Liu Bang's fuyi vassal ——— Fujia

Abstract: Fu Jia, who was born in Yunyang, Chongqing, once plotted for Liu Bang to "fix the Three Qins", and Liu Bang believed that he was "determined to support the wings", so he gave the surname "Fu". Later, he was entrusted by Liu Bang with the post of tingliang. After returning to the countryside, he invented the method of sucking brine and boiling salt, making Yun'an one of the oldest salt farms in China and making a great contribution to the prosperity of the local economy. Unfortunately, Fu Jia is not passed down in the "History", but with Fu Jia's contribution in history, he should not be so obscure, the article intends to make the confusing things about Fu Jia clear and highlight its practical significance through the combing of history.

First, the origin of the name of Fujia and the contribution of the "Ding Sanqin" strategy Fujia, originally Fujia, "Fu" to "Fu" is derived from Liu Bang. According to the "Yunyang County" of the "Famous Places in Shu", "Fu Jia, Shu Ninja also." At the beginning, Jia Mu met the dragon on the side of Tangxi, and later gave birth to Jia, qiao fa qizhong. Gao Zu, the King of Han, met Jia and offered the Three Qin Strategies. Because of his ambition to support the wing, Gao Zu gave him the surname fushi and was made a court lieutenant".[1] Also in the same book volume 45 "Character Record" Yun: "Fu Jia, Shu Ninja." When Qin Shi Huang was in Yunyang, there was a woman, Huan was dressed on the water of Tangxi, and saw a stream near the shore, and saw that the dragon was also. Terrified, the dragon fell to his side. In the end, there is a concubine, a mi sheng jia, that is, a word of speech, a blessing in disguise, a strange one, and a god near and far. Long, resourceful, and heavy. King Gaozu of Han Gaozu, Yu Xinzheng, heard of his strange name, and went to see him, because he asked Ji Yan, Jia persuaded Gao Zu to take Guanzhong in the Three Qins and judge the world by the situation. Gao Zu thought that he was a court lieutenant, and the punishment was not in vain, so he was sealed in The Dragon Patience and given the surname of Fu, with the achievements of Kuang Fu. "Say the same. Because of the strange strategy of "Fixing the Three Qins", the surname "Fu" was obtained, which is more credible. First, because Liu Bang was crowned king of Han by Xiang Yu, the land of Wang Ba and Shu was really degraded, so he urgently needed to be guided by high people in order to increase his strength and swing his division to the east to compete with Xiang Yu. Fu Jia's strategy was to the point of the times, and Liu Bang had a relative in his heart, believing that he was "determined to support the wing", so he gave the surname "Fu"; second, the ancient kings often gave the surname to show their favor to their courtiers, just as after Lou Jingyin suggested that Liu Bang Dingdu Guanzhong be adopted, Liu Bang gave Lou Jing the surname of Liu Jing and changed his name to Liu Jing. Fu and Fu, Lou and Liu were all given because of the proximity of the sound.

The legend about Fu Jia's life is particularly strong, giving people a sense of confusion. Today, the year of his birth and death is uncertain. According to local legends in Yunyang, in the last years of Qin II, the situation was turbulent. When the courtier Fu Jia saw that the imperial court was corrupt, he angrily left the capital and came to the lofty mountain valley of Shu Ren (present-day Yunyang, Chongqing) in Ba County, to live a life of hunting and reclamation. It can be seen that Fu Jia is a person who is accustomed to hiding from the world with seclusion, so it is also natural that he resigned from the government and returned to his hometown again when he was han Gaozu.

