In the history of the study of the "New Language of the World" (hereinafter referred to as the "New Language of the World") in the 20th century, Yang Yong's "Notes on the New Language of the World" undoubtedly has an extremely important influence.
Hong Kong Popular Books Edition "School Notes on the New Language of the World"
In 1969, when the mainland's "Cultural Revolution" movement was in full swing and academic research was almost stagnant, this book quietly came out in Hong Kong, and immediately set off a wave of "world theory fever" in Hong Kong, Taiwan and overseas sinology circles. For example, the French translation of the controversial French sinologist Bruno Belpaire (1974) and the critically acclaimed English translation of the American sinologist Richard B. Mather's "Speaking a New Language in the World" (1976) were completed on the basis of Yang's publication. Almost fourteen years later, Yu Jiaxi's "Notes on the New Language of the World" (1983) and Xu Zhenwei's "Notes on the New Language of the World" (1984) were successively published in the mainland.
Judging from the history of the research and dissemination of "Shi Shuo", Yang's "Shi Shu Xinyu School Notes" can be described as a pioneer and a leader, and it is not too much to say that he is a contemporary Linchuan hero and a wing of "Shi Shu".
Yang Yong (1929-2008), Zi Dongbo, a native of Yongjia, Wenzhou, Zhejiang. In his early years, he studied at a private school, and as an adult, he worked as a primary school teacher and a clerk in the Yongjia Police Station, and was later admitted to the Jiangxi Army Officer School, where he participated in the Battle of Pingjin during the Kuomintang Civil War, and was captured and sent back to his hometown. In March 1951, he went to Hong Kong to study under the tutelage of Master Qian Mu, Wu Shujie and Jao Zongyi, and graduated from the Chinese Department of New Asia College in Hong Kong in 1959, received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Chinese University in Hong Kong, and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Hong Kong in 1968. He has since taught at the Department of Chinese, Chinese University, Hong Kong, where he has served as a teaching assistant, associate lecturer, lecturer, senior lecturer and professor at the Institute of Research, Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan. In his lifetime, he was the most vigorous in the collation of ancient books, and wrote "Shishu Xinyu School Notes", "Tao Yuanming Collection School Notes", "Luoyang Jialan Records School Notes", "Yang Yong Academic Papers Collection" and so on.
Mr. Yang Yong
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Yang's "School Notes on the New Language of the World" (hereinafter referred to as the "School Notes") was printed by the Hong Kong Popular Books in September 1969 and caused a sensation. The famous scholar Jao Zongyi wrote a preface to the work, saying that his book "served the second Liu, the sixth generation of sleep, the side dove, the zhenwei, and the ancient and the modern"; Zheng Qian called it "a masterpiece of great materials and a great mind";[1] Liu Cunren called it "a magnificent compilation" and a "magnificent work"[2]; Zhou Fagao called it "the earliest published and has pioneering merits";[3] the American scholar Richard B. Mather called it a "landmark masterpiece"[4]; praise and praise, and so on.
Two years later, in October 1971, It was reprinted by Taiwan's Minglun Publishing House. In 1976, the Taipei Bureau of Orthodox Literature reprinted it, and the Publication Notes stated that the book "revised the annotations, worked hard and diligently, and completely restored the appearance of the original book." ...... It is a great contribution to the academic community in recent years. Since its inception, it has been nearly seven years, reprinting pirated copies, no less than tens of thousands of copies, which is quite popular in the academic community." [5] In May 2000, the Taipei Bureau of Orthodox Literature issued a revised version. In 2006, the Zhonghua Bookstore in Beijing introduced the copyright of the Zhengshu Bureau, which was published in June of that year, with the first 4,000 copies, which sold out less than a year later, and reprinted again in May 2007.
Zhonghua Bookstore edition of the revised edition of the "School Notes on the New Language of the World"
The study of several editions of Yang's "School Notes", together with the "Collection of Papers on the School Notes of the New Language of the World" published by the Bureau of Orthodox Literature in 2003[6], gives a glimpse of the overall style of Yang's "School Notes". The following is an overview.
Compared with the previous works of "Shi Shuo", the contribution of Yang's "School Notes" has slightly three ends:
First, the style is innovative, and the reader calls it convenient.
As we all know, Yu Jiaxi's "ShiShu Xinyu Notes" was written first and written earlier, but if it is said in the order of publication, Yang's "School Notes" can be said to have come later, and it has been published first, so objectively it has become the first complete proofreading and annotation of "Shi Shuo Xinyu". It was published in Hong Kong, bathing in the wind, so it is quite innovative in style:
(1) Liu Xiao's annotated text in the "Sayings of the World" has always been associated with the main text, while Yang's "School Notes" typeset the main text and the annotated text separately, which is indeed more simple and easy for the general reader who is not accustomed to reading ancient books.
(b) Make full use of the new punctuation marks, such as the addition of Arabic numerals to the text of each article to indicate the second, and the number of numbers up to the end, in this article. At the same time, on top of the annotations, the location of [i][2][3] and so on is indicated in turn; so that the number of more than 1,000 articles in the whole book and the number of each article is clear at a glance, and it is quite convenient to search and browse.
(3) It is also the book that lists the examples of "don't see" and "have seen" in Liu's notes in the "Sayings of the World", and indicates a certain article one by one, such as Liu's note "Ziju Don't See" in Article 2 of "Virtue", and Yang's Note on Yun: "Don't see note 1 of the "Appreciation of Fame". Another example is the article 1 "Chen Zhonggong is the chief of Taiqiu" in the "Political Affairs Chapter", Liu Note "Chen Yu has seen", and Yang Zhiyi: "Chen Yu has seen the Virtue Chapter" 6 Note 1. "It is convenient for readers to see each other before and after.
