Autumn comes to take care of Shang Piaopeng,
Not ashamed of Dansha Ge Hong.
Drinking and singing in the air,
Who is the flying and the flying for whom?
This is the famous work of the poet Saint Du Fu, "Gift to Li Bai", which not only praises Li Bai's wildness, but also sighs to himself. Li Bai had practiced Dan and failed; Du Fu then climbed Wangwu Mountain to visit the Taoist monk Hua Gaijun, but Hua Gaijun was dead, and he returned home in a panic, and wrote the ancient style "Xi You Xi Gurudwara Hua Gaijun" to remember it, and there was a sentence that "Liang Qi went against his long-cherished wishes, and contained a miserable outline".
Li Dujun sought immortality and did not succeed, so he was "ashamed of Ge Hong", which reflected the Tang people's understanding of Ge Hong--regarded him as a Taoist, but Ge Hong regarded himself as a "Wen Confucian".
Ge Hong served as an official for many years and was made a marquis for his military exploits. In his later years, he lived in seclusion, and also wrote a huge work that can be compared with "On Balance" (written by Wang Chong, a famous thinker of the Eastern Han Dynasty). Ge Hong wrote many works, such as "Baopuzi", "The Legend of the Immortals", "Elbow Reserve Urgent Fang", etc., but they were despised by the descendants of Confucianism.
▍Kukkon Image
Song Lian, the great Confucian of the Ming Dynasty, said: "(Ge) Hong Yiqishi, so that the house is (referring to medical works, etc.) and learning the six arts (referring to Confucian works). Pity also! From the Tang Dynasty until the Ming and Qing dynasties, successive Confucians did not recognize Ge Hong as a "Wen Confucian".
According to the Book of Jin, Ge Hong lived for 81 years, but there were many loopholes, and his real life expectancy may only be 61 years. A generation of famous doctors, and people respected as "gods", why not longevity?
The Ge family is a large family
Ge Hongzi Zhichuan ,took the self-titled Baopuzi (護朴子), a native of Jurong County, Danyang County (present-day Jurong County, Jiangsu Province), born in 283.
Ge Jiaben clan, shiju Chen Liuning Mausoleum (present-day Shangqiu Ningling, Henan), Ge Jia 10th Ge Yao (nǎng) ancestor served as the assassin of Jingzhou, when Wang Mang was emperor, Ge Yaozu resigned, soon rebelled, and after the defeat of the family moved to Langya, Shandong. Ge Hong and Zhuge Liang may be in the same vein.
Ge Pulu (also written Ge Lu), the son of Ge Yuzu, was made marquis of Pi County and made a general of the Hussars for his rebellion in response to Liu Xiu. The most senior Marquis of the Qin and Han Dynasties was the Marquis of Che (later renamed Tonghou to avoid Emperor Wu of Han), followed by the Marquis of Xian (the famous general Huo Fuyi, that is, the Marquis of County), with 5,000 households. Ge Pulu's younger brother Ge Wen also joined the army, belonged to his brother's private soldiers, not a state pawn, Ge Wen's right eye was blind due to injury, "no size of the report", Ge Pu Lu then transferred the reward to his brother, and the family moved to Jurong.
▍ Yuan Dynasty Wang Meng's "Ge Hong's Migration Map" Partial Collection of the Palace Museum
Ge Hong's grandfather Ge Shi served as a rebbe Shangshu and auxiliary Wu general in the State of Wu, and was given the title of Marquis of Shou County. Ge Hong's father Ge Ti served as Zhongshu Lang (in charge of compiling the history of the state) in the State of Wu, and after the fall of the State of Wu, the Jin Dynasty appointed him as the Taishou of Shaoling (邵陵, in present-day Shaoyang County, Hunan Province), and died of illness in office.
When Ge Ti died, Ge Hong was only 13 years old, and he was once embarrassed to the point of "hunger and cold, stubbornly cultivating", the books in his family were destroyed in the war, and he could only ask for loans everywhere, for the sake of learning words, "cutting salaries and selling them to give paper and pencils", but "often lacking paper, every time he writes, there are words repeatedly, and few people can read them."