Before Liu Bang became the King of Han, Fu Jia had a contact with Liu Bang and was deeply appreciated by Liu Bang. According to the "Chronicle of Yunyang County", "Jia was intelligent and studious since childhood, and when he grew up, he could divinate and be fierce, and he was familiar with geography. In the early years, he traveled along the eastern and lower reaches of the river, met and knew Liu Bang in Pei County, talked about world affairs freely, and was deeply respected by Liu Bang." Write Fu Jia to know astronomy, to know geography, and to be a "prodigy". Coincidentally, Liu Bang was also "his ancestor Liu Mi tasted the rest of osawa, dreaming and meeting with god??。 And if you have a body, you will give birth to a high ancestor." [2] Both are very people who are stained with the spirituality of the dragon, and the talents cherish the talents, so it is no wonder that they will see each other as they are. Liu Bang was a man with an open personality and extreme ego, and when he was the head of the Surabaya Pavilion, he was "insulted by the officials in the court", and the "three masters" he admired to help him win the world, except for Zhang Liang, Xiao He and Han Xin were all slightly insulted by him. Not to mention, when Li Shiqi and Tuobu went to see him, Liu Bang arrogantly continued to let the two women wash his feet, extremely contemptuous and rude. What Exactly Fu Jia said to Liu Bang on this eastward trip is no longer known to us because history has not recorded it. However, from the fact that he was respected by Liu Bang, we can infer that Fu Jia really had the place of knowing people, so that he could conquer Liu Bang and make Liu Bang deeply impressed, which would also have a special return visit from Liu Bang in 206 BC. During this return visit, Fu Jia offered Liu Bang the great strategy of "fixing the Three Qins".

In the first month of 206 BC, Liu Bang was crowned king of Han by Xiang Yu, leading Bashu and Hanzhong, all of which were southern Zheng. Liu Bang adopted Xiao He's strategy of recruiting the Bashu people to determine the Three Qins, recruited troops and horses at home, recruited talents and soldiers, and stepped up preparations for attacking the Three Qins. In April of that year, Liu Bang, together with general Fan Duo, set out from Southern Zheng, through Luzi Mountain and Fan Duodian in Xuanhan, Sichuan Province,[3] to the East Gate pass into Qu Nin County to recruit the Ban people as soldiers, and when they reached Luyang Dam (present-day Luyang Township), Liu Bang saw that the terrain was flat and the land was fertile, suitable for raising soldiers in Tuntian, so he ordered Fan Duo to garrison here to train the Ban barbarians. Later, Liu Bang, accompanied by Fan Duo, marched to Yun'an, stationed at the Yuantian Palace (present-day Xuantian Palace) [4], and met Fu Jia again. Fu Jia urged Liu Bang to enter Guanzhong to pacify the Three Qins in order to seize the world. The Three Qins refer to the three former Qin generals who were appointed by Xiang Yu, namely Zhang Handan the Yong King, Sima Xin the King of Sai, and Dong Yi the King of Zhai. These three people were all generals of the Qin state in the past, and later surrendered to Xiang Yu, who on the one hand sealed the general, and on the other hand, very cruelly buried more than 200,000 soldiers in the Qin state alive in Xin'an, causing the people of Qin to hate these three people. A well-informed politician could see at a glance that the Three Qins were the weakest gap in entering the Pass, and that if they could conquer the Three Qins and use Guanzhong as a base area, they would be able to smoothly take the world from the east. In fact, persuading Liu Bang to pacify the Three Qins was not only the idea of Fu Jia alone, Han Xin and Xiao He had both put forward similar propositions, and the Chronicle of the Marquis of Huaiyin recorded in particular detail that Han Xin analyzed the feasibility and importance of pacifying the Three Qins for Liu Bang: "?? Moreover, the king of the three Qins was a general of Qin, and the sons of Qin were several years old, and the slaughter was incalculable, and they deceived their people to surrender to the princes, and to Xin'an, the king of Xiang deceived Qin to surrender more than 200,000 people, but Only Handan, Xin, and Feng had to get rid of them, and Qin's father and brother complained about these three people, and the pain fell into the bone marrow. Now Chu Qiang was the king of Wei, and Qin Min Mo Aiye was also. When the Great King entered Wuguan, Qiu did no harm, except for the harsh law of Qin, and the covenant with Qin Min, the three chapters of the law, and the Qin people all wanted to get the Great King Qin. In the covenant of the princes, the great king was the king of Guanzhong, and the people of Guanzhong knew it. The great king was derelict in his duties in Hanzhong, and the Qin people hated them. Now that the great king has lifted to the east, the Three Qins can be passed on to determine the same." Later generations believe that Han Xin's longitudinal discussion of the situation in the world is comparable to zhuge Liang's "Longzhong pair" in later generations. We have no way of knowing what Fu Jia actually said, but after listening to his strategy from Liu Bang, we think that he is "determined to support the wing", and thus give him the surname "Fu", which can be concluded that Fu Jia must also be able to analyze it to the point and cut to the point, otherwise it would be impossible to impress Liu Bang so much.

