combat effectiveness of the scattered troops necessarily inferior to that of a large formed unit? Modern military theory generally believes that only by combining into a whole can the strength of an army be brought into full play to the greatest extent.
Reducing the army to pieces is tantamount to "abolishing martial arts", which is a truth that any military commander understands.
The ancients called scattered armies "scattered soldiers" because they had no organizational discipline and only robbed the people. And once you encounter a regular army, the combat effectiveness is zero at all, and there is only a share of escape!
In 1917, the young Mao Zedong led students to disguise themselves as regular troops and repel 3,000 deserters who had attacked Changsha
However, the "cold gun and cold artillery campaign" carried out by the volunteer army in a discrete state once again taught the US military a lesson and left an indelible psychological shadow on the US army.
This cold gun and cold gun movement can be said to be the peak in the history of human guerrilla warfare.
Dating back to April 1951, the Fifth Campaign to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was fought near the 38th Parallel and continued until June.
During this nearly two-month campaign, both the Volunteer Army and the American Army invested a large number of troops, and the battle was very fierce.
In order to prevent the U.S. military from trying to go around the rear and carry out a three-sided attack, the volunteers still chose to intersperse the encirclement at the beginning.
But Ridgway, the new commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army" who succeeded MacArthur, quickly figured out the weakness of the Volunteer Army's "poor logistics."
Ridgway
Ridgway found that the supplies carried by the volunteers could only sustain our offensive for a week.
To this end, Ridgway invented the "magnetic method of warfare" in a targeted manner, that is, the US military relied on its mechanization advantage to directly retreat 30 kilometers every time the volunteer army launched an attack, and then suddenly launched a fierce counterattack after the volunteer army ran out of ammunition.
This tactic of running first and then fighting, and consuming the limited resources of the volunteer army by virtue of its own mechanized advantages, can be said to be a direct attack on the weakness of the volunteer army, and even once made Ridgway feel that victory was in sight.
Fortunately, a fierce iron sniper battle dragged down the crazy counterattack of the US troops, and bought a lot of time for other units to establish a complete front in the rear, so that the volunteer army could stabilize its position and get rid of the unfavorable situation.
In the fifth campaign, the volunteers were forced to move
After five battles, the Volunteers suffered heavy casualties, but the Americans did not take advantage of it. Subsequently, the two warring sides were near the "38th Line" and fell into a high-altitude battle and position war between you and me.
In this regard, the US military relied on heavy weapons and firepower superiority, and from time to time launched fierce artillery attacks on the volunteers (such as the "Battle of Shangganling"), which greatly reduced the scope of activities of the volunteers.
The Volunteers could only rely on newly constructed fortifications of more than 250 kilometers to engage in a stalemate with the Americans.
Two
After the two sides entered the stalemate of the positions, the Americans relied on the strong and almost unlimited firepower advantage during the day to seize the positions of the volunteers, and the volunteers could only engage in limited counter-scrambling at night.
At this time, the American soldiers were arrogant and fearless.
Some U.S. troops did not dare to attack during the day, and blatantly carried out recreational activities on the position, wrestling and playing cards, just like in their own backyard garden.
Some American soldiers even peed on the volunteers and carried out various verbal provocations.
The behavior of the U.S. army made the volunteer soldiers very angry, and in order to combat their arrogance, some volunteer soldiers began to try to snipe at the American troops.
But this kind of sniping is easily detected by the US military, exposing its position.
It should be known that the us military's communication equipment is very developed, up to the division and regiment, down to the company platoon, the means of communication are all radio communications. On the volunteer side, sub-battalion communications could only rely on primitive military trumpets and whistles.
During the Korean War, every platoon of the U.S. Military was equipped with a radio
After discovering the location of the volunteers, the U.S. army could call for heavy artillery and air support within 2 minutes. Under the intensive artillery fire of the US army, the volunteers involved in sniping were more likely to suffer casualties.
During the day, the U.S. military was so arrogant and unable to fight, and this battlefield state made the morale of the volunteers low.
In this case, the cold gun cold gun movement was born.
The so-called cold gun and cold artillery movement, to put it bluntly, is to reduce the troops into pieces, put cold guns on the US positions, and change places after firing a shot, so as to deplete the enemy's living strength while leaving the enemy with nowhere to counterattack.
Cold guns and cold cannons were placed in one place or two, and the US military may be able to use their cannons and heavy machine guns to carry out intensive and indiscriminate bombardment.
