According to foreign media reports, the submarine volcano of Hong Aha Apay Island in The South Pacific island country of Tonga erupted violently for two consecutive days on the 14th and 15th, and a 1.2-meter-high tsunami occurred in the capital Nuku'alofa.
Volcanic eruptions spray volcanic ash and other impurities into the sky, and columns of smoke rush up to 19 kilometers in the air. A large amount of volcanic ash and steam rises super mushroom clouds on the surface of the Pacific Ocean.
According to the Tonga Geological Services, a massive underwater volcano erupted just before sunset on Friday with plumes reaching more than 19 km above sea level. Satellite images showed a huge eruption, with a plume of ash, steam and gas rising like a mushroom above the blue Pacific waters.
The eruption also triggered a tsunami warning in the Pacific coast, and evacuations have taken place in low-lying coastal areas such as Japan, Chile and Australia.
Tsunami advisories were issued for other Pacific islands, the Australian east coast, Japan, Chile and the US Pacific coast.
According to the Associated Press, due to the disruption of communication networks and the inability to communicate with the outside world, there are still no reports of casualties and property damage from the country.
There were no immediate reports of injuries or on the extent of the damage because all internet connectivity with Tonga was lost at about 6.40 pm local time, AP reported.
Experts predict that the eruptions could last for weeks or months and remind the people of Tonga that they must remain vigilant.
The volcanic eruption in Tonga triggered a local tsunami
Many countries in Japan and the United States are waiting for a strict battle
Satellite photos show that after the eruption, volcanic ash, steam, etc. rose above the local Pacific Ocean surface, spreading a distance of 241 kilometers, and the huge sound could be heard as far as Alaska in the United States.
A cloud of ash and steam reached about 241 km across, an event captured by satellite images that have been shared by various meteorological agencies.
Source: Reuters
The Tonga capital, Nuku'alofa, quickly observed the tsunami. The Tonga Meteorological Service said the entire territory of Tonga was threatened by tsunamis, torrential rains, floods and strong winds.
Videos on social media showed large waves pouring into residential homes. Some People in Tonga described it as saying, "Our home is shaking, and then the waves come." My brother also thought there was a bomb explosion nearby. ”
On Tonga, home to about 105,000 people, video posted to social media showed large waves washing ashore in coastal areas, swirling around homes, a church and other buildings.
The New Zealand Herald: The first images show the devastating power of volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, with Tonga residents warning that the air is toxic and the water is contaminated
The eruption also had a significant impact on the Pacific. Tsunami warnings were issued in the neighbouring countries of Tonga, Fiji and Samoa. New Zealand's National Emergency Management Agency issued a warning on the 15th that the northern and eastern coastal areas may be hit by huge waves, and the country's military is on standby at any time.
Authorities in the nearby island nations of Fiji and Samoa also issued warnings, telling people to avoid the shoreline due to strong currents and dangerous waves. In New Zealand, officials warned of possible storm surges from the eruption.
On January 15, after the eruption of the Tonga volcano, local authorities in Chile issued a tsunami warning, and people playing along the coast evacuated. Source: Reuters
Tsunamis were observed in many places such as Kuci Port in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, and tsunami warnings were continuously issued in the early morning of the 16th. Tsunami alerts were also issued on the West Coast of the United States and the state of Hawaii, and in British Columbia, Canada.
Residents of Iwate Prefecture, Japan, received a tsunami warning on the 16th and moved to the highlands
According to the analysis of the latest monitoring results, the tsunami warning center of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China monitored tsunami waves in the early morning of the 16th, of which the largest tsunami wave amplitude at Shipu Station in Zhejiang Province was about 20 centimeters, and the tsunami amplitude at the rest of the tide stations was less than 15 centimeters. The process had no disastrous impact on China's coast.
National communications in Tonga were disrupted
Casualties cannot be counted
According to the New Zealand Herald, due to the volcanic eruption, tonga's national communications have been interrupted, New Zealand Prime Minister Ardern said today that the New Zealand authorities are trying to contact Tonga, but due to the seriousness of the disaster, it is difficult to carry out assessment work, and it is not possible to count the local casualties and property damage.
New Zealand Prime Minister Ardern Data Chart, Source: Reuters
At a press conference on the 16th, Ardern told reporters present that the picture of the Tonga disaster he saw was "very worrying", but the disaster caused the national communications in Tonga to be interrupted, and the New Zealand authorities are trying to get in touch with Tonga.