Fu Jia was a very politically minded person, although not as famous as Han Xin and Xiao He, but they were indeed heroes who saw the same thing, especially when Liu Bang was squeezed by Xiang Yu and lived in a corner of Hanzhong, the strategy of "fixing the Three Qins" undoubtedly pointed out the mystery for Liu Bang. Later, Liu Bang was able to use Guanzhong as a base, make a decision to go east and unify the world in one fell swoop, which can be said to benefit from the wisdom of this policy and line. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to call Fu jia a "sage" with wise and clear political insight.

Second, the first to open a well to absorb brine and boil salt, rewriting the history of local economic development of the doer

Fu Jia not only has excellent political insight, but also has a forward-looking economic mind, and at the same time has the style of a doer who is vigorous and "hears and acts". Therefore, he was not only a wise politician, but also a pioneering economic man. Its greatest achievement was the first method of opening wells to absorb brine and boil salt, and by extension, not only made Yunyang's economy very active at that time, but also had a major impact on the history of economic and social development in the region for more than two thousand years.

It is said that the earliest discovery of The Salt Spring in Yunyang was related to Fan Duo. According to the Qing Dynasty's "Yunyang County Rural Records of the Elderly" (page 1 on the volume), Fan Duo hunted and wounded a white rabbit in Yun'an, fled to the barren mountains, and then tracked down and chased near the well, the white rabbit went into the thatch and disappeared, pulled the thatch to look for it, and found that there was water slowly flowing out of the cracks in the rocks, tasting salty. Fan Duo informed Liu Bang of this discovery, and Liu Bang attached great importance to it and ordered Fu Jia to collect brine salt. In this statement, Fan Duo is the discoverer, Liu Bang is the advocate, and Fu Jia is the executor. The August 1999 edition of the Yunyang County Chronicle " The Legend of the White Rabbit Well " records a slight difference from this: "When Fan Duo chased the injured white rabbit, he found a hole in the ground, and the opening of the cave was covered with a stone slab, and after it was lifted, a white mist shot straight into the sky from the mouth of the cave for a long time. Fu Jia found three bamboo poles to connect, tentatively pitted, found that there was a spring at the bottom of the hole, lifted the bamboo pole, saw that there was something milky white on it, a taste, the taste was salty and mellow, Fu Jia knew that this was a salt spring." The second seems to be more in line with their common sense of digging wells from this point. Moreover, if the salt spring flows directly on the ground, it is impossible for mountain people who have been in and out of the mountains for a long time not to find it. In this account, the salt spring was jointly discovered by Fan Fujia.