But when on the front line of more than 200 kilometers, there are thousands of cold guns and cold guns at the same time? No matter how many U.S. artillery, it can only be tired of coping.....
The first stage of the cold gun cold gun movement was the "cold gun". According to relevant records, the first to carry out the cold gun campaign was the 230th Regiment of the Volunteer Army of the 26th Army stationed in the middle of the "38th Line" and in the Jinhua area.
The regiment used the "live target" competition method to let the special shooters attack the American troops with light weapons.
The Mosinggana rifle used by zhang Taofang, the "god of guns"
However, this mode of combat only exists in some individual units, and has not spread, let alone spread to the whole army, so it does not reflect the great superiority of this mode of warfare.
It was not until May 1952 that the volunteer leadership began to notice the importance of this method of warfare and called for the promotion of the "Cold Gun Movement" throughout the army.
Since then, even some logistics personnel, such as cooks, have picked up rifles under the influence of the cold gun movement and want to have fun.
For example, a soldier named Pang Zilong of the 610th Regiment of the 204th Division of the 68th Army was a cook who specialized in delivering meals to the front line before the cold gun campaign began. Later, after participating in the cold gun campaign, he actually trained to become an ace sniper, killing 54 enemies in three months!
Three
How exactly did the cold guns of the volunteers fight?
In general, the volunteer army has a "cold gun" group of 3 people, including a team leader and 2 team members.
One person is responsible for sniping;
One person is responsible for observation, finding single soldiers in the enemy army, and assisting snipers in determining positions;
The remaining man was a cover man, mainly responsible for interfering with the enemy gunner's return fire and covering the retreat.
With the development of the cold gun movement, the volunteer army gradually groped out some sniper routines.
For example, in order to avoid U.S. fire blockades and retaliatory counterattacks, before each sniper operation, the sniper team sneaked into the U.S. position the night before, conducted guerrilla sniping during the day, and then returned the next night.
For example, when sniping an enemy carrying water, wait until he has just filled the second bucket of water before shooting, because that is when the enemy is the slowest.
Volunteer soldiers imparted experience to each other
Later, some experience even became the standard of combat for the whole army.
For example, once a sniper has locked on to a target, he must fire within 5 seconds, and then immediately move away to retreat, and can only shoot at most one shot in a place. At the same time, try to eliminate an enemy with a bullet.
In order to prevent fraud, false reporting and false alarms, and to ensure the enthusiasm of the cold gun campaign and a certain feedback mechanism, the Volunteer Army headquarters stipulates that one person in the sniper team must be responsible for statistics.
After hitting the enemy, it is not considered dead to get up for 15 minutes; it can be carried by someone, which is considered to be injured; if the enemy can run after being shot, it is not a battle result.
The cold gun campaign vividly reflected the core advantages of the volunteer army in high organization, high discipline, and high learning.
Soon after the campaign began, the Volunteers achieved excellent results. The American soldiers, who were still playing cards and wrestling on the positions, became the living targets of the volunteers overnight.
Sometimes American soldiers just want to show their heads and see the situation outside, but before their eyes can come out, they are shot in the head;
I really can't help but want to go to the toilet, and I can also be killed by the bullets of the volunteers;
It is hard to wait until dark, go out to breathe, and you will be killed by the volunteer army waiting for the rabbit...
In this mysterious atmosphere, many US troops were discouraged, grass and trees were soldiers, and they were once beaten to a nervous breakdown.
The wind blew a little faster, I thought it was a bullet roaring, scared into a clump, the vehicle at night did not dare to turn on the lights;
Before the cold gun campaign began, the invincible American army relied on strong firepower and even dared to stand up and pee on the volunteer position.
After the cold gun campaign began, the American soldiers, who had always been delicate and reluctant to dig trenches, also had to wield pickaxes to build fortifications for the purpose of shrinking their lives.
The commander, General VanVleet, even doubted at one point that he had returned to the trench warfare of World War I.
The U.S. troops in the trenches did not even dare to come out of the toilet, and when they could not hold back, they used cans to throw the filth out, so that the US military positions often stinked.
The trenches of the "United Nations Army"
But even if they hid in the trenches, the volunteers did not want to let them go.
In order to force the American troops out of the bunker, the artillery also joined the sniper operation, which was the second stage of the "cold artillery campaign".
Artillery, which usually emphasizes dense firepower and group operations, can actually "snipe"? There may not have been such a bizarre tactic as the volunteer army in the history of war.
Like cold guns, the volunteers used mortars with good flexibility and high concealment to change places with one shot. Even if they can't fight, they quickly move away and then look for the next opportunity to attack.
