Sanxiang Metropolis Daily, January 23 (All-media reporter Wu Daixia) The shadow of the new crown virus in 2021 is still hanging over the world, and Hunan archaeologists have ushered in another bumper harvest year while doing a good job in epidemic prevention and control. From January 21 to 23, the 2020-2021 Hunan Archaeological Report Meeting will be held online and offline at the same time.
Explore the origin of Chinese civilization and the clues of the civilization process in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the Liyang Plain
The Liyang Plain is a sacred site of archaeology in Hunan and a key area for exploring the origin of Chinese civilization and the process of civilization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In recent years, around the "Chinese Civilization Exploration Project" and the "Archaeological China • Civilization Process in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River" project, we have carried out continuous work for many years at the sites of JizhaoCheng, Sunjiagang and Huarong Qixingdun in Lixian County, and this year's excavations have yielded fruitful results.
On the basis of excavations in 2020, the site of Jimingcheng in Lixian County revealed the remains of a large wooden structure with five bays and seven rooms and an area of 420 square meters (if the cloister area is 630 square meters) in the middle and late Qujialing culture (4700-4800 years ago); the dissection of the area between the outer second and third ring trenches shows that the second and third ring trenches were formed in the Shijiahe culture period; the discovery of rice fields has found a home for the source of massive rice husks.
It can be seen that the site of Jimingcheng is a microcosm of the prehistoric civilization process in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and provides important data for studying the morphology evolution of Neolithic settlements, prehistoric social complexity and civilization process in southern China.
The Sunjiagang site is the only site in the Dongting Lake area that can be identified from the late Neolithic period to the early Xia Dynasty with the Accumulation of Xiaojia roof ridge culture as the main body, and is famous for the exquisite jade artifacts excavated. The two years of 2020 and 2021 are mainly excavations of residential areas. Through work, I learned about the way the houses of the ancestors in the Dongting Lake area built during the Xiaojia roof ridge culture period. One of the largest and most well-preserved buildings, F13, is located on a large artificially stacked pedestal, with a rectangular plan, including four square rooms arranged in a slightly east-west direction and five parts of its northern corridor, with an overall construction area of 153 square meters and a 24° north-east direction. It is a multi-room building with a rammed earth wall and a corridor, with a high grade.
Explore the footprints of the Chu people
Although the Chu people are not the indigenous people of Hunan, they are indispensable to the development of Hunan. It was precisely because of the Development of the South by the Chu people that the multi-ethnic state that was later unified by the Qin and Han Dynasties was formed. On the issue of chu people entering Hunan Province, there have been major breakthroughs in recent years.
The excavation of the Xiaozhou Luo site at the Luocheng site in 2020 confirmed that the documented King Qianluo of Chuwen was not out of thin air. The 2021 anatomy of the wall of the Luocheng ruins and the excavation of the large rammed earth building site in the city show that the city site was built on the extent of the original site and was the product of the intensification of the annexation war in the late Warring States period.
Coincidentally, at the site of Meizitan in Meixi Lake in Changsha City, the remains of the Chu culture from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States period were also found. Various types of architectural remains have been found at the site, with the site in the middle being circular and the houses on the north and south sides being rectangular. It should be a site of special nature whose function awaits further excavation and study.
Experts have tentatively speculated that Meizi Beach in Meixi Lake may be the first stop for the Chu people to cross the river into Changsha City from this point. The discovery of the site indisputably indicates that the Chu forces had penetrated deep into the Changsha area in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
The archaeological achievements of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties are quite fruitful
The remains of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties are the most found in the country and Hunan. Due to the relatively common discovery and the fact that few fine cultural relics have been unearthed, it has not attracted enough attention for a long time. In recent years, under the concept of settlement archaeology, the archaeological work of the Warring States of Hunan Warring States and The Qin and Han Dynasties centered on the city site (site) has made important progress, and these long-neglected remains of the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties have begun to show the effect of turning decay into magic. At the same time, under this kind of work idea, the archaeological work of the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties has also developed from extensive and fragmented in the past to refined and systematic. This year's archaeological achievements in the Warring States of Qin and Han dynasties are quite fruitful, and many of the discoveries are quite eye-catching.
The ruins of Linwu Dutou Ancient City are the only active excavation projects in the historical period and have been working for many years. The results of this year's excavations were unexpected: the pier protruding southeast of the city site was not added to the Six Dynasties, but was built at the same time as the city site; and the southern trench may not have been excavated in the Han Dynasty, but during the Six Dynasties period. These findings are quite helpful in understanding the Lingnan type of county towns represented by dutou ancient city.
The excavation of the Warring States Tomb Group of Taoyuan Textile Factory has concentrated on the excavation of a number of tombs with wide-grid short swords, which is of great significance for understanding the ethnic minorities in the Territory of the Chu Kingdom. After many excavations, the Xiangtan Lei Gongtang Tomb Group has accumulated more than 100 tombs, according to the characteristics of the distribution of Chuhan County in Hunan, it is not excluded that there may be a central settlement of the county nature that is not found in the literature but existed from the Warring States to the early Han Dynasty.