After discovering the source of salt, Fu Jia surrounded the wellhead with earth and stones, excavated the well body, and then asked the craftsmen to frame the wellhead with materials to form a Bagua shape (called dragon mouth), support a wooden frame (called ear plate) on it, find a rope to wrap around the wooden frame, tie a wooden barrel (called a thousand pounds) at the other end of the rope, hit the salt spring, and set up a stove next to the well to draw brine to boil salt. The boiling salt stove they designed is also very special, square, low in front and high in the back, fueled by firewood, the fire reaches the bottom, and the fire door is larger, which is convenient for adding a large amount of firewood. The salt making process is: to the brine to the pot - to burn the brine - stir - to become salt - to collect the warehouse - to pack. This single-stove salt production method was extended from the first year of Han Gaozu to the twenty-third year of the Qianlong Qing Dynasty (1758). Since then, the history of yunyang sinking wells to draw brine and boil salt has been revealed (see "Research on the History of the Salt Industry", No. 1, 1988, page 5). Because this first well was found while chasing the white rabbit, people called him "white rabbit well". Now also known as "Dajing", it is currently the best preserved large-diameter shallow well in China, which has witnessed the prosperity of Yun'an and occupies an important position in the history of China's salt industry. Unfortunately, due to its low concentration, heavy moisture and high development costs, the well has long since produced salt.

After knowing that there were salt springs in the local underground, Fu Jia used his advantage of being familiar with geography to probe the brine veins and led his daughter and villagers to consciously sink wells to take brine and fry salt, thus ending the history of using natural salt springs and salt rocks to make salt in the pre-Qin period. Later, according to her father's instructions of "Three Bulls to Ma Ling, no nobles out of the salt well", the daughter of Fu Jia dug a total of nine wells, namely the upper temperature, lower temperature, east well, south well, west well, north well, stone canal well, Huansha well and Tuwo well. After that, the south bank of the chapter well was excavated. Water Sutra Cloud: "?? Tangxi Li County wing belt salt well more than a hundred, Ba Chuan capital to self-sufficiency." With the continuous expansion of the scale of salt mining, the local economy quickly prospered, a few years to form a market town, people asked Fujia to name this feng shui treasure land, Fujia said: "When I first found the salt spring, there were white clouds and mist at the mouth of the cave, which was an auspicious omen, and later everyone worked hard to produce salt and lived and worked in peace, I think I named this place Yun'an"! So the place name "Yun'an" was called out. [5] Yun'an is an ancient town thriving on salt, it is one of the oldest salt farms in the mainland, and for more than 2,000 years, its unique salt culture has influenced the social and economic development and changes in customs and habits in the entire Sichuan-Chongqing region. Even the prosperity of Yunyang County is also dependent on the salt of Yun'an. Because Yunyang County is in the lower reaches of the Tangxi River, facing the Yangtze River, it is a commercial port and transit station of Yun'an Salt. "The salt of the Ba people" has achieved Yun'an and Yunyang, and all this Fujia has pioneered.

However, the work of taking brine and boiling salt is very difficult, the workers' hands and feet have been soaked in brine for a long time, so that the wrinkles fall off, and there is a folk song at that time: "The head is full of ear plates, the feet are stepping on the abyss, the hot days are sweaty like rain, and the winter is cold as an iceberg." But this kind of suffering has paid off, especially the thought that Fujia must not only do everything personally, but also lead them to get rid of poverty and become rich regardless of remuneration, and the villagers are very grateful. They built the Longjun Palace in Yun'an to worship Fu jia, and Fan Duo attached it to him. [6] The xian ancestral hall of the county wenmiao township, Fujia is listed as one of the township sages, and there are tablets for it. [5] When Fu Jia was born, the people supported him as the "lord of the well", and after his death, he was worshipped as the god of the well and was enthroned as the King of Guangji. [7] It is said that the people with the surname Fu in present-day County are descendants of Fu Jia. The Yun'an salt stove is offered to the "Three Generals of The Three Fuses" (i.e., Fujun, Fumin, and Fubian) during the frying of the "Fire God Society" every year.