With regard to the cold artillery movement, the headquarters of the Volunteer Army put forward a "two-hundred policy" that was even stricter than the cold gun movement, that is, "striving to destroy a hundred enemies with one hundred shells."
In order to confirm the location of the American artillery and confuse the enemy, the cold artillery team often built some fake fortifications, put scarecrows and some firewood in the fake fortifications, and buried grenades, and after preparation, they detonated these grenades to create the illusion of volunteer artillery.
Our gunners make dummies to attract fire
This will attract U.S. troops to attack, not only allowing american troops to waste shells, but also allowing volunteers to quickly determine the location of enemy artillery and then shell in time.
There are many more tactical tactics born in the cold artillery movement.
For example, Tang Zhanghong, a cold artillery shooter of the 15th Army, summed up the recipe of "six fast, four no fights". The six fasts are "fast observation reports, fast guns, fast aiming, fast corrections, fast firing, and fast withdrawal of guns."; the fourth is "no certainty not to fight, far from fighting, not calculating well, not fighting, not aiming accurately, not hitting."
In the Battle of Shangganling, Tang Zhanghong relied on an 82mm mortar in his hand to annihilate more than 420 enemy troops, effectively blocking the attack of the US army, and was known as "the gunner who put eyes on the shells."
The cold artillery tactics not only wiped out a large number of us effective forces, but also destroyed a considerable number of tanks, artillery and other heavy weapons, and achieved brilliant results.
Even more subtle, the volunteers invented the tactic of "combining guns and artillery" - artillery launched a surprise attack on hard fortifications such as American trenches and bunkers, forcing panicked American troops out, and then the sniper team carried out the "harvest".
This kind of "cold artillery fright, cold gun killing" tactics, according to the different performance of infantry and artillery weapons, a clear division of tasks, the cold gun cold gun battlefield cooperation role to the extreme.
You know, such exquisite tactics can be displayed by a squad of soldiers of the Volunteer Army.
A reporter once interviewed American soldiers on the front line, and the results showed that 95% of the American troops had encountered the cold guns of the Volunteer Army.
According to incomplete statistics, in the more than one year from May 1952 to July 1953, the Volunteer Cold Gun Campaign killed and injured more than 52,000 UN troops, with an average of one enemy soldier killed and wounded every 30 rounds, a tank was damaged every 30 shells, and a car was destroyed every 25 shells.
The effect is no less than a large-scale campaign.
The biggest achievement of the cold gun and cold artillery movement is that in the case of the two sides tug-of-war after five battles and the lack of large-scale battles, our army still played an amazing kill-and-casualty ratio.
This made the US military realize: "The 38th line, can not stay any longer."
In the end, the IDEA of the US military to continue to compete with the volunteers in the Korean battlefield was completely cut off, and it won extremely favorable conditions for later negotiations.
Four
Now to answer the question mentioned at the beginning of the article, why did the volunteer army fight the peak of guerrilla warfare in the cold gun and cold artillery movement?
What is the peak, the peak is not replicable, except for the volunteers, no one can do it.
From the most basic battlefield control.
Why is it that the poorly equipped volunteer army can snipe at the US army, but the well-equipped AND advanced weapons level of the US army for a whole era cannot use the same cold guns and cold guns to fight back at the volunteers?
Is the U.S. military brainless? Still can't think of it? Still not courageous?
No, the U.S. army also wants to retaliate with tit-for-tat, but the middle ground between the two armies' fronts is all under the firm control of the volunteers.
The so-called battle line between the two armies is not a line as it is, as it is, but a narrow strip of land as wide as a kilometer and as narrow as a few hundred meters.
Whoever controls this area can carry out cold gun attacks.
So why must this front be controlled by the volunteers, not by the invincible American army?
The answer is very simple, the combat effectiveness of the US military is based on a complete set of organizational systems, there must be fighter air support in the sky, artillery support on the ground, and it must eat well and dress warmly.
Without these conditions, the US military would not have attacked if it was killed.
U.S. military shell casings remaining
After the cold gun campaign began, thousands of volunteer sniper groups were active on the front line, and the US air artillery was tired of coping, let alone supporting the US army to take the initiative to attack.
Only the volunteer army, 2 or 3 people can shuttle through the positions of the two armies, no air force, no artillery, but still dare to risk their lives to carry out sneak attacks;
The difficulty of the volunteer cold gun and cold artillery movement is so high that any other unit that wants to imitate this guerrilla warfare method can only sigh and daydream.