New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern says Tonga's capital Nuku'alofa suffered “significant” damage from a powerful volcanic eruption that triggered a tsunami, but there were no reports of injuries or deaths as of yet.
In addition, the New Zealand Defence Force is already dispatching rescue aircraft and ships, and agencies such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are trying to contact the relevant authorities in Tonga through various means, including civilian channels, and want to know what new Zealand can do to help the local area.
According to Reuters, since the tsunami swept through Tonga, at about 6:40 p.m. on the 15th, the local Internet and telephone lines in Tonga have been widely faulted, making it difficult for 105,000 residents across the territory to contact the outside world. As of press time, it was not possible to understand the extent of the damage caused by the tsunami to various places, and the local disaster situation could only be studied through satellite imagery.
Ardern's comments on Sunday came as Pacific nations and humanitarian groups struggled to establish communications with Tonga, a day after the disasters cut telephone and internet connections, leaving its 105,000 residents virtually unreachable.
Will the eruption continue?
Experts caution Tonga to be vigilant
It is reported that Tonga has a population of about 105,000, and the country is composed of three archipelagos of Tongatabe, Wawau and Hapai and small islands such as Ewa and Niua, with a total of 173 islands, of which 36 are inhabited.
Hon Aha Apay Island is part of the volcanic arc of the highly active Tonga-Kmadek Islands. The capital of Tonga, located 65 kilometers south of the eruption, is said to have been covered in volcanic ash.
Shane Cronin, a volcanologist at the University of Auckland, noted that the eruption was one of the largest in Tonga in the last 30 years. "The lateral spread is widespread and produces a lot of ashes."
Prof Shane Cronin, a volcanologist at the University of Auckland, said the eruption was one of the biggest in Tonga in the past 30 years.
"The most remarkable thing about it is how rapidly and violently it's spread. This one was larger, a much wider lateral spread, much more ash was produced. I expect there to be many centimeters of ash that have been deposited on Tonga," he said.
Cronin also said studies of historical eruptions of the same volcano suggest that current eruptions could last for weeks or months.
He also cautioned that the people of Tonga must remain vigilant against further volcanic eruptions, "especially tsunamis that occur in a short period of time, and should avoid low-lying areas." ”
Satellite imagery showed large eruptions of volcanic ash and gases rising like mushroom clouds from the blue Pacific Ocean. Due to the disruption of communication networks and the inability to communicate with the outside world, no reports of casualties and property damage have been received from the country. Experts predict that the eruptions could last for weeks or months and remind the people of Tonga that they must remain vigilant.
I believe that few people have really seen the real volcanic eruption in person, and it feels that the volcanic eruption is far away from us. But in fact, volcanic eruptions are a very common natural phenomenon, how is it formed? Some people will wonder: why does the volcano erupt on the seabed, why can't the sea water extinguish it? Today we have specially compiled the English short film of the TED Science Channel, which may solve some of your doubts about the volcanic eruption.
, duration 05:02
The secret behind the eruption ↓↓↓ Swipe up and down to view the speech ↓↓↓In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield. However, the sound wasn’t coming from the sky. The source was a large, smoking crack emitting gas and ejecting rocks. This fissure would come to be known as the volcano Paricutin, and over the next 9 years, its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km. But where did this new volcano come from, and what triggered its unpredictable eruption? In February 1942, Dionisio Pulido, a Mexican farmer, thought he had heard thunder coming from a cornfield. However, this sound does not come from the sky. The source of the sound was a huge, smoky crack that was spewing out gas and rock. After that, the crack will be called Paricutin, and in the next nine years, its lava and ash will cover an area of more than 200 square kilometers. But where did this new volcano come from? What caused its unexpected eruptions? The story of any volcano begins with magma. Often, this molten rock forms in areas where ocean water is able to slip into the Earth’s mantle and lower the layer’s melting point. The resulting magma typically remains under the Earth’s surface thanks to the delicate balance of three geological factors. The first is lithostatic pressure. This is the weight of the Earth’s crust pushing down on the magma below. Magma pushes back with the second factor, magmastatic pressure. The battle between these forces strains the third factor: the rock strength of the Earth’s crust. Usually, the rock is strong enough and heavy enough to keep the magma in place. But when this equilibrium is thrown off, the consequences can be explosive. The story of any volcano begins with magma. Usually, in the areas where these molten rocks are formed, seawater can seep into the mantle, lowering the melting point of the mantle. Due to the delicate balance between the three geological factors, these generated magmas often remain below the surface. The first factor is lithostatic pressure. This is the force by which the weight of the Earth's crust pushes the magma downwards. The reverse thrust of the magma is the second factor, the magmastatic pressure. This contest of forces will act on a third factor: the rock strength of the Earth's crust. Usually, the rock is strong and heavy enough to keep the magma in place. But when this balance is upset, it has the potential to have explosive consequences. One of the most common causes of an eruption is an increase in magmastatic pressure. Magma