I. Introduction of Zhu Houxi:
Emperor Mingshizong was born on September 16, 1507, and in 1567, the fourth son of Emperor Mingxianzong Zhu Jianshen, the second son of Emperor Mingxian, the nephew of Emperor Mingxiaozong Zhu Youzhao, and the cousin of Emperor Mingwu Zhu Houzhao. The eleventh emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the era name is "Jiajing".
Zhengde II (1507), born in Hubei Anluxing Palace, Zhengde sixteen years (1521), Wuzong died, after death without heirs, his biological mother