At the age of 16, Ge Hong began to read the "Filial Piety", "Analects", "Book of Poetry", etc., and studied under the Taoist priest Zheng Yin. Zheng Yin was a disciple of Ge Hongtang's grandfather Ge Xuan, who passed on the Taiqing Danjing and the Jiuding Danjing to Zheng, and Ge Hong "kissed (referring to Zheng Yin) and sprinkled it for a long time". At the age of 17, Zheng Yin finally passed on the two sutras to Ge Hong. In this year, the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings" broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty, and the world was in chaos, which lasted for 16 years.
He became a general at the age of 21
Judging from his early experience, Ge Hong received both a classic education in Confucianism and a Taoist tradition. Between entering and leaving Confucianism, it is the ideological background of Ge Hong's life.
In the second year of the Jin Dynasty (303), Zhang Chang, a minor official in the Jingchu region, launched a peasant uprising, and Ge Hong was appointed by Gu Zhi (gu of Wuxing Neishi (equivalent to Taishou) as the governor of the army to attack Zhang Chang's other marshal Shi Bing. Ge Hong said to himself: "The great collapse of the salvation army, (Ge) Hong is powerful." After the battle, the thief was killed, and more of the first ones were awarded, and the shogunate was dedicated. He was promoted to general Fubo for his merits, and although he was a miscellaneous general, the famous generals Ma Yuan, Xiahou Huan, and Man Yu were also given this title. At this time, Ge Hong was only 21 years old.
In 304, after quelling the chaos, Ge Hong resigned and prepared to go to Luoyang. Just at this time, the situation of the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings" deteriorated, and The Assassin Shi Wang Jun of Youzhou led the Duan clan to plunder the Central Plains, and the north shook. It happened that Wang Yi of guangzhou died of illness, and Ji Han (the grandson of the famous poet Ji Kang's brother Ji Xi) took the place, and Ji and Ge Hong discussed their studies together, so they asked Ge Hong to join the army (that is, military staff).
After Ge Hong arrived in Guangzhou, Ji Han was assassinated the following year. Realizing that he was in danger, Ge Hong withdrew from his career and lived in seclusion in Luofu Mountain, Guangdong Province, concentrating on cultivation, and marrying Bao Gu, the daughter of his teacher Bao Xuan (Bao Xuan, who was good at alchemy and also proficient in medicine). During his seclusion, Ge Hong went to Vietnam and other places to preach.
Ge Hong himself said: "It is calculated to make small pieces of text, to hinder the day of merit, and not to establish a family's words, but to create a book." There will be military turmoil, displacement, some losses, connected to the road, and will not reinvest in the pen for more than ten years. From this, he may have lived in seclusion for 13 years. During this period, Ge Hong did many pioneering chemical experiments and made many contributions to medicine.
In the third year of Jianxing (315), the 33-year-old Ge Hong re-entered the army and remained an official for more than 20 years.
Reclusive again, he died of illness shortly after
After leaving the mountains, Ge Hong served as an aide-de-camp to Sima Rui, the chancellor, and after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty (316), Sima Rui became the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and gave Ge Hong the title of Marquis of Guanzhong, "Two Hundred Households of Zhizhi of Jurong".
In the second year of Xiankang (336), Ge Hong, who was already 54 years old, resigned again. The Book of Jin reads: "(Ge Hong) is old, wants to refine Dan to pray for longevity, smells the Dan, and asks for a leaky order." The emperor was high in Hong's capital and was not allowed. Hong Yue: 'Proud of non-desire, have a dan'er.' 'The emperor obeys it. Hong Sui took his sons and nephews. To Guangzhou, thorn Shi Deng Yueliu, do not listen, go, Hong Nai stop Luofu Mountain alchemy. ”
This is Ge Hong's second hermitage in Luofu Mountain, the so-called "Gou Leak", is the name of the mountain, now belongs to Guangxi Beiliu County, rumored to be the Taoist Thirty-six Small Cave Heavens of the Twenty-second Cave Heaven.