Yang also elaborated on his commentary: "Filial piety marks the "Sayings of the World", and there are examples of 'seen', 'other seen' and 'already seen'. Those who have seen it, their actions have been detailed as above. He who does not see, his person does not act in detail. If there are two or more people who have been seen, there must be more than two people, either in the front or in the back. ...... The whole book is like this, its examples are rigorous, the law is from the "Hejaz", and the filial piety is still there. ”[7]
This passage shows that after pondering and investigating, not only did the example of the annotated example of filial piety be invented after a thousand years, but also opened a general example of Yang's "School Notes", which was nothing less than a major contribution to the annotation of the "ShiShu".
Yang Yong Academic Papers
Second, the school notes are detailed and do not avoid complicated difficulties.
The annotations of the "Sayings of the World" have no shortage of people, and the results are remarkable, and they are a grand view. In modern times, there have been Li Ciming, Liu Pansui, Li Zhenyan, Cheng Yanzhen, Shen Jianzhi and other families, and although they are good at winning the field, except for Yu Jiaxi, there are few people who have passed the school to annotate the whole book.
In the first edition of Yang's book, more than 240 kinds of ancient books and related research documents were quoted by reference, and more than 2,800 school notes were made, about 250,000 words; when the revised version was published by the Taipei Orthodox Literature Bureau in 2000, it "revised more than 900 places and added 30,000 words"; in 2006, the Zhonghua Book Company republished, "and corrected and added more than 80 places", and the back of the book was accompanied by Wang Zao's "School Notes on the Genealogy of the Names of the New Languages of the World", "The Table of Different Names of the People who Speak the New Languages of the World", and "The Index of the Names of the People who Speak the New Languages of the World", which are fully complete.
In the cold and summer of dozens of years, Yang's several drafts can be described as diligent and diligent, bowing to the best of his ability, and this kind of "clinging to the green mountains and not relaxing" spirit of governance is touching and highly admirable.
Third, the examination and interpretation of fine examination, enough funds to borrow the mirror.
Although Yang's writings are not known for their examination history, the examination is also quite exquisite. Its first edition of the "Self-Introduction" said that "obscure is clear, slight is detailed; or the mystery of shuyiqing, or the stagnation of the interpretation of filial piety; the collection of the sages of the cheng, shen unfinished Xuyu", Xun is not a vain language.
For example, in "Virtue" 45 "Wu County Chen Relic", filial piety is marked under Chen's will, and the self-noted "unknown". Yang Ji quoted the "Nanshi Wu Kui Biography": "In the early Song Dynasty, Wu County's people Chen Yi, less county officials, mother good food pot bottom rice." Left in service, Heng carries a sac, and every time he cooks, he records his scorched mother. After the sun is chaotic, gathered several liters, and constantly carries itself. and fleeing in defeat, many starving to death, and surviving in this way. The mother wept day and night, blind and deaf. The widow returned to the house, and then prayed to the throat, and the mother suddenly became clear. This can also make up for the loss of Liu's note.
Orthography Bureau Edition "Shishu New Language Proofreading"
Yang's interpretation of the words is also considerable. For example, in article 41 of the "Literature Chapter", "drama talk", Yang Zhi said: "Drama talk, poor words, bitter and difficult, light words also." He also quoted the "Book of Song, Xie Lingyun Biography", "Stone Speech", and "Youyang Miscellaneous Tricks" to prove it, and the conclusions reached are also convincing. Another example is the interpretation of "private arising" in article 14 of the "Virtue Chapter", the interpretation of "Anu" in article 33 of the same part, and the interpretation of "hidden" in article 40 of the "Speech Chapter", all of which can be seen in his knowledge.
His books also widely solicited and quoted new works of ancient books, thinking that the examination of history and the world's resources, the division of humanistic masterpieces in the Six Dynasties of Wei and Jin, and the study and judgment of social customs, many of which had not been published by previous generations. Liu Cunren said: "The achievements of this book, according to foolish opinions, seem to be better than the school. "It is advisable to study the social life, cultural activities, and language customs of the middle and middle ages of China." [8] It is a matter of fairness.
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However, in contrast to its great achievements and influence, the problems of Yang's "School Notes" cannot be ignored. In particular, the methods adopted by the author in proofreading and the shortcomings caused by them must be revealed and evaluated in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, so that they can distinguish between right and wrong, so as to learn later.
It is believed that Yang's "School Notes" are at least debatable in the following aspects:
First, the addition of entries and the confusion of the original work violate the general rules of version collation.