(Aerial photo of the tombs of the Peach Spinning Tombs.) Partial)
After many excavations, the work in 2020-2021 has made many important discoveries due to the increase in refinement: the cleaning of the collapse traces of the tomb is helpful to understand the cause of the structure under the circle on the Mawangdui No. 2 Han tomb; the discovery of a number of joint burial tombs provides important information for the study of the han burial system in the Han Dynasty. The new harvest obtained from the refined excavation is also reflected in the excavation of the Huangnitang Han Tomb in Chenzhou. 15 meters southwest of Huangnitang M1, a remnant of a contemporaneous building was found, possibly a sacrificial building, providing new evidence for the Han Dynasty to rule the country with filial piety.
The Song and Yuan dynasties were another climax of the development of the Hunan region
Although the remains of the Song and Yuan dynasties are not as good as those of the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties in terms of quantity, they are far superior to those of the Han Dynasty in terms of geographical distribution. Many places where there were no cultural relics in the past have been found in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as the inaccessible Meishan area in the past, in recent years, there have been many discoveries of mural tombs from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and this year archaeologists have excavated and relocated the mural tombs of Shaoyang Jilong Village found in the capital construction.
The Remains of the Song Dynasty excavated in many sites this year coincide with the remains of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties, such as the Tianjiatai Ruins in Zhangjiajie and the Ruins of the Taoyuan Textile Factory, which proves from the side that these two periods were the peak periods of social development in Hunan.
Due to the increase in population and the surge in the demand for porcelain, kiln sites for firing earthen porcelain in various parts of Hunan during the Song and Yuan dynasties sprung up, and this year, in order to cooperate with the capital construction, two kiln sites were excavated in Qidong Baotang kiln site and Chashantou and Qijiashan in Jingzhou Lotus Tuan Township. The tombs are still the main body of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and have been found everywhere, the most important of which is the discovery of 89 Song tombs in taoyuan textile factory. The discovery of the Song tomb and the Song Dynasty ruins of the Taoyuan Textile Factory confirms the historical record of taoyuan county in the second year of Song Qiande (964) in the local chronicle.
This time, the city bricks fired in Hunan in the Ming Dynasty were used in Jingzhou, Hubei
"Build walls high, accumulate grain, and slowly claim the title of king" This is the famous saying of Zhu Yuanzhang, the grandfather of the Ming Dynasty. Ming Dynasty brick kilns have been found in many parts of the country, basically distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries on the banks, convenient for water transport to Nanjing, used to build the walls of the capital city of Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty. Such official kilns have been found in Yueyang, Changde, Changsha and other places in Hunan.
The most important archaeological discovery of the Ming and Qing dynasties this year is the discovery of the official kiln site group of the early Ming Dynasty firing city wall bricks in the Chinese kiln Kiln, which is the second large-scale excavation of the Ming Dynasty brick kiln site after the Nanjing Guanyao Mountain Site (110 brick kilns were found), and the second excavation of the Ming Dynasty Brick Guan kiln site in Hunan after the Yueyang Junshan Brick Kiln Site.
The city wall bricks excavated from the kiln slope are generally engraved on the front with the names of production managers and craftsmen such as "Chenzhou Fu Ti Tong Guan Huang Zai" and "Yuanzhou Ti Tong Judge Pang Dong"; on the back side are engraved the names of production managers and craftsmen such as General Jia, Xiao Jia, Brick Maker Household, Kiln Craftsman, etc., which is of great significance for studying the handicraft system and management mode of the Ming Dynasty. The city wall is the most important defensive project in ancient times, and the quality of a city wall directly affects the safety of a dynasty. During the Zhu Yuanzhang period, the city wall was extensively repaired throughout the country, and in order to ensure the quality of the city bricks and put an end to corruption and cutting corners, it was required to engrave the names of responsible officials and manufacturers at all levels on the city bricks, and implement the system of responsibility to people.
After research, it was determined that the city bricks fired by the "Kiln Kiln Site Group" were used by the Jingzhou City Wall. The ancient city wall of Jingzhou was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was once the official ship dock and nagisa palace of the Chu State, and later became the seat of jiangling county.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the capital was Nanjing. In order to consolidate the military defense force in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and focusing on building the Jingzhou City Wall, the Jingzhou Capital and the neighboring Hunan Chenzhou, Yuanzhou and other places built a large-scale Jingzhou City Wall. The current Jingzhou city wall was rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty on the basis of the Ming Dynasty city wall.
The same batch of city bricks were found on the city bricks of the ancient city of Jingzhou and excavated from the "Kiln Slope Kiln Site Group". At present, 74 batches of city bricks produced in Hunan have been found in the ancient city of Jingzhou, and the names of people like "Huang Zai" and "Guo Quan" have appeared on the city bricks of the ancient city of Jingzhou.
At the same time, through the records of the Chenzhou Capital and the Yuanzhou Prefecture on the Brick, we can understand the historical process of the changes in social management and administrative institutions in southwest Hunan in the early Ming Dynasty, and help to explore the historical motives of the changes in administration, military, and ethnic management at that time.