contains various elements and compounds, many of which are dissolved in the molten rock. At high enough concentrations, compounds like water or sulfur no longer dissolve, and instead form high-pressure gas bubbles. When these bubbles reach the surface, they can burst with the force of a gunshot. And when millions of bubbles explode simultaneously, the energy can send plumes of ash into the stratosphere. But before they pop, they act like bubbles of C02 in a shaken soda. Their presence lowers the magma’s density, and increases the buoyant force pushing upward through the crust. Many geologists believe this process was behind the Paricutin eruption in Mexico. One of the most common causes of volcanic eruptions is the rise in static pressure of magma. Magma contains a wide variety of elements and compounds, many of which dissolve in molten rock. After reaching a sufficiently high concentration, compounds such as water or sulfur will no longer dissolve, but will form high-pressure bubbles. When these bubbles reach the surface, they can burst with gunfire. When thousands of bubbles explode at the same time, their energy can send columns of volcanic ash into the stratosphere. But before they burst, the bubbles were like carbon dioxide in a shaken soda. Their presence reduces the density of the magma and increases the buoyancy that pushes the earth's crust upwards. Many geologists believe this is the process behind the eruption of Mount Palicotin in Mexico. There are two known natural causes for these buoyant bubbles. Sometimes, new magma from deeper underground brings additional gassy compounds into the mix. But bubbles can also form when magma begins to cool. In its molten state, magma is a mixture of dissolved gases and melted minerals. As the molten rock hardens, some of those minerals solidify into crystals. This process doesn’t incorporate many of the dissolved gasses, resulting in a higher concentration of the compounds that form explosive bubbles. These floating bubbles have two known natural causes. Sometimes, new magma produced from deeper underground brings in additional gaseous compounds. However, bubbles can also form when the magma begins to cool. When in a molten state, magma is a mixture of dissolved gases and molten minerals. When molten rock hardens, some of its minerals solidify into crystallization. This process does not absorb much of the dissolved gas, which causes the concentration of compounds that can form explosive bubbles to increase. Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure— sometimes the weight of the rock above can become dangerously low. Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a magma chamber, dropping the lithostatic pressure and instantly triggering an eruption. This process is known as “unloading” and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions, including the sudden explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980. But unloading can also happen over longer periods of time due to erosion or melting glaciers. In fact, many geologists are worried that glacial melt caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity. Not all eruptions, however, are caused by an increase in the static pressure of the magma – sometimes the weight of the rock above can be reduced to dangerous levels. Landslides can carry large amounts of rock from above the magma chamber, which reduces the static pressure on the rock and can trigger an immediate eruption. This process is known as "unloading" and it is responsible for countless volcanic eruptions, including the sudden eruption of Mount St. Helen in 1980. However, due to erosion or melting glaciers, unloading may also occur for a long time. In fact, many geologists are worried that melting glaciers caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity. Finally, eruptions can occur when the rock layer is no longer strong enough to hold back the magma below. Acidic gases and heat escaping from magma can corrode rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration, gradually turning hard stone into soft clay. The rock layer could also be weakened by tectonic activity. Earthquakes can create fissures allowing magma to escape to the surface, and the Earth’s crust can be stretched thin as continental plates shift away from each other. Finally, volcanic eruptions can also occur where the rock layers are no longer strong enough to suppress magma. The acid gases and heat escaping from the magma can erode the rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration, gradually turning hard stones into soft clay. Rock layers may also be weakened by plate movement. Earthquakes create cracks that allow magma to escape to the surface, and the crust can be stretched and thinned as continental plates move away from each other. Unfortunately, knowing what causes eruptions doesn’t make them easy to predict. While scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight of the Earth’s crust, the depth and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult. But volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology to conquer this rocky terrain. Advances in thermal imaging have allowed scientists to detect subterranean hotspots. Spectrometers can analyze gases escaping magma. And lasers can precisely track the impact of rising magma on a volcano’s shape. Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these volatile vents and their explosive eruptions. Unfortunately, understanding the causes of eruptions doesn't make predicting eruptions any easier. Although scientists can roughly measure the strength and weight of the Earth's crust, the depth and heat of the magma chamber make it very difficult to measure changes in static pressure in magma. But volcanologists are constantly exploring new techniques to conquer this rocky terrain. Developments in thermal imaging have allowed scientists to probe underground hot spots. Spectrometers analyze gases escaping from magma. Lasers can accurately track the effect of rising magma on volcanic terrain. Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these craters and their big eruptions.