Third, the reasons why Fu Jia failed to leave a name in the history of history

Fu Jia had both a political mind and an outstanding economic consciousness, and quite a style of a doer, but what is inconceivable is that Sima Qian's "Records of History" actually does not record that Fu Jia only said a few words, is it that Fu Jia did not have outstanding political achievements when he was an official, and failed to meet Sima Qian's selection criteria of "helping the righteous and the handsome, not letting himself lose his time, and making meritorious contributions to the world"? However, just because he and his daughter led the crowd to build the first salt well in Yun'an and led the local people to become rich, especially the major impact on the development of the mainland well salt industry, Fujia should not be listed among those who are "rich and famous". At the very least, there should be a place for him in the group portrait of "Cargo Colony"! Didn't the Wuyan clan because he donated thousands of dollars to lend money and received ten times the interest during the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wuchu, and was written into the "Records of History" by Sima Qian in one year? Although, tan Renzhi of the Qing Dynasty wrote a poem in the "Longjun Palace" (that is, the Fujia Temple) in a relief to commemorate Fujia: "The surname of Fuhan Qingyin was passed down, and the official Gao Tingwei was in vain." The name of the work is dazzling and plain, why should the history of Taishi be annotated and compiled." Seemingly Daguan, in fact, implies a kind of helplessness, after all, Tan Renzhi is not clear about staying away from the hustle and bustle, returning to the countryside, "brilliant to the extreme" is not Fu Jia's willing choice. Because from the perspective of ordinary people's way to achieve the "three immortals of life", morality, meritorious service, and fame, morality is too difficult, if you can't make meritorious service, you will try your best to pursue the pursuit of leaving your name in the future generations. Even if a saint like Yao, after obtaining the "name of governance" to rule the world, wants to give up the world to Xu You, doesn't he want to get a "Zen Concession" name again (see "Zhuangzi Getaway")? The reason why Sima Qian himself endured humiliation after being tortured by the palace was because he hoped to write a great historical work that would be left to posterity. From ancient times to the present, there are many people who can forget utilitarianism, but there are too few people who can hold a "why should" attitude towards the history of Youth. It is a pity that fujia cannot be found in the "History". However, what the "Records of History" wants to carry is three thousand years of history, and the characters who are active in it are like carps across the river, so how can Sima Qian not have a leak in the hundred secrets? As Xu Shidong of the Qing Dynasty explained in volume XII of the Yanyulou Reading Chronicle why there are Xiang Yu Benji and Lü Hou Benji in the "Records of History" and no "Xiaohui Benji": "If the world's order is in someone, then someone is this ji, and this historical example is also ??。 Take this chronicle as a documentary, rather than competing for fame and territory." Thinking of Jin Wengong's reward for meritorious service, Jie Zhitui did not say Lu, "Lu Yifu and Fu", fu jia's namelessness in the "History" is also reasonable, after all, the "History" is not a place for people to compete for fame. Unfortunately, the fujia temple no longer exists, and some poems are also unexamined, such as Liu Mengling's "Qixia Palace": "Yongle has a remnant, but it is in the fox cave." The beginning and the end are not recognizable, and the two words are still recited." The next note is Wenyun: "Fu Jia □□ Jade Emperor Xuan, praise Ning Lin The Cave Heaven." Although the Qin and Han dynasties have been in the hundredth century, The Great Ming Yongle □□□. [1] The author believes that although Fu Jia was not able to leave a name in the "Records of History", he should not be silent with history. As Liu Bang's assistant minister, Fu Jia's outstanding political insight, advanced economic thinking and deeds, as well as his wisdom and insight to escape the whirlpool of political struggle in time and return to the mountains and wilderness are very admirable. As a local celebrity in Chongqing, he should not just blossom inside the wall and incense inside the wall, but should let more people understand him and commemorate him, perhaps this is also the practical significance that the author hopes to produce when writing this article!

The trajectory of life that Fu Jia and Fan Li have walked is strikingly similar, they are first engaged in politics and then retreat, Fan Li chose to do business, and Fu Jia's choice is to develop industry.