Ge Hong chose to quit at this time for two reasons.
First of all, his friend Gan Bao (the author of "Search for God") died, after Gan Bao recommended Ge Hong to be the great author.
Secondly, the contradiction between the powerful minister Wang Dao and Yu Liang intensified. Wang Dao was deeply trusted by Sima Rui, the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and there were even rumors in the folk that "the king and the horse share the world". Wang Dao is a Langya person, all of whom are Langya people, and Yu Liang is also a Langya person, but he did not expect a contradiction between the two, which made Ge Hong, whose ancestral home in Langya and was also classified into the Langya Gang, feel deeply embarrassed.
After Ge Hong lived in seclusion, he "traveled and recuperated, and wrote endlessly", but not long after, he died of illness. The Book of Jin says that he lived to be 81 years old, but also says that Ge Hong wrote a letter to Deng Yue before his death. In the first year of The Jianyuan Dynasty (343) of the Kang Emperor of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Yue ascended the throne, and in order to avoid secrecy, Deng Yue had changed his name to Deng Dai, how dare Ge Hong call him Deng Yue again? And in this year, Deng was no longer the Assassin of Guangzhou, and was succeeded by his younger brother Deng Yi, so why did Ge Hong write to him again?
It can be seen that Ge Hong only lived to 343 years at most, but he was 61 years old, which is consistent with the records of the Taiping Huanyu.
Seeking immortals "is mostly mistaken by medicine"
Ge Hong died earlier, and it is speculated that it may be related to the misuse of Dan medicine.
Ge Hong once said: "The longer jindan is a thing, the longer it burns, the better the changes." Gold into the fire, a hundred refinements, buried, immortal. Taking these two things, refining the human body, can make people immortal. ”
Taoism is divided into three schools, namely bait, room technique, and guidance (similar to qigong), the latter two are difficult to operate, the former is more convenient, so it is the most popular.
In ancient times, alchemy and restructuring often went hand in hand, the former ensuring the longevity of the emperor, the latter ensuring the longevity of the foundation, the two are inseparable, not as simple as personal superstition. Alchemy and restructuring are the unique powers of the Son of Heaven, only the Son of Heaven has the right to become immortals, and the alchemists are only slaves who help Tianzi become immortals. However, at the end of the Han Dynasty, the imperial power gradually disintegrated, and ordinary people also had the right to pursue immortality, so the Danding faction of the scholar clan rose up, pursuing longevity, but also to enjoy the pleasure of encroaching on imperial power.
The popularity of Dan medicine is also related to the rampant epidemic.
From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and even the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was a cold period in Chinese history, which led to continuous epidemics, when people's living habits were not conducive to health, such as the annual cold food festival, which needed to be extinguished for a month, resulting in "damage to people's lives". Cao Cao once issued a "Ming Punishment Order", saying: "When the order arrives, no one is allowed to eat cold." If the offender is convicted, the parent is sentenced to half a year, and the chief official is sentenced to 100 days, and the chief is deprived of the first month. ”
However, during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, Shi Le again ordered a ban on cold food, indicating that Cao Cao's "Ming Punishment Order" had expired, and Shi Le's ban was soon canceled.
The Nineteen Ancient Poems have such a famous sentence:
Haohao's yin and yang shifted, and his life was like a morning dew.
Life is suddenly like a mail, and life is not golden.
Taking food to seek immortals is mostly mistaken by medicine.
It is better to drink fine wine, be served with vegetarian food.
Taking lithotripsy is easy to poison
In addition to the elixir, Ge Hong also used five stones to scatter.
The "Chronicle of History" records the advice of the famous doctor Canggong: "Those who are not hot in the middle should not take the five stones." "It means that the body has internal heat, can not urinate, and must not use five stones." The five stones here should not be the later five stones, but the medicine made of stones. The advantage of stone medicine is that the content of trace elements is large, which can enhance the body's resistance; the disadvantage is that the dose is difficult to control, and the user is easily poisoned.