As we all know, the rare version of the "Shishu" in this biography, whether it is the Ying Song ben or the Ming Yuan bao ben, the number of entries in the whole book is 1130, and there is no difference. Although Liu Zhuan of the "Shi Shu" was deleted by the Song and Yuan people, the main text of the "Shi Shu" was "still called Quanbi". Ye Dehui of the Qing Dynasty had extensively read books of the world and compiled more than eighty articles of the "ShiShu Anthony"; Liu Pansui had also "recovered a number of them outside the Ye Ji, all of which are not available in the present book, and compiled them into the various articles of the "Shishu" according to the old category"; however, since the publication of the fragments of the Tang Dynasty's "New Book of the Sayings of the World", it is sufficient to prove that these so-called "Anon Texts" "must not be the original of Linchuan, but actually out of the annotations and the Linchuan Farewell Book." However, it is difficult to prove this statement without Tang Ben, and this writing can break the fallacy of the Anon Text." [9]
"Seventeen Kinds of Ancient Books Annotated by the Hundred Crane Tower School Notes"
Yang naturally read the books of Ye and Liu Ershi, but when his "School Notes" were first published, according to Wang Zao's "Examination of the World Sayings" appended to the Song books collected by the Maeda clan in Japan, four additional materials were added to the main text of the "World Sayings"[10], namely:
1. Wang ChengXiang Dream: People want to buy Changyu with millions of dollars, and they are very evil, and they are prepared for those who pray for it. After the house, I suddenly dug a hole of money, and the material was tens of billions, and I was very unhappy, and everything was hidden. Russia and long yu died. (See School Notes, Virtues, 48.) Yang Zhiyi: "Yong Press: The Right Article Song Ben is not seen, the "Examination Difference" has it, and it is mixed with this Part 29; now it is separated, and it is attached to this. See also the 29th proofreader of this article. Also, "Virtue" 29 school note: "Courageous press: "KaoYi" when it is a song dynasty other than this, it must be based on evidence." Now record another article of the other, placed at the end of the article. ”）
2. Liu Yueshi was surrounded by Hu Qi, and the city was in a state of embarrassment. On the eve of Liu Shixi, when he ascended the building by the moon, he roared, and when hu thieves heard it, they all sighed with pity; in the middle of the night, when they played Hu Fu, the thieves all weeped and snot, and people had the cut of the soil; toward the evening, they blew again, and the thieves abandoned the siege and scattered. Or Yun is Liu Daozhen. (See Notes on the School Notes, 43.) Yang Zhiyi: "Yong Press: The text of the right article, the annotated text, the Song Ben are none, the "Examination Difference" has, and the cloud: 'The right front volume is not, Shao Ben is included in the "Ya Measuring Gate". 'According to this record, it is tied to this. ”）
3. Zu Shi Shao Dao Wang Right Army: "Wang Jia Ah Suo, why is it due to the reduction of zhong?" (See School Notes, Appreciation, 157.) Yang Zhiyi: "Yong Press: Right Article Song Ben Wu, "Kao Yi" has, Yun: 'And the previous volume does not have.'" 'Now its semantic meaning, when it enters the "Appreciation Chapter", is attached to this. ”）
4. Wang Dajun Chu Shang Lord, Emperor Yuwu, both ascended to the temple, felt uneven, such as the middle line of the circle. But he who looks at the four sittings, and who is unsurpassed, intends to find certainty. (See School Notes, Leaks, 9.) Yang Zhiyi said: "This article of the Song Dynasty is not seen in the "Sayings of the World", but it is contained in the "Examination of Differences", and yun: 'The one who does not have the right front volume. When it was Song, there was no such thing, but there was no such thing as what Yan and Dong relied on. Enter it now. The meaning of the text is based on the "Leaky Chapter". ”[11]）
Hong's Publishing House Edition of "School Notes on the New Language of the World"
As a result, the main text of the "Theory of the World" has 4 more articles out of thin air, a total of 1134 articles (see Yang's first edition of "Self-Introduction"). In fact, Wang Zao's "Shi Shu Kao Yi", not the different text of the main text of the "Shi Shu", is the different text of the Selected Notes of the Song Dynasty in Shi Jingyin's "Shi Shu". The "first volume" refers to the first nine volumes of the ten-volume edition, that is, the main text of the "Shishu", while the tenth volume is an "appendix" to shi Jingyin's "Shishu" selected annotations at the end of the book. Therefore, the four articles added by Yang Zhi have nothing to do with the ancestral text of the "World Sayings" [12].
Yang's inclusion of it in the original is too arbitrary and bold. Taking Article 48 added to the "Virtue Chapter" as an example, this one is from Liu Yiqing's "Youminglu", which involves Zhi Wei and is very different from the style of "The Sayings of the World", so that it is added to this article, and junan is the opposite, and the reason why it is farther away. Today, some scholars also cite the four supplements added by Yang's book as the "Theory of the World" article, and they do not examine it very much.
Yang's practice of writing this belongs to Zheng Qiao's so-called "book of the present, the book of the school and the book of the ancient" ("Tongzhi, School Strategy, Compilation must be careful of examples"), which is unreasonable and academically takes great risks. Originally hoping that Yang Shi would correct this mistake when revising, the revised version only deleted article 48 of the "Virtue Chapter", which was added in vain, and the other three articles were still the same.[13] This cannot but be said to be a great pity!
Second, lightly changing the original text and adding Liu Notes is contrary to the general practice of ancient books and schools.
After Yang wrote the first edition, there was a lot of praise from the academic circles, such as Liu Cunren calling it a "mighty giant compilation", "Although the Tang and Song Dynasties are the base of their school, they depend on an objective inference, and there is no Intention of the Tang and Song Dynasties in it." Its self-prologue: "Gou is a book, although the small books of the class do not dare to be left behind; if there is no peace, although the Tang scrolls and the Song dynasty do not dare to believe." His faithfulness to the truth is like this. [14] He Jingqun claimed that his book "solemnly corrected the text of the "ShiShu" and expanded the field of the "Shishu", "restored the original appearance of Erliu", and "although it cannot be said to be an absolute queen, it can be said to be an unprecedented masterpiece". [15]
"Collected Papers on the School Notes of the New Languages of the World"
Despite the facts, these evaluations are too flattering.
First of all, although Yang Shi explicitly stated in the "Fan Zhi II" that the fragments of the Song and Tang manuscripts were the "base books", he consulted his book; and in the first edition of the "Self-Introduction", Yun: "According to the method of Zhu Zi's "Korean Examination Of Differences", the first is decided by the plain and clear nature of the articles of the "Sayings of the World", and the verifiable ones of his books. Although Gou is a book, he does not dare to leave it behind; if he has not been safe, he does not dare to believe it although the Tang scrolls and the Song Dynasty do not dare to believe it. ”
"Dare not leave behind" and "dare not believe" are commendable, but in specific operations, they have become "bold reforms" and "categorical increases", which cannot be said to be "an objective inference". Originally, with the Song and Tang scrolls as the base, there was already a problem of different bases, and if the two were the same base, the result of the proofreading could only be to form a new version that was not Tang and not Song.