In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield. However, the sound wasn’t coming from the sky. The source was a large, smoking crack emitting gas and ejecting rocks. This fissure would come to be known as the volcano Paricutin, and over the next 9 years, its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km. But where did this new volcano come from, and what triggered its unpredictable eruption?
In February 1942, Dionisio Pulido, a Mexican farmer, thought he had heard thunder coming from a cornfield. However, this sound does not come from the sky. The source of the sound was a huge, smoky crack that was spewing out gas and rock. After that, the crack will be called Paricutin, and in the next nine years, its lava and ash will cover an area of more than 200 square kilometers. But where did this new volcano come from? What caused its unexpected eruptions?
Grammar knowledge refinement: participle phrases do postpositions
- [Usage of this paragraph] Now the participle phrase is used as a post-definite.
Now the participle used as a postposition usually indicates the logical subject of this participle and it is an active subject-verb relationship, but since there is already a predicate in the sentence, in this case it can only be expressed in the form of the present participle in the non-predicate verb:
The girl sitting by my side is my sister. Sitting next to me was my sister.
Sentence in this paragraph:
The source was a large, smoking crack emitting gas and ejecting rocks.
The logical subject of emit is crack
- In the past, participle phrases were post-definite
Unlike today's participles, in the past the participle and the central word it modified were a logical verb-object relationship, sometimes seen as an omitting form of a definite clause:
This is a film directed by Zhang Yimou. This is a film directed by Zhang Zhimou.
The following new words are common in volcanic eruption topic articles, take a look:
Fissure /ˈfɪʃə(r)/ :( Technical terms ) a long deep crack in sth, especially in rock or in the earth
Lava and ash: Lava and volcanic ash
Lava: hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano lava, lava
The story of any volcano begins with magma. Often, this molten rock forms in areas where ocean water is able to slip into the Earth’s mantle and lower the layer’s melting point. The resulting magma typically remains under the Earth’s surface thanks to the delicate balance of three geological factors. The first is lithostatic pressure. This is the weight of the Earth’s crust pushing down on the magma below. Magma pushes back with the second factor, magmastatic pressure. The battle between these forces strains the third factor: the rock strength of the Earth’s crust. Usually, the rock is strong enough and heavy enough to keep the magma in place. But when this equilibrium is thrown off, the consequences can be explosive.
The story of any volcano begins with magma. Usually, in the areas where these molten rocks are formed, seawater can seep into the mantle, lowering the melting point of the mantle. Due to the delicate balance between the three geological factors, these generated magmas often remain below the surface. The first factor is lithostatic pressure. This is the force by which the weight of the Earth's crust pushes the magma downwards. The reverse thrust of the magma is the second factor, the magmastatic pressure. This contest of forces will act on a third factor: the rock strength of the Earth's crust. Usually, the rock is strong and heavy enough to keep the magma in place. But when this balance is upset, it has the potential to have explosive consequences.
Magma: ( technical 术语 ) very hot liquid rock found below the earth's surface 岩浆；熔岩
mantle /ˈmæntl/: [ sing. ] ( geology 地 ) the part of the earth below the crust and surrounding the core 地幔
Imitation sentence refinement
But when this equilibrium is thrown off, the consequences can be explosive.
This sentence can be directly memorized, and when expressing the meaning of "the imbalance of the situation produces bad consequences", it can be directly moved over.
Equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/:a state of balance, especially between opposing forces or influences 平衡；均衡；均势
throw off: V to free oneself of; discard to get rid of; Abandonment, meaning "breaking" here
[Summary] A neutral expression of "attributed to"
- thanks to sb / sth (informal) (sometimes ironic): because of someone or something attributed to someone/something; Thanks (thankfully) to someone/something
thanks to indicates the reason. Usually refers to good causes that produce good results, such as:
The disease gained new prominence in 2014, thanks to the Ice Bucket Challenge.
But it can also be said that bad causes produce bad results, ironically, such as:
Thanks to government price controls, motorists had to wait an hour in line to fill up their gas tanks.
- put down to：PHRASAL VERB If you put something down to a particular thing, you believe that it is caused by that thing. 把… 归因于，比如：
You may be a sceptic and put it down to life's inequalities.
