Good book and recommended
Governance of Relative Poverty in Mainland China:
Empirical Investigation and Policy Innovation from the Perspective of Family Transition
Cao Yanchun Ye Yijun waited
Shanghai Far East Publishing House
Relative poverty
From the perspective of interpreting words, the "poor" in Chinese is composed of "points" and "shells", and its meaning is "more property and wealth are more, and less is divided". The meaning of "sleepy" is "from the mouth, bitter also". Therefore, "poverty" can be examined from the economic dimension, the development dimension, the environmental dimension and other aspects.
Poverty points to the economic dimension. The economic dimension of "poverty" mainly refers to income, and the international common standard is that the per capita annual income of the family is less than 50%-60% of the median social disposable income.
Poverty points to the dimension of social development and the dimension of living environment. The social development dimension of "hardship" includes education and health, which refers to the social average years of education or insufficient health insurance and services; the indicators of the living environment dimension of "sleepiness" mainly include the per capita housing area of the family being lower than the social average housing area, and the low quality of housing (such as lack of independent bathrooms/independent kitchens, etc.).
Conceptual and connotative definition
Absorbing the meaning of Chinese characters and the definition of authority at home and abroad, this study defines the concept and connotation of relative poverty, and believes that relative poverty includes the dimensions of "poverty" and "poverty". Among them, "poverty" refers to the economic dimension, and "poverty" refers to the development dimension.
On the basis of existing research results, this book re-sorts out and defines the concept and connotation of relative poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective. This study believes that relative poverty is a kind of development-oriented poverty, which refers to a living state in which the income, health, education, social resources and social security owned by families or individuals are significantly lower than the socially recognized level due to factors such as unbalanced economic development and differentiation of basic public services.
Relative poverty is embodied in seven dimensions: economy, life, health, education, employment, cognition and support, and social security. Among the seven dimensions, the dimension of "poverty" specifically points to the "economic dimension", and the "poor" dimension points to the six dimensions of life, health, education, employment, cognition and support, and social security. The poor are not fully integrated into society and are hampered by their own capacities, opportunities for development and the enjoyment of equal rights. The economic dimension of "poverty" is the core dimension of relative poverty, and the six dimensions of "poverty" are the multidimensional manifestations of relative poverty (as shown in Figure 2-1).
Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, this book divides the connotations of relative poverty. Absolute poverty corresponds to the lowest level of need, that is, physical needs. Relative poverty corresponds to the above four needs: security needs, social needs, respect needs, and self-actualization needs. This is also the core of "high quality of life".
Relatively poor groups can be represented by Region II in Figures 2-2. The vertical axis of Figure 2-2 is the per capita disposable income level of the household, and the horizontal axis is the level of social disposable income. People in RegionS I and III whose per capita disposable income levels are below the absolute poverty standard are the people living in absolute poverty. Region II is the relatively poor, whose per capita disposable income level is above the absolute poverty standard, but below the socially accepted standard. Zone IV is affluent people.
Construct a spatial structure and a time structure for relative poverty governance
Looking at the development trend of relative poverty in the world and the current situation of relative poverty in the mainland, the evolution of poverty problems has gradually sprouted into a new form along with the pace of social and economic development.
In the past few decades, the mainland has repeatedly broken through difficult problems in the treatment of absolute poverty and achieved fruitful results in poverty alleviation, but in the new era, the target of targeted poverty alleviation is no longer limited to the extremely poor who cannot meet the minimum living guarantee, but the relatively poor groups that are outside the marginal line of urban wealth and poverty.
On the basis of the previous literature research and empirical research, this part will start from the perspective of public policy of poverty governance, explore the anti-poverty governance structure around the occurrence mechanism of relative poverty, and construct the spatial structure and time structure of relative poverty governance through the three types of policy motivations of poverty reduction, poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation, so as to gradually solve the short-needle attack problem of current public policies in the practice of relative poverty governance.
First, identify the key difficulties of policy poverty reduction: the identification of relatively poor groups
The first step in poverty control policies is to accurately divide the types of relatively poor groups according to differences in the factors that cause poverty. As mentioned above, primary environmental poverty, capacity development poverty, social asset poverty, and risk prevention poverty are the main types of relative poverty summarized in the process of this empirical study.
First of all, in the original environment poverty, due to the structural poverty caused by the original family, the poor population in a long-term weak position in social competition, intergenerational transmission phenomenon in such groups always appear, such as the backward concept of education of the fathers, the low level of education led to the lack of stability in the planning of the development of the ability of the children, in the case of lack of living materials, often choose to give up the education of children, urge children to enter the labor market in advance.