But then again, according to the Tang scrolls to the Song version, after all, there is still a basis for the version. For example, in the 22nd of the "Rules": "Wang Dayu Dongting: 'Qing Nai Fu Lun Wu is not evil. That has to play with the monks? "Lun Wu", Song Benzuo "On Cheng", Yang Zhi changed according to the Tang Scrolls, and added the following words: "Lun Wu, the second order of the character of the character." When the character of the times is high, the Judean army has a succession; therefore, there are words of difficult brothers and difficult brothers. "Such a revision is justified and worthy of recognition.
Tang wrote a fragment of the "New Language of the World"
However, it is really strange to arbitrarily change the original text of the "Shishu" and Liu's notes according to other documents that have nothing to do with the "Shishu". For example, in article 1 of the "Virtue Chapter", "Chen Zhong's Words are Scholars", Liu Zhu quotes Xie Cheng's Book of later Han as saying: "Xu Zhizi zi zi, Yuzhang Nanchang people." Pure and exquisite, superworldly. Before and after the gods, although not, and their death, thousands of miles to hang. Chang Yu scorched a chicken, soaked in wine, dried violently to wrap the chicken, went to the outside of the tunnel, stained with water, bucket rice, white grass as a pretext, with the chicken in front. After the wine is finished, the guru will go away, and the bereaved lord will not be seen. ”
According to the "Book of Later Han and the Biography of Xu Zhi", Yang Zhi quoted the "Book of Xie Chengshu" and changed three places: changed the words "and his death, ten thousand miles to hang" to "there are deaths and funerals, and the burdens go to the hanging"; "go outside the tomb tunnels" and "go" to "up"; and after "stained with water", add the words "make there is wine".
Another example is Article 55 of the "Appreciation of Reputation": "The great general said to the right army: 'Ru is my best son, and he should not reduce the ruan master book.' According to the "Biography of Jin Shu and Wang Xi", Yang Ji changed it to "Ru is my family's best son", with an extra "family" word, homophonous with "Jia", and the semantics are not as good as the original, similar to unauthorized changes, and it is meaningless.
Originally, such a problem, as long as it is faithful to the original text, and then added proofreading to explain, is not difficult to solve, even if it is to be revised in the original text, it can also be adopted in the way of coexistence between the original text and the revised text.
Zha Yang wrote "Fan Xian V", also known as: "If the erroneous texts in the Song And Tang scrolls have the value of retention and cannot be deleted, the erroneous texts shall be arranged in smaller one characters with parentheses; the corrected texts shall be arranged under the erroneous texts with the same number and square brackets shall be added to distinguish them." "If this is the case, it will also avoid the disadvantages of changing the original text."
Japanese Shōkei Kakuzo Song Ben "The New Language of the World"
However, it is strange that after reading the whole book of Yang, it is almost impossible to see the situation of "arranging with small one characters and parentheses" and "square brackets to be different", but most of them are just changed from the original text and explained in the school notes. For example, in "Fangzheng" 20 Song Benzuo: "Wang Taiwei does not befriend Yu Zisong, and Yu Yueqing does not pay attention." Yang Shu deleted the word "曰", and only said in the school note: "Yuxia, Song Ben has the word '曰'." Yuan Benwu, now from Yuan. "Let people wonder whether this example was forgotten by the author, or whether it was originally written and read by others, and they did not care about it at all.
The study of the husband and wife has its own family law, and it is necessary to respect the original appearance of the ancient book, examine the similarities and differences, and distinguish the source stream. Liu explained to the "Beilu" that "school chickens" said: "Those who study the school, one person holds the book, one person reads and analyzes, if the complaining family is opposite, so it is known as the chicken." (Taiping Imperial Records, vol. 618, citation)
The famous historian Chen Yuan said of the "proofreading method": "This method is the simplest and most stable, and it is purely a mechanical method. Its main purpose is similar and similar in the school, not right and wrong, so its shortcomings are irresponsible, although the ancestral or other books are false, they are also recorded in the same way; and its strengths are not in their own opinions, and this school book can know the original face of the ancestral book or other books. Therefore, where a school book is proofread, it must first use the correct method, and then use other proofreading methods. ”[16]
"School similarities and differences, do not school right and wrong", "do not participate in their own opinions", only in this way can we disagree and disagree, and it is not right or wrong to make judgments.
Interpretation of Collation Studies
Hu Shi also pointed out: "The fundamental method of proofreading is to first find the similarities and differences of the base, and then examine its right and wrong. Right and wrong is the right and wrong of a different text, and if there is no foreign text, is there right and wrong? Chinese proofreaders have always cited the reread texts first, then deduced the reasons for their mistakes, and finally cited ancient texts or quotations from ancient books. This is not very faithful to the record and can be misled. In fact, the real school students often see the different texts of the ancient books first, and then determine their right and wrong. They prefer to reverse the effect as the cause, first list their own words, and then cite the ancient texts as evidence, as if they first had a clever guess and suddenly got the ancient text as a confirmation, so the beginners are accustomed to such reasoning, and they think that the matter of proofreading should first guess and then seek confirmation. He also said: "A generation has a generation of language habits, and it is not possible to rely on private opinions and shallow knowledge to interpret or change ancient books." ”[17]
Moving from these viewpoints to the examination of Yang's "School Notes" often has a sense of "unfortunate words".
