Source: Hi Wen
The famous literary theorist Said once said: Exile is one of the most tragic fates.
In ancient times, exile was a particularly terrible punishment, because it not only meant years of wandering aimlessly away from home and familiar places, but also meant becoming a permanent wanderer, forever uprooted, always in conflict with the environment, difficult to let go of the past, and full of sorrow for the present and the future.
Exile means scholars who cannot adapt, or, more pertinently, who are unwilling to adapt, who prefer to be outside the mainstream, resist, not be included, and not be included. Many thinkers were killed because of their thoughts, and some fled through exile. Most of the people here were driven away by the government, but some fled for their own safety. The fact that some of these thinkers still enjoy great fame centuries into exile shows that even if they are still not recognized by their fellow citizens, they are often profound and correct.
Confucius
Zheng Ren or Zi Gong Yue: "There are people in the East Gate, whose jaws are like Yao, whose necklaces are like Gao pottery, whose shoulders are born, but they are not three inches below Yu, and they are tired like dogs who have lost their families." ”
Zigong told Confucius the truth, and Confucius smiled happily: "Shape, end." And it's like a lost dog, but alas! Wow! ”
As a heavyweight in Chinese philosophy, Confucius spent most of his working hours in exile. His career did not begin with philosophy, but with government. The neighboring state of Qi, concerned about the potential of the reforms confucius was trying to implement, and wary of the growing power of the state of Lu, gave Ji Huanzi a gift: a hundred good horses and eighty dancers. Since then, the monarch has been obsessed with singing and dancing, and has ignored the government for many days. Confucius and Ji shi have a discord. Confucius was very disappointed, left the country of Lu, went to a foreign country to find a way out, and began a journey around the world. Over the next 13 years, he traveled around the world trying to find a princely state that could unleash his ambitions, carry out reforms, and practice good governance, but none of them used him.
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras was an ancient Greek philosopher and pioneer of atomic materialism. He was a famous natural scientist who believed that the sun was a hot mass of matter, that the moon had valleys and inhabitants like the earth, that meteorites were stones that fell from the sun, that thunder was produced by the impact of clouds, and that lightning was the result of friction between clouds and clouds.
Because of these claims that violated traditional religions and myths, they were attacked as heresies and expelled from Athens for "disrespecting god". He later returned to Ionia and lived in seclusion in Lampsaco. Anaxagoras was a typical Ionian philosopher, a rationalist. He argued that the earth was a cylinder, believed that the nature of the celestial body and the earth were largely the same, denied that the celestial body was sacred, and argued that the "spirit" (nous) was the source of change and power in the living world.
Diogenes
Diogenes, the son of a banker in the city-state of Sinop, minted counterfeit coins while managing the bank for his father, resulting in his father's imprisonment and his own expulsion from the city-state. After he became a philosopher, people still brought him up from time to time to humiliate him. Diogenes sneered, "I was the same as you are now, but you will never be like me now." It was because of exile that I became a philosopher. They sentenced me to exile, and I sentenced them to imprisonment in the city-state. ”
After his exile, he moved to Athens, where he criticized many of the city's cultural practices. Following the example of Hercules, he believed that action was more indicative of virtue than theory. He uses his simple way of life and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he sees as a corrupt, chaotic society. He was known for sleeping and eating in highly unconventional ways wherever he chose, and began to strengthen his ability to fight against nature. He claimed to be a cosmopolitan and citizen of the world, not allegiance to only one place.
Aristotle
Aristotle went to the Plato Academy in Athens at the age of seventeen to study for twenty years, and did not leave until Plato's death. In 342 BC, Aristotle returned to Macedonia to work as a private teacher for the king's thirteen-year-old son (later known as Alexander the Great). After Alexander succeeded to the throne in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and founded his own school, the Leheman Academy. Alexander generously funded his research.
Aristotle opposed Alexander's dictatorship in principle. Nevertheless, he was not trusted by the athenians who advocated democracy because of his association with Alexander. When Alexander died in 323 BC, the anti-Macedonian faction dominated Athens, and Aristotle was charged with guilt. Remembering the fate of Socrates seventy-six years ago, he fled Athens, saying as he fled that he would not give Athens a second chance to commit crimes against philosophy. He died in exile a few months later at the age of 62.
Karl marx
Marx rarely traveled long distances entirely out of his own will, and the first time should have been his newlywed honeymoon at the age of 25, and the second was a recuperative spa trip to alleviate his illness as he had entered his old age. But in his lifetime, there was no shortage of long-distance travel, for political reasons, he was rushed by various governments, forced to drag his family and mouth, and traveled between several European cities, and exile was the norm in his life. The important European cities he lived in exile: Paris, Brussels, Cologne and London, were all on the cusp of the 19th century. The French government had offered the political refugee a leisure option by the seaside, but Marx did not go. Because it is these big cities on the cusp of the storm that have his career and life.
Dr. Marx's first career was as a writer for the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, and later became editor-in-chief. The young editor-in-chief angered the Prussian government with fierce rhetoric and sharp commentary, and the newspaper was suspended. Marx's career was frustrated, and yanni had just lost her father, and two young people with mixed sorrows and joys finally got married after 7 years of their engagement. They enjoyed a honeymoon trip along the Rhine on the hot springs. Then Marx took Yanni to his first stop in exile, which was then the exile capital of Europe, Paris. People who had been expelled from their respective countries had gathered here, and Marx had found many like-minded people here, and the one who made him hate each other the most was Engels. From Paris onwards, their collaboration lasted a lifetime. The two used communication methods to establish an international information network for like-minded people to communicate. Under pressure from Prussia, France drove away Marx, an enemy of the Prussian government. This time, The Marxs took their first daughter, Little Yanni, to the next stop in exile: Brussels, Belgium.
While in Brussels, Marx and Engels jointly drafted the Communist Manifesto, which was published in London in 1848. The phrase "proletarians of the whole world unite" at the end of the manifesto became the loudest slogan of the international workers' movement. In the museum in Marx's hometown today, there are various versions of the Communist Manifesto in various languages to date, and I have found four of them in just Chinese editions.
In order to escape persecution by the Prussian government, Marx renounced his Prussian citizenship while in Brussels. But he kept an eye on the news of the revolution from Prussia. Fearing the spread of the revolution to Belgium, the Belgian government expelled all foreign Communists. Marx returned to Cologne, where he had fought, and opened the Neue Rhine, which sounded the horn for the European revolution, and for more than a year, the influence of the newspaper continued to expand, and finally it was shut down by the Prussian government. This time, Marx was expelled by the Prussian government as an undesirable foreigner. He took his family to London, where he thought it would be a stop in exile, but he lived there for nearly 30 years until the end of his life. In London, Marx devoted himself to the study of political economy and began to write his life's work, Capital.
Hannah Arendt
German-American philosopher Hannah Arendt was a victim of Nazism and was forced to flee Nazi Germany before World War II.
In 1933, she began working to expose the misery of Jewish refugees and was arrested by the Gestapo. However, she escaped to Geneva with the help of a guard in prison and then to Paris. Arendt continued to help Jewish refugees flee to Palestine in Paris. After the German invasion of France in 1940, she was thrown into the Gühr concentration camp. This time she also managed to escape, and traveled to the United States in 1941, where she later acquired American citizenship. Arendt devoted most of his efforts to the study of Jewish culture. Before her death in New York in 1975, she had been advocating for the freedom of all Jews.
Editor: Aero
Typography: Mo Yi
Audit: Yongfang
Artist/VI: Little Week
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