In the northwest of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, at the western foot of a humble hill called Guishan Mountain, sits the Tomb of Guishan Han, which is known as "a wonder of ancient times, a must in China".
The reason for this is not the particularly grand scale of the tomb or the particular abundance of artifacts found with burial, but its exquisite engineering construction technology. In artifacts and archaeology, the value of writing and technology is above artifacts and scale.
Entrance to the main entrance of the Guishan Han Tomb
At the pinnacle of ancient engineering, construction methods are still a fog
The mystery of the accuracy of the work - the two parallel yongdao in the north and south are each 56 meters long, the maximum deviation of the excavation along the central line is only 5 mm, the accuracy reaches 1/10000, the distance between the north and south Yongdao is 19 meters, the angle is 20 seconds, and the error is only 1/16000. Both walls were polished like mirrors, and according to the technical level at that time, people even questioned the ability to build such a precise tomb at that time (presumably using a moment, which was measured to be 1/16000 of the ancient five-inch moment measurement error).
The laser reference in the Yongdao shows the high precision of the construction
The mystery of excavation - Guishan Han Tomb is a typical cliff cave tomb, its 15 burial chambers and two tomb passages with a total area of more than 700 square meters and a volume of more than 2600 cubic meters, almost hollowing out the entire mountain. At that time, how did people grasp the stone and structure of the mountain, so that the construction did not collapse and proceed smoothly.
Stone pillars left over from construction for structural stability
The Mystery of the Stone Plug - The South YongDao is blocked by 26 stones, divided into two layers, each layer is 13 pieces, each weighing 6-7 tons, the stones are indirectly tightly sewn, and even a coin is difficult to plug. According to research, the Yongdao of the Han Tomb was in the middle of Guishan Mountain at that time, and the texture of the Saishi came from a place far southwest (the exact source is not known). In the Han Dynasty, where productivity was extremely low, the ancients used what method to transport these huge stones and be able to stuff them into the Yongdao.
The huge stone is square and square, and there are "cow nostrils" left by the pulling during the tomb robbery.
So far, the only tomb of the King of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty has been identified, and history has always made people lament and sad
After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, divided his half-brother Liu Jiao, who had excellent moral integrity, in the land of Longxing in the dynasty, the richest (Wu) Chu land at that time, that is, the first chu king, the king of Chu Yuan.
The entire Western Han Dynasty has gone through twelve generations of Chu kings, and now a total of eight tombs of Chu kings have been found, because of the thick burials and tall sealing soil of the Han Dynasty, they have been stolen or even empty in history or modern times, leaving only the tomb itself, and no seals marking the identity of the King of Chu have been unearthed.
Guishan Han Tomb is the husband and wife tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth generation of Chu (Xiang) king of the Western Han Dynasty, and the only tomb of the King of Chu to determine the identity of the owner of the tomb, and the silver seal of the turtle button used to determine the identity was collected from a local electrician.
The silver seal of the turtle button, the turtle head and claws are vividly represented, the eyes and nose are exquisitely carved, and the abdomen is hollowed out
There are various versions of the story, but it is certain that a local electrician found this seal at the Tomb of Guishan Han and brought it home (some say that it is playing, some say that the electrician is responsible for wiring during excavation), and then learned of it by others (some say that it was inadvertently said in a dispute, some said it was said to be said randomly during the conversation), and finally collected by the museum.
Before handing it in, this seal was also almost smoothed and re-engraved due to ignorance, perhaps the "Liu Note" harmonic sound "retained", it tried hard to emit its own light, and finally "escaped a disaster", fortunately!
The printing surface is engraved with the word "Liu Zhu", and the font is thick and simple, and it is dense and measured
In the Han Dynasty, the golden seals of princes, princes and foreign chiefs were often awarded, and after the death of these princes, princes and foreign chiefs, they were often buried with gold seals: in 1956, the golden seal of the snake button was excavated from the tomb of the King of Dian in Jinning, Yunnan; in 1973, the bronze seal of the gilded turtle button was excavated from the tomb of the soft marquis Licang in Changsha; in 1982, the golden seal of the turtle button "Guangling King's Seal" was unearthed from the Han Tomb No. 2 of Ganquan Mountain in Yangzhou; in 1994, the golden seal of the turtle button was excavated from the tomb of Liu Yan, the Marquis of Wanqu, Xuzhou.
Therefore, Liu Zhu, the king of Chuxiang, should also have a golden seal issued by the Han Dynasty, and his tomb should have been buried with a golden seal, but it is no longer examinable, perhaps disappearing forever in the long river of history, and perhaps still glowing faintly in some unknown corner.
The root cause of such things is not only the force majeure when the national strength is weak or turbulent, but also the backwardness of ideological concepts and the excavation and protection of cultural relics.
Human nature is the same, the key is to have enough strength and perfect system to avoid the occurrence of destruction and loss.
Cultural relics are the carrier of civilization, the carrier of non-renewable!
New mysteries await people to discover
Welcome of the King of Chu - On the north wall of the coffin room of the King of Chu is clearly displayed a life-size shadow, dressed in Hanfu, with a crown and a belt, as a welcome gesture, known as the "Welcome of the King of Chu".
This image was gradually formed after the official opening of the burial chamber. Some people think that it is caused by long-term water seepage, but there is no trace of water leakage outside the shadow, which has become the biggest mystery of the Tomb of Guishan Han!
King Chu welcomes