Secondly, in the ability to develop poverty, the relatively poor population itself often lacks the ability to compete and develop, such as insufficient vocational skills, low education level and lead to passive selection of low wages, low skill requirements, low returns in the job market, while some groups have both incorrect concepts of wealth and poverty and development concepts, which will affect the determination and motivation of poor people to actively get rid of poverty.
Third, in social asset poverty, the income of the poor can meet the basic expenditures of the family economy, but because the source of income is single and cannot provide the family with other needs other than the minimum subsistence guarantee, it will be difficult to maintain basic livelihood requirements when the family encounters an emergency and is in urgent need of capital turnover.
Finally, in the risk prevention of poverty, disease, education and other major expenditures are the biggest source of risk in the livelihood security of the poor, the overall health level of poor families is low and accompanied by chronic diseases, genetic diseases and sequelae of diseases, repeated proof of outpatient medical reimbursement, high cost of special drug use and other practical problems have increased the possibility of some families becoming poor due to illness; and children's education expenditure has also become a key inducement for the increase in the incidence of relative poverty.
In summary, after determining the different types of relatively poor people, policy formulation needs to focus on the following three aspects:
First, on the basis of the original establishment of a file for poor households, improve the family information to accurately identify the relatively poor population and archive, and use big data to establish a response measures archive for the four types of relative poverty, and the measures in the archive are mainly from the case models with good practical effects and wide acclaim since poverty alleviation, so as to ensure that policy formulation has evidence to follow.
Second, accurately target the plight of the relatively poor population, and improve the ability of the poor to resolve the risk of poverty from the two levels of income and expenditure, such as opening up multi-party employment channels, increasing public welfare jobs, increasing investment in support and education resources, and so on.
Third, adhere to the principle of problem-oriented, innovate the idea of poverty reduction governance, give play to the advantages of social participation in policy formulation, and establish a spatial governance structure for social assistance.
Second, establish a foothold for policy poverty alleviation: the linkage of internal and external poverty alleviation mechanisms
The second step of the poverty alleviation policy is to establish a long-term poverty alleviation mechanism based on the principles of pertinence, consistency and systematization. Taking into account the endogenous poverty factors and exogenous poverty factors of the relatively poor population, when establishing the poverty alleviation mechanism, it is necessary to consider the linkage of the internal and external solution mechanisms to improve the coverage of poverty alleviation measures.
In terms of the internal poverty alleviation mechanism of the policy system, the primary consideration is to establish a multi-dimensional poverty identification strategy, which defines the relative poverty standard from 7 dimensions such as economic income, education status, health level, quality of life, employment, and social support, and quantifies the 7 standards through empirical data, so as to help the poverty alleviation department to provide accurate assistance and priority support according to the degree of poverty.
Secondly, it is necessary to pay attention to the feedback and effect of policies in the process of assistance, and solve problems such as information asymmetry in the process of poverty alleviation by formulating a scientific poverty alleviation performance evaluation mechanism and an information sharing mechanism of poverty alleviation departments.
In terms of the external poverty alleviation mechanism of the policy system, on the one hand, it is necessary to build a community-supported family support system from the level of social participation of the poor, encourage the poor to actively participate in community activities, and improve the community integration and quality of life of the poor; on the other hand, consider introducing a market mechanism to increase the access of poor people to social resources through corporate public welfare assistance projects and people's livelihood projects.
Third, grasp the key point of policy poverty alleviation: the attribution of the phenomenon of marginal poverty return
The third step of the anti-poverty policy is to pay attention to the phenomenon of poverty caused by marginalized groups and the phenomenon of solidification of the poverty status of special groups, and to conduct attribution analysis of long-term relative poverty. As mentioned above, the reasons why marginal groups fall into relatively poor areas are inseparable from the imbalance between household income and expenditure and the contradiction of livelihood, and the most common occurrence of relative poverty under poverty measurement indicators is the economic dimension, health dimension, education dimension, employment dimension, cognition and support dimension, and when combined with the rooting theory to analyze the incidence mechanism of poverty, it is also found that "poverty due to illness", "return to poverty due to illness", and "poverty caused by education expenditure" are important reasons for marginal groups to fall into the poverty trap.
The poor are aware that external poverty factors have a great influence on the internal operation and development of families, but the existing "campaign governance" poverty alleviation method can neither eradicate the absolute threat of external poverty factors, nor is it difficult to predict the extent of the impact of external factors on family development.
Therefore, in order to achieve the "absolute poverty alleviation" of the relatively poor population, it is necessary to consider enhancing the ability of the poor population to cope with risks from the perspective of risk prevention on the basis of the attribution of poverty, and combine the exogenous ability mechanism of poverty alleviation and the endogenous power mechanism of poverty alleviation to promote the initiative and enthusiasm of the relatively poor population to get rid of poverty.
END
Books Shanghai | The smell of books is always accompanied
Source: Shanghai Far East Publishing House
Editor: Duan Pengcheng