The problems in Yang's "School Notes" have been pointed out by commentators earlier. For example, Xu Daolin's article "Commenting on the New Language School Notes" lists eight questions written by Yang, including those involving version proofreading, but unfortunately did not hit the point.[18]
The more forceful criticism comes from Tang Yiming. In the article "Commentary on the English Translation", Tang shi incidentally pointed out two missing points in Yang Yongjing's change of the original text:
The first is the sigh of Zhou Yan in article 31 of the "Speech Chapter", Song Benzuo: "The scenery is not different, it is the difference between the mountains and rivers!" Yang Zhi changed it according to the "Art and Literature Cluster", "Taiping Royal Collection", "Jingding Jiankangzhi" cited in the "Jin Shu Wang Dao Biography", "Dunhuang Ben Remnant Book" new pavilion strips and other materials: "The scenery is not different, there are rivers and rivers in sight!" "But 'the difference between the mountains and rivers is not unreasonable,' and Song Ben must have something to do, and it is inevitable to arbitrarily ridicule it." It is better to have both sides. In the Mather translation, the text is still based on the Song version, while the annotations point out that other materials are "different from each other'. ”
The first is the sixth article of the "Literature Chapter": Song Ben's work "Yan Wen Bi name, because the article direction wins the reason language 弼曰", Yang Zhi according to the "Beitang Shu Qian" and "Taiping Imperial Records" quoted in the ancient sayings, set as: "Yan Wen Bi lai, is the upside down to welcome it; because the article direction is victorious over the language of the word." This makes a lot of sense, of course, but there is also something embarrassing about it, because no two of the five quotations quoted are exactly the same, and the result has to be decided by the proofreader. For the revision of ancient books, this cannot but be said to involve certain risks. Mather's translation of this article is still based on the Song ben, unchanged, and this cautious attitude is valuable." [19]
Taiping Imperial Records
Tang also pointed out that Yang's writings "are often too fruitful in judging, judging them with their own will, and adding and changing the original text." This is a huge risk from the perspective of collation surveying." [20]
Unfortunately, these very pertinent criticisms did not attract Yang's attention. The book was republished twice in Taiwan in 2000 and in the mainland in 2006, and has been revised nearly a thousand times, the author sometimes laments that "the appearance of the first appearance is new", and sometimes sighs that "it is better than the previous work", but finally failed to break the old situation and create a new chapter.
Perhaps Yang Himself did not feel the pressure, so he added a section of "The Book of The World and its Traces of Modification and Deletion" in the revised edition of "Before the Volume", expounding the rationale for his proofreading:
Lotte Publishing House "World Speaks New Language School Notes"
The Tang scrolls begin with the 4th Sun Xiuhao shooting pheasant strips in the "Rules and Proverbs" to the 13 Huan Xuanxi xia article in the "Haoshuang", where there are four chapters and fifty-one articles, and there are several crosses between the main text and the Song ben, and there are many people who are different from the text. The 6 annotations of the "Zhi Zhen" quote the "Guan Ren Bei Biography", the Tang scroll has more than 70 characters, the 26 notes of the "Zhi Zhen" have more than 260 words, the "Sui Hui" 2 has more than 50 words, the 3 notes of "Sui Hui" have more than 90 words, and other scattered people, the contract is more than 500 words. If you extrapolate from this, the entire book of the Tang Scrolls deleted is no less than 10,000 words. Then it is known that the "Theory of the World" is not the original work of Er Liu.
However, although the Tang scrolls are ancient, they have been passed down for more than 200 years, and they are full of false errors, and they cannot be regarded as authentic. This is not only the mistake of the word, but also the number of its doors. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were more such volumes, and the ones who were hidden by Yan Shu were the foot book of the time. Only the Tang scrolls are precious, for the song people to increase or lose, the text is fresh, can see the charm of the Six Dynasties. For example, in the "Rules and Proverbs", 14 "County Family Affairs" was changed to "County Affairs", 22 "Lunwu is not evil" was changed to "On Becoming Not Evil", and 24 "Irony" was added to the word "Lang Chang", not only did it lose its original meaning, but the article Wind God also changed completely. Worst pity. Although, the Maeda clan's collection of song books is still the best version of the present-day "Shishu".
Unfortunately, Yang Shi knew that "only the Tang scrolls are precious, for the sake of not being added or lost by the Song people, the text is fresh, and the charm of the Six Dynasties can be seen", and the Song Ben "is the best version of the "ShiShu" in the present transmission", and he also used the Tang Scrolls and the Song Ben as the base, but he still made the mistake of the Song people changing, deleting, adding and damaging the ancient books, and failed to abide by the basic principles of the ancient book collation, resulting in leaving a "Yang Ben" that was lightly changed and added. Although its efforts cannot be described as deep, and its original intention cannot be described as unkind, in the end, people are at a loss when referring to the quotations, and now scholars on both sides of the strait are mostly based on the "Yu Shu" and "Xu Notes" who are strictly loyal to the ancient texts when they quote this article, which is clear evidence.
As someone jokingly said, "Obviously you can patch and patch, why do you have to remove the thread?" "For the Yang clan who have been working on ancient books all their lives, this is a huge regret in any case!
Minglun Publishing House Edition "School Notes on the New Language of the World"
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Third, Yang's misjudgment and misjudgment of the ancient appearance of the "Shishu" are also wrong.
When yang's article "Shishu Xinyu", "Book Title", "Volume Book", and "Plate Book" Examination" discussed the title of the "Shishu", he did not take Yu Jiaxi's so-called "Shishu" as the "provincial text" of "Shishu New Book", and held that "if the book of Jinyiqing is not based on the Xiangshu, then it must not be the 'New Book'. Those cited in his "Stone", "Youyang Miscellaneous Tricks", "Tongdian", and "Imperial Records" and "Guangji", or "Shi Shu", or "New Book", are recorded in different copies. [21] This is true.
However, Yang's name was added:
The name "New Book" originated from Liang Chen, song ben "Shi Shu Xinyu" with Wang Zao's "Narrative": Li Shi Ben's "Shi Shu New Book", three volumes, thirty-six articles, written by Gu Ye Wang.
In this way, out of thin air, there was an extra "New Book of The World" written by King Gu Ye! [22] In fact, Yang's sentence was clearly wrong, and this error actually came from Wang Liji's Fragments of the Manuscript of the Tang Dynasty.