- attribute sth to sb / sth: to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something把… 归因于… ，比如：
She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.
- Ascribe: V-T If you ascribe an event or condition to a particular cause, you say or consider that it was caused by that thing. 将… 归因于，比如：
An autopsy eventually ascribed the baby's death to sudden infant death syndrome. An autopsy ultimately attributed the baby's death to sudden infant death syndrome.
- Due to: [ not before noun ] ~ to sth/sb caused by sb/sth; because of sb/sth 由于；因为，比如：
The team's success was largely due to her efforts.
Most of the problems were due to human error. Most of the problems are caused by human error.
- Owe to: ~ sth to sb/sth~ sb sth to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb/sth 归因于；归功于；起源于，比如：
The play owes much to French tragedy. The play was heavily influenced by French tragedy.
- chalk sth ˈup to sth: ( NAmE informal ) to consider that sth is caused by sth 把某事归因于，比如：
We can chalk that win up to a lot of luck. We can attribute that victory to good luck.
- Having someone to thank for something means thanking someone for the success of something, and it's understandable that the success of something is "due to..."
In part, "Demon Slayer" has covid-19 to thank for its success.
英文释义：To have one to blame or acknowledge as the cause or source of something.
As can be seen from the interpretation, this expression is not only used for "good things", but also for bad things, such as:
I have two sick toddlers to thank for my lack of sleep last night.
Grammar Knowledge Distillation: Where Guides Determinator Clauses
When where leads to a definite clause, where precedes the annotate indicating the place, where-guided clause modifies the precedence, and Where is the relational adverb, which is the place adjective in the clause, for example:
He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.
This molten rock forms in areas where ocean water is able to slip into the Earth’s mantle and lower the layer’s melting point.
The precursor to where is area;
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure— sometimes the weight of the rock above can become dangerously low. Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a magma chamber, dropping the lithostatic pressure and instantly triggering an eruption. This process is known as “unloading” and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions, including the sudden explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980. But unloading can also happen over longer periods of time due to erosion or melting glaciers. In fact, many geologists are worried that glacial melt caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
Not all eruptions, however, are caused by an increase in the static pressure of the magma – sometimes the weight of the rock above can be reduced to dangerous levels. Landslides can carry large amounts of rock from above the magma chamber, which reduces the static pressure on the rock and can trigger an immediate eruption. This process is known as "unloading" and it is responsible for countless volcanic eruptions, including the sudden eruption of Mount St. Helen in 1980. However, due to erosion or melting glaciers, unloading may also occur for a long time. In fact, many geologists are worried that melting glaciers caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
Landslide：( also land·fall ) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff （山坡或悬崖的）崩塌，塌方，滑坡，地滑
Erosion: N-UNCOUNT Erosion is the gradual destruction and removal of rock or soil in a particular area by rivers, the sea, or the weather. 侵蚀
Melting glacier: Glacier melting
Glacier: N-COUNT A glacier is an extremely large mass of ice which moves very slowly, often down a mountain valley. 冰川
A is responsible for B here means "A is the cause of B", or "A causes B to occur", in which case it is taken as: ~ (for sth) being the cause of sth as the cause; becomes the cause
Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
Grammar knowledge distillation: partial negation
The negation of all can be not all... Or all... Not, it doesn't mean "all... none of them...", but a partial negation: "Not all...", "Not all of them...". Like what:
All that glitters is not gold. Not everything that glows is gold.
Not all men can be masters. = All men cannot be masters.
Not all bamboo grows tall.
Such partial negations are also common in pairings with both and both:
Both of the negative: not... both (or: both... not) "Not two... both...", such as:
I don't want both the books. I don't want both books.
Both (the) windows are not open. Not both windows are open.
every... The negative: "Not every... both...", for example:
Not every book is educative. (or: Every book is not educative.) Not every book is educational.
Not everyone likes this book. Not everyone loves this book.
This flower is not seen everywhere. This flower is not everywhere.
So the question arises again: what if you want to deny all, both, every?
At this time, you need to use their corresponding negative words, such as no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)... at all and so on. To name a few chestnuts:
All of them can do it.>全部否定<None of them can do it.
Both are good.> all negative< Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. > totally negative< Nobody likes it.
Finally, eruptions can occur when the rock layer is no longer strong enough to hold back the magma below. Acidic gases and heat escaping from magma can corrode rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration, gradually turning hard stone into soft clay. The rock layer could also be weakened by tectonic activity. Earthquakes can create fissures allowing magma to escape to the surface, and the Earth’s crust can be stretched thin as continental plates shift away from each other.