Because the guerrilla warfare method of "shooting a gun for a place" looks inconspicuous, but careful analysis and excavation will find the difficulty in it.
First of all, what is guerrilla warfare? Chairman Mao summed up the "sixteen-character key point" during the war, that is, the enemy advances and retreats, the enemy garrisons us to disturb, the enemy wears us out, and the enemy retreats and pursues us.
In the past, guerrilla warfare, even if the scale was small, still maintained the organization of companies and platoons, because if the guerrilla forces were too small, on the one hand, it would be difficult to achieve major results, and on the other hand, it would be very unstable and difficult to command.
One or two groups, maybe the superior can give special guidance, thousands of groups? How to guide? The group goes out on a mission, who should listen to? How to cooperate?
There is no support, no supplies, no response, when to fight, how to fight, how to retreat, all on their own.
And when such a movement group expanded into thousands of groups, it did not mess up at all, and at a very small cost of casualties, achieved the target results desired by the volunteer headquarters.
How can it be said that this is not the pinnacle of guerrilla warfare?
Five
In the final analysis, why were the volunteers able to win the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea?
We can see from the "Cold Gun And Cold Gun Movement" that this stems from the volunteer army's high self-motivation and learning ability.
In order to be able to snipe the enemy efficiently and accurately, many volunteer soldiers often have to lurk in the trenches and tunnels of the ice and snow for a long time in the weather of more than minus 30 degrees.
The face and ears were frozen, and the fingers were frozen stiff and unable to bend. Some of the artillerymen who participated in the cold artillery movement often froze the skin of their hands when ambushing enemy troops.
In addition to the severe cold, the volunteers had to endure hunger and suffering, and the soldiers sometimes had no water to drink for two days and no food for a day.
In order to find the best sniper time, volunteer snipers often have to ambush all night
But even in such a harsh environment, the volunteer soldiers tried their best to kill the enemy and could learn several lessons after each battle.
Under the same conditions, if it is replaced by the US army or any other army, after leaving the large-scale formation, it is difficult to maintain combat enthusiasm and learning autonomy, and it is good not to escape.
Make an inappropriate analogy.
It's the same as when you were in school, there are teachers supervising in the class, everyone is studying together, it's difficult for you to indulge yourself, and you have to pretend to learn.
But once there is only one person left when I come home from school, and there is no parent to watch, it is difficult to learn to go in.
The difficulty of the volunteer army's cold gun and cold gun movement is like a sheep herding baby in a remote mountainous area, and a top class student in a first-tier city competing for a place in Tsinghua.
The mountain class teacher set a goal - every student in the class should be admitted to Tsinghua. After saying the goal, the class was dissolved and the students went home.
As for how to learn and what to learn, the class teacher will not tell you, nor can he tell you, let alone manage you.
Not only did no one tell you how to learn, but the shepherds couldn't even eat enough to eat and didn't have all the books.
The performance of the volunteer army is equivalent to the fact that after the sheep herding baby returned home, she did not play greedily, nor did she have other distractions, and she was thinking about how to be admitted to Tsinghua.
The house is broken, the wind and the sun, the rain and snow are frozen, it doesn't matter;
After eating the last meal, it does not matter if you accidentally freeze to death and starve to death;
It doesn't matter if you don't have anything to rely on, go around asking for help to gain knowledge, eat someone else's closed-door soup, or be ridiculed with blank eyes.
The US military on the other side is like a student sitting in a modern classroom, with various famous teachers to tutor and all kinds of materials.
We all know that the probability of a student from Beijing No. 4 Middle School being admitted to Tsinghua is thousands of times that of a sheep herder in a mountainous area.
However, the "sheep herding dolls" in the volunteer army were finally admitted - this may be the most simple and clearest understanding of the cold gun movement.
Warriors learn in the tunnels
The volunteer army's cold gun and cold cannon movement has great guiding significance for our personal lives.
When there is no one to supervise, no one to supervise, and you are alone, can you still maintain a highly conscious and positive attitude towards life?
By extension, when you are given only one goal, no direction, no path, no guidance, no conditions, and the environment is still extremely difficult, can you go through hardships, find the way to the goal, and even achieve greater results?
This is a problem that everyone encounters in their lifetime.
When faced with such confusion and choice, we may wish to think of the "gun gods" and "gun gods" of the volunteer army.
Think about how they were at the pinnacle of guerrilla warfare in such an environment with self-drive and self-directed learning.
This may be the significance of our study of the "spirit of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" today.
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