"Tang Wrote Benshi Says New Book Notes Song Benshi Speaks New Language Notes"
After the four characters of "Gu Ye Wang's Writing" in The Narrative of Kao Wangzao, there are still "Yan Shi Ben "跋" Yun: In the various volumes or the "New Book of the World", the tenth volume is divided into doors" and a total of twenty-seven characters. Playing with the meaning of the text, Gai refers to the Yan clan Benpai language written by Gu Ye Wang. Because it was determined that there was a "New Book of The World" written by Gu Yewang, Yang's immediate judgment was even more "bold":
The ones recorded in the Sui Zhi, the eight volumes of Yiqing's "Commentary on the Sayings of the World" and the ten volumes of Liu Xiaobiao's Notes on the Sayings of the World, must belong to the separate copies, so they are recorded separately; and now written by King Gu Ye, the filial piety is scattered and attached to the Yiqing Book, so that the two books are combined, and they are generally divided into three volumes, so that the name is "The New Book of the World", and the fragment style of the "New Book of the World" written by the Tang Dynasty is the same.
Yang also said:
The Nanshi Liu Yiqing Biography Yun "wrote ten volumes of the "Shishu", which is Liang Chenjian, who wrote the "New Book" by Liu Shu, and the Tang Dynasty has more than ten volumes, and the "History of nan" is recorded according to the "New Book". The "New Book" not only scatters filial piety labels into the Yiqing Book, but it is spread among the people, and it is not known that there is a filial piety standard. [24]
In fact, the Sui Shu JingShu Records say that "the ten volumes of the "Shishu" and Liu Xiaobiao are not "the ten volumes of Liu Xiaobiao's Commentary on the Sayings of the World", that is, there is no Yang's so-called "filial piety single line".
The expression "Ten Volumes of "Shi Shuo, Liu Xiao Annotation" actually implies that this is a version of the text of the "Shi Shu" and Liu Xiao's annotated text, and xiao Biao must have added annotations with the text when he first made the annotations, and it is impossible for him to copy a "single line" called "Shi Shuo Notes" that does not contain the "Shi Shuo" article and only annotates. Of course, it is not the turn of Gu Yewang to "scatter the filial piety label in the Yiqing Book, so that the two books are combined, and they are all three volumes", and the title of "New Book of The World" is used to distinguish it from the original book! [25]
Kai Ye Bookstore Edition "ShiShu Xinyu School Notes"
In judging the number of volumes of the "Sayings of the World", Yang Shi also made mistakes. As he tasted: "Wang Zao's "Narrative" still has two volumes, nine volumes, eleven volumes, thirty-eight volumes, thirty-nine volumes, and forty-five volumes. In fact, there is no such thing as a "forty-five books." [26]
This theory was first mentioned in the eighth year of Song Shaoxing (1138) Dong Yi's "跋" language, which said: "Thirty-six articles of the Right "Shi Shuo", which are transmitted in ten volumes. or forty-five, and the last volume is reproduced in the first nine volumes. The Old Collection of the Yu Family, the Original Uncle's Family of the King of Gaide. "Now: The "forty-five articles" here refer to the forty-five events that Jingyin notes and "re-emerges" from the first nine volumes, which are not of the category. Wang Zao led Wang Zhong to the "Pai" Yun: "Wang Yuan's uncle's family collection of the tenth volume, but re-reproduced the first nine volumes contained in a total of forty-five things. Respectfully, pay attention to the entanglement. The second chapter on the right is a little different, so it is out of the blue. "Corroborated. This meaning Wang Nengxian has been revealed, but unfortunately Yang Shi has not noticed it. [27]
Fourth, Yang's view that "talking about the original is talking about ridicule" is also extremely difficult to establish.
In the summer of 2002, Yang Shi wrote an article entitled "On the Origin, Original Meaning, Linguistic Characteristics and Influence of Qing Tan", which was included in the "Collected Essays on the New Language of the World", and its argument that the Qing Tan originated from the Warring States Talk, the main points are as follows:
The only book industry center edition of "Shishu New Language School Notes"
1. The term "funny" is a synonym for Qing Tan, and its beginning is found in the "Chronicle of History and Funny Column". (page 16)
2. In general, the first name of the Qing Tan should be "funny", which is intended to satirize and exhort, and its words are haiku. Later, also known as the "drama", it is also known as the color of ridicule and humor in its language. ...... It is often said that the meaning of "Qing Talk Lao Zhuang" or "Wei Jin Qing Talk" is different from the clouds. (pp. 20-21)
3. Chen Yinke: "The so-called Qing Tan of the world actually began with Guo Linzong and was completed by Ruan Sizong. ”...... Yu thought that in addition to talking about metaphysics and character commentary, there was also a kind of funny and witty, which was called "clean talk" by people at the time. (page 32)
4. Tang Yongtong's "Reading Character History" said: "Wei Chuqing talked about it, and received the Qing discussion of the Han Dynasty, and its nature is not far behind. This was followed by an evolution into a metaphysical discourse. Gai talked about it for a long time, from concrete figures to abstract occultities, which was an inevitable trend in the evolution of learning. "I don't know that Qing Tan was originally talking about ridicule, and tan Xuan was used as a character to evaluate the incident. Its misunderstanding is the same as Chen Yinke's. (page 32)
In the 2006 school note "Preface to the Reprint", Yang Shi reiterated this: "Fu Qing Tan, originally talking about ridicule, began in the early years of the Warring States, Chun Yu Jie, Tai Shi Gong with his funny and argumentative, like hidden language, but with Chu Zhi often talked about laughing and satirizing You Meng, and Qin Zhi was good at laughing and laughing, you Xu combined into the "Funny Column Biography", which is enough to be pleasant to the Lord, talk in a small way, but also to solve the chaos. "The meaning and the funny are the same, then the talk is to talk about ridicule." [28] Tang Yongtong and Chen Yinke also talked about Xuan and character evaluation as a clear talk, saying: "The theory of the second gong seems to be debatable. Now, in terms of the facts of the development of the qing talk, the qing talk is not out of the qing discussion, and the qing discussion is appropriate out of the qing talk. ”[29]
Such a theory of "self-casting great words" says that the new is new and the sharp is sharp, but it also erases the reason why the talk is a clean talk, and the background of the times and the ideological origin that prompted its emergence. Yang Shi said that Gai's argument was earlier than the Qing discussion, but it is inevitable to use the ridicule to summarize the academic and cultural trends of the Wei and Jin generation and their wonderful performances in the same vein, which is really difficult to avoid the ridicule of partial generalization and over-interpretation.