Finally, volcanic eruptions can also occur where the rock layers are no longer strong enough to suppress magma. The acid gases and heat escaping from the magma can erode the rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration, gradually turning hard stones into soft clay. Rock layers may also be weakened by plate movement. Earthquakes create cracks that allow magma to escape to the surface, and the crust can be stretched and thinned as continental plates move away from each other.
corrosion is more common, its verb form is corrode /kəˈrəʊd/ :to destroy sth slowly, especially by chemical action; to be destroyed in this way corrosion; erosion
Acid corrodes metal. Acid corrosive metals.
Tectonic activity plate movement
Tectonic /tekˈtɒnɪk/:( geology 地 ) connected with the structure of the earth's surface 地壳构造的
Earth's crust
hold back：PHRASAL VERB To hold someone or something back means to prevent someone from doing something, or to prevent something from happening. 阻止，比如：
Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery.
[Summary] A synonymous expression of "obstruction"
- stymie：to prevent sb from doing sth that they have planned or want to do; to prevent sth from happening阻挠；阻碍；阻止；妨碍，比如：
Mr Monti's resignation will stymie further reform until after the election.
- Get/stand in the way of: to prevent sb from doing sth; to prevent sth from happening 挡… 的路；妨碍
He wouldn't allow emotions to get in the way of him doing his job.
- Thwart /θwɔːrt/ :[ VN ] ~ sth~ sb (in sth) to prevent sb from doing what they want to do block;obstruction;to... Constitutes resistance, such as:
to thwart sb's plans thwart someone's plans
She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party. Her attempts to control the party were thwarted.
Unfortunately, knowing what causes eruptions doesn’t make them easy to predict. While scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight of the Earth’s crust, the depth and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult. But volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology to conquer this rocky terrain. Advances in thermal imaging have allowed scientists to detect subterranean hotspots. Spectrometers can analyze gases escaping magma. And lasers can precisely track the impact of rising magma on a volcano’s shape. Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these volatile vents and their explosive eruptions.
Unfortunately, understanding the causes of eruptions doesn't make predicting eruptions any easier. Although scientists can roughly measure the strength and weight of the Earth's crust, the depth and heat of the magma chamber make it very difficult to measure changes in static pressure in magma. But volcanologists are constantly exploring new techniques to conquer this rocky terrain. Developments in thermal imaging have allowed scientists to probe underground hot spots. Spectrometers analyze gases escaping from magma. Lasers can accurately track the effect of rising magma on volcanic terrain. Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these craters and their big eruptions.
Rocky terrain
Thermal imaging thermal imaging technology
Volatile vents are a volcanic crater
Volatile:( often disapproving ) ( of a person or their moods people or their emotions ) changing easily from one mood to another volatile; amorphous; impermanent
Explosive eruptions exploded
We know that conquer can be used in war to mean "conquer, conquer", and here it is technically conquered, which is taken in the sense of: to succeed in dealing with or controlling sth (successful) to deal, overcome, control
The only way to conquer a fear is to face it. The only way to overcome fear is to face it.
Grammar knowledge refinement: verb nouns as subjects
- Usage in this paragraph Verb nouns (phrases) can sometimes be used as subjects:
Drawing pictures will be fun． Drawing will be very interesting.
Smoking may cause cancer． Smoking can cause cancer.
Running is my favorite sport. Running is my favorite sport.
Meeting you has been a great pleasure． It was a great pleasure to see you.
Talking mends no holes． Empty talk will not help. (Proverb)
- Sentences caused by the antecedent word it (the verb noun that is the subject moves to the back of the sentence):
It’s no use doing that． It is useless to do so.
It’s no good waiting here． There is no benefit in waiting here.
It’s nice talking you． It's nice to talk to you.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it． Debating this is a waste of time.
- Sentence caused by there is no:
There is no joking about such matters． This is not a joke.
There is no knowing what will happen next． There is no way to know what will happen later.
There was no telling what he was going to do． There is no way to judge what he will do.
There was no arguing with her． There was no way to argue with her.
Verbs and infinitives can be used as subjects and predicates. Generally speaking, verb nouns are used to indicate general behavior, and infinitives are used to indicate a specific action:
Smoking is prohibited smoking.
It isn’t good for you to smoke so much． You smoke so much is not good for your health.
Their job is building houses． Their job is to build houses.
Our task now is to increase food production Our task now is to increase food production.