Historian Yu Jiaxi called Wushishan "more fierce than opium", according to his estimation, from the first year of Wei Zheng (240-249) to the Tang Dynasty Tianbao year (742-756), "five hundred years to distribute the dead, regardless of hundreds of millions of people."
The formulation of five stones is different, generally composed of purple quartz, white quartz, red stone fat, stalactite, sulfur. Stalactite and white quartz are non-toxic; sulfur is toxic, taken in small doses, generally no obstacles; red stone resin may be toxic, but depends on the place of origin.
In terms of composition alone, the raw materials of wushi scatter have no obvious toxicity. The famous British scholar Joseph Needham believes that there are gravel in the five stones, containing the highly toxic element arsenic, but the ore needs to be quenched with vinegar 7 times, the toxicity is greatly reduced, and it is not the main ingredient.
Scholars Lei Zhihua and Gao Ce proposed that the problem may lie in purple quartz, purple quartz is not purple quartz (quartz is non-toxic), Tao Hongjing said: "Imagomaru scattered family selection, but Taishan is the most victorious." "It can be seen that it is fluorite, with high fluorine content and strong toxicity.
After fluorosis, people are in pain and do not even dare to breathe deeply and cough. Emperor Fumian, a famous physician of the Jin Dynasty, once took five stones, and because of the fever in his body, he could only eat ice naked in winter, and in summer, he was puffy and swollen, and he cried out loudly. When the pain was extreme, Huang Fumi tried to commit suicide many times, but was barely stopped. Judging from the symptoms, it is indeed like fluorosis.
After medication, Emperor Fu lived to the age of 68. Ge Hong is known as a "god", why did he live for 61 years?
▍Comic strip "Ge Hong"
Ge Hong has been in poor health
There is a huge misunderstanding in this: Ge Hong is called a "god", not because he is highly skilled, but because he invented the "human immortal" theory.
Before Ge Hong, it was believed that only after feathering and ascending, it could become an immortal. Ge Hong proposed: "If you are a fairy, you should use medicine to maintain health and prolong your life with magic numbers." This means that as long as the method is correct, the living can also become immortals, and the key depends on the definition of immortals.
Ge Hong wrote the "Biography of the Immortals", introducing 92 immortals, all of whom were mortals such as the Yellow Emperor, Peng Zu, Mozi, Huainan Wang, Dong Feng, etc., many of whom had not learned the Tao, but Ge Hong believed that as long as he did good deeds for Cangsheng, he was naturally a god. Ge Hong proposed that taking Jin Dan can become immortal, moral and economic world can also become immortal, determined to cultivate asceticism can also become immortal, "do not waste the people's livelihood" is the best cultivation method. However, Ge Hong also took the private goods in the book and approved his grandfather Ge Xuan as a god.
Ge Hong proposed: "My life is in my absence, and I will return Dancheng to gold for hundreds of millions of years." The doctrine of "immortals on earth" organically combined Confucianism and Taoism, and its influence was far-reaching, so later generations also counted Ge Hong as an immortal.
Ge Hong contributed greatly to the development of medicine, the earliest to propose immunization, the earliest record of smallpox (i.e., sores), malaria, scrub worm disease, etc., and proposed treatment plans, but his health has not been good.
Li Guangfu pointed out in "Ge Hong's Practical Examination Strategy" that Ge Hong was born thin and sick, and when he was a teenager, he walked out of the difficult behavior. Ge Hong himself wrote: "Temperamental and awkward (pronounced like Wang Lei, meaning thin), with many diseases, poor and horses, unable to do anything. In addition, he was "blunt in body, and the oligarch played well ... Throwing tiles and hand fighting, not as good as the children's flock, no cocks and birds, no dogs and horses. Seeing people playing, not looking at it, or forcibly pulling it to look at it, it is not into the mind, there is like sleeping during the day. "He didn't even know how many were on the board.
Congenital deficiencies, and do not love sports, but also randomly take medicine, affecting Ge Hong's life expectancy. (Editor-in-charge: Shen Feng)