Both the "History of the Yue King's Gou Jian Shi Family" and the "Chronicle of the Cargo Breeding Column" record that after Fan Li helped the Yue King to destroy Wu, he realized the ugly nature of the Gou Jian bird dead Tibetan bow and the rabbit dead cooking dog, and resolutely decided to stay away from the whirlpool of political struggle, "But floating in the rivers and lakes on a flat boat, changing his name and changing his surname, Suitable Qi became the skin of the Bird Yizi, and the tao was Zhu Gong??。 In the nineteenth year, three thousand gold, and then dispersed and poor friends and Kundi. This so-called rich and virtuous person also." After Fan Li devoted himself to business activities, his outstanding talents still shined, and his family had huge assets, so that in later generations, "those who said that the rich were called Tao Zhugong". In another field, fan li is undoubtedly wise to realize the value of one's own life and to be able to avoid disasters in the whole body. Fu Jia and Fan Li have many similarities, and both belong to the transformational talents who have shifted from the political field. Although Fu Jia's fame is far less than Fan Li's, we do not know whether Fu Jia's return to the hidden mountains away from the power struggle is his own willing choice, but since he returned to his hometown, it is not too much to use his expertise in knowing the earth's veins to do practical things for the people. Moreover, from the historical data, we can also speculate that Fujia provides technical services without compensation, and all the local people can share resources. Compared with Fan Li's distribution of family wealth to the "poor kundi", the realm seems to be higher.

Zhang Liang, the Marquis of Liu, who was at the same time as Fu Jia, was well aware of Liu Bang and Lü Hou's personalities, and was well versed in the principle of "it is difficult to live for a long time under the prestige", although he did not completely retreat, but often under the guise of many illnesses, "willing to abandon human affairs and want to swim from Akamatsuko", he was also able to save himself. In contrast, Han Xin's fate is a sigh. Because Fu Jia's idea of "fixing the Three Qins" to Liu Bang coincided with Han Xin's ideas, Tan Renzhi wrote a poem in the "Fu Jia Temple" to compare Fu Jia with Han Xin: "Persuading the Three Qin Strategies to be the first, Huaiyin saw the same thing." The Day of The Dragon Taming of the Dragon is like the Year of the Cooked Dog in Xianyang". [5] (P1305) Yuan Wangshu has a general review of Fu Jia's life in the "Record of the Continuation of the Statue of Gaozu Temple", saying that Fu Jia "is comparable to Zhang (Liang) Han (Xin) and other kings, persuading the Three Qins, there are Xun Lie, and only hate the history of his name." The husband and the court have their own titles, the food seals have their land, and the names given have their own people. The present-day salt factory is dedicated to the Dragon Name Palace, with the Marquis of Wuyang attached to it, and emperor Gao of Qi is in this village. ”

Of course, Fu Jia could not speak with Han Xin, and Liu Bang was unlikely to regard him as a fierce enemy of political struggle, but "accompanying the king is like accompanying the tiger", and if you are not careful, you may burn yourself. Even if you can live at the end of your life and live a life of sincere fear, there is no value. In this way, Fu Jia returned to seclusion and devoted himself to salt mining, thus rewriting the history of the salt industry at that time, and the outstanding merits he established were far more socially valuable than being a mediocre court lieutenant, and Fu Jia was worthy of being an outstanding person who knew his choices and was full of innovation.

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[3] CHANG Ming,YANG Fangcan,et al. Sichuan Tongzhi[M] . Chengdu:Bashu Book Club,1984.]

Wang Chenglie,Deng Fangda. Integration of Chinese Local History (Yunyang Chronicle of the Republic of China, Vol. 21) [M] . Chengdu:Bashu Book Society,1992.] 198.

Jia Juxing. Yunyang County Chronicle[M] . Chengdu:Sichuan People's Publishing House,1999.]

Yuan Wangshu. Continuation of the statue of Gaozu Temple[M] . Qingxian Fengyunyang County Chronicle Volume 10. 35.

Qing Guangxu Yunyang County Chronicle. Old Records[M] . Chengdu:Sichuan People's Publishing House,1999.]

Source: Journal of China West Normal University (Zheshe Edition), No. 5, 2004