"Historical Discussion on the Study of New Languages in the World", by Liu Qiang, Fudan University Press, December 2019)
To put it simply, Yang's "School Notes" can be described as a blue wisp of the road, the grass is difficult to create, and its contribution to the light of the study of the "Theory of the World" is self-evident, which is a fact that we must admit.
However, due to the author's initial writing, he was guided by his personal ambition to recreate the good books, and then because of the reality of "intercourse and beauty"[30], he failed to reflect on himself, and he was good at saying yay, and finally made his academic achievements in the middle of his life flawed and mutually exclusive, giving people the impression of "perfect beauty, not perfect".
The pros and cons of Yang's study of "TheOry of the World" inevitably give rise to the sigh of "how easy it is to talk about" in writing a book. The past is gone! The author drafted this article, not for the sake of abrupt predecessors, to prepare one person, but also to use self-vigilance and self-encouragement, and to encourage those who know.
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exegesis:
[1] Zheng Qian's Book Review, originally published in Taipei Xueyuan, Vol. 7, No. 6, June 1970. See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, Taipei: Bureau of Orthodox Writings, 2003, p. 103.
[2] Liu Cunren's Book Review, originally published in Journal of Chinese Culture Studies, Chinese University, Hong Kong, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1970. See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Papers on the New Language of the World, p. 105.
[3] Zhou Fagao, "Notes on Reading the World and Speaking New Languages", originally published in Taipei Bibliographic Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2, September 16, 1980. See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, p. 133.
[4] See Ma Ruizhi: "Report on the Review of French Translations", translated by Fan Ziye, Reading, No. 4, 2002. See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, p. 165.
[5] Yang Yong, "Notes on the New Language of the World", Taipei: Bureau of Orthodox Literature, 1976, pp. 1-2.
[6] The earliest time I learned about Mr. Yang Yong was through Mr. Fan Ziye's "Study of the New Language of the World", who had many solicitations and discipleships for the Yang clan, which made me respect Mr. Yang. In March 2002, when I was studying for a doctorate at Fudan University, I received a thick e-mail, opened it, and it turned out to be a copy of Yang Yong's "School Notes on The New Language of the World" given to me by Mr. Ziye, the cover had fallen off, and there were two lines of pen characters on the title page: "Ziye Classmates Participate in / Yang Yong Gift / December 24, 1986." "This is the first copy of Mr. Yang Yong's school note that I got (in 2013, I received a book from Mr. Chen Shangjun that was printed by Taiwan's Minglun Publishing House in October 1971), such as Feng Gongbi. In March 2003, I unexpectedly received two volumes of "Collected Papers of the School Notes of the New Languages of the World" sent by Mr. Yang from Hong Kong, with a letter: "Dr. Liu Qiang's Great Book: A Letter from Dr. Fan Ziye, Mr. Zhi is writing a book "The History of the Study of the New Languages of the World", which is very rare. He also asked to send a recent work "Shishu New Language School Notes Collection" for the use of George's "Shishu". There are many researchers who study this book, few people who have insights, and many materials may be mentioned by clumsy editors, please choose sir. I have a revised copy of the B Letter (two volumes) that have been deposited with your school before, which can also be referred to. Hurry and wish / Wen Qi Yang Yong March 12. "Another volume B is given to your school library, please reply to the receipt." Courage and courage. Reading the letter written on the note with a ballpoint pen, I was deeply moved by Mr. Yang's enthusiasm for bringing the latter forward, and Mr. Yang's handwriting is still treasured.
[7] Yang Yong, Revised Notes on the New Languages of the World, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 2006, p. 145.
[8] Liu Cunren's book review. Sam Yang Yong, ed., Collected Papers on the New Language of the World, pp. 110, 113.
[9] See Liu Pansui, "Tang Dynasty Manuscripts", Journal of Tsinghua, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1925.
[10] Fan Xian XI Yun: "There are three main texts in the Kao Yi that are not owned by the Song Ben, which belong to the Song Shi Ben "Shi Shu", which is undoubtedly derived from the Er Liu Original Book and cannot be abandoned. The similarity of its literary meaning today is at the end of the "Ya Liang Chapter", "Appreciation Chapter", and "Leaky Chapter". "Plus the addition of one article in the "Virtue Chapter", which is exactly four.
[11] Quoted according to Yang Yong's "Notes on the New Language of the World", Taipei: Minglun Publishing House, republished in 1971.
[12] For details, "Selected Notes on Shi Jingyin", which was read at the 12th Annual Conference of Selected Literature held by Xiamen University in 2016. See the first section of the first chapter of the book "The History of the Study of The New Language of the World", Fudan University Press, 2019 edition.
[13] Press: This article was therefore deleted because of the discussion of Liu Cunren's book review. However, Liu Shi not only did not point out the loss of Yang Zhu's original book, but instead followed Yang's train of thought: "It is suspected that the five crosses of this "Examination Difference" are erroneous, when between the two sentences of '併 dang box 箧' and 'after the death of Chang Yu'. (See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, p. 108) Although Yang changed the "One Thousand One Hundred and Thirty-Four Articles" to "One Thousand One Hundred and Thirty-Three Articles" in the Revised Edition of the First Edition, not only did he not add this paragraph to the main text of the article as Liu suggested, but he also deleted this unnecessary article 48 at the end of the Virtue Chapter. It shows that the Yang clan may not necessarily take the Liu clan's statement as such. Unfortunately, Yang did not delete the other three additions, thus permanently leaving a major flaw in the version.
[14] Liu Cunren's book review, see Yang Yong, ed., Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, p. 105.
[15] Ho King Kwon Book Review, originally published in Journal of Zhuhai College, Hong Kong, No. 4, July 1971. See Yang Yong, ed., Collected Papers on the New Language of the World, p. 114.
[16] Reprinted from Hu Shi's article "Preface to the Supplementary Interpretation of the Yuandian Chapter School". See Chen Yuan: "Interpretation of Collation Surveying", Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1997, p. 10.
[17] Hu Shi, "Preface to the Supplementary Interpretation of the Yuandian Chapter", see Chen Yuan, "Interpretation of Proofreading", Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1997, pp. 11 and 14.
[18] Xu Daolin: Commentary, originally published in Hong Kong Ming Pao Monthly, No. 82, May 1972. Selected Yang Yong, ed., Proceedings, pp. 123-126.
[19] Tang Yiming, "Commentary on the English Translation", Reading, No. 2, 1986. Sam Yang Yong, ed., Collected Papers on the New Language of the World, p. 158.
[20] Tang Yiming, Wei and Jin Literature and Metaphysics: A Collection of Tang Yiming's Academic Papers, Wuhan Literature and Art Publishing House, 2004, p. 250.
[21] Yang Yong, Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, p. 41.
[22] Regarding the title of the Book of The Sayings of the World, it is believed that the Taiwanese scholar Ma Sen has the most detailed discussion: "After King Linchuan and Liu Xiang were friends with King Yuan of Chu, Xiang was the fifth grandson of King Yuan, and Yiqing was the eighteenth grandson of Marquis Anmin of Xiangyangcheng Festival." Yiqing Shucheng is named after the book of his ancestors. When Liu Xiaobiao made a note, it was called "The Saying of the World". Viewed by Gu Yewang's Yan Shi Ben "跋", Liang and Chen Jian also wrote the "New Book of The World". According to Liu Zhiji's "Stone", then on the occasion of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there may be those who wrote "The New Language of the World" in the world. Gai Zi is three in parallel, so the Tang and Song people repair history called "Shi Shu", the Tang manuscript and Duan Chengshi "Youyang Miscellaneous Tricks" called "Shi Shu New Book", And Liu Zhiji's "Shi Tong" called "Shi Shu Xinyu". Sam Ma Sen: Studies in the New Languages of the World, Taipei: National Chengchi University Library Collection, 1959 Master's Thesis Unpublished, p. 1.
[23] Originally published in Book Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1-2, 1945.
[24] For the above three quotations, see Yang Yong, "The Title, Volume, and Banben Kao of 'The New Language of the World'", The University of Hong Kong: Oriental Culture, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1976. See also Yang Yong's Collected Essays on the New Language of the World, pp. 41, 43, and 44.
[25] According to this misjudgment of the Yang clan, which also affected the judgment of later scholars, Xiao Hong adopted Yang's statement, saying: "The early title of the book , The New Book of The Sayings of the World , according to Wang Zao ' , began in the Liang Dynasty from King Gu Ye (519-581) of the Liang Dynasty. (A Holistic Study of the New Languages of the World, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2011, p. 12.) Fan Ziye also quoted Yang's views and pointed out: "According to this, the person who created the title of the "New Book of The Sayings of the World" and adapted Liu Zhuben's "TheOry of the World" into three volumes may be Gu Yewang. ...... It may be that Gu Yewang made a collation of the original book of the "Sayings of the World" and imitated Liu Xiang's school book conventions in order to distinguish it from the original. See "The New Book of the World", "Books", No. 2, 2001.
[26] Press: Under the influence of Yang Shi, Xiao Hong also thought that "there were forty-five books, and the last volume was more or less repeating the previous content". See Xiao Hong, "The Overall Study of the New Languages of the World", p. 18.
[27] Wang Nengxian pressed Yun: "Two of the forty-five events in this book are absent from the first nine volumes. According to Wang's "Narration", there are also fifty-one events in the tenth volume of his book, three of which are absent from the first nine volumes. See Shi's Book: A Study of the New Languages Spoken in the World, Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992, p. 66.
[28] Yang Yong, "Notes on the New Language of the World", Revised Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 13-14.
[29] Yang Yong: "Notes on the New Language of the World", Revised Edition, Vol. 1, p. 16.
[30] According to this, Yang Shi said in the "Afterword and Yu Yan" of the "Collected Essays on the New Language Of the World": "My "School Notes on the New Language of the World Speaking of the New Language" has such nine high sages unanimously affirming that they are of equal beauty, and the taste of their books is known without asking. It also really increased the price of my book. In fact, of the nine articles, there are only five special book reviews of Zheng Qian, Liu Cunren, He Jingqun, Che Zhuhuan, and Xu Daolin, of which Xu Daolin's book review mainly holds critical opinions, and Tang Yiming's articles are also quite critical, which is really not "commensurate with beauty." In addition, he Jingqun and Che Zhuhuan's book reviews both mention article 53 of the "Speech Chapter": "Yu Zhigong is Jingzhou, and Mao Fan is Emperor Wu." Emperor Wu suspected that it was the relic". Yang Zhiyi said: "Yu Zhigong, as Yu Uncle Predetermined." Emperor Wu, as Emperor Cheng. The Jin Shu Yu Yi Biography died in the first year of Emperor Mu Yonghe (345), 51 years. During the reign of Emperor Wu (265-289), The Wing was not yet born and was not allowed to be sacrificed with a hair fan. Both of them thought that this was Yang Yong's examination results and praised them. In fact, this examination is from Liu Pansui's "Shishu Xinyu School Notes", and Wang Liqi's "Survey of Shishu Xinyu School" also inherits it, and Yu Yi's age, Liu and Wang Ershi's schools are not wrong, all of them are forty-one years old, and Yang Ji is mistakenly fifty-one. Yang's lack of explanation for this "false praise" also shows his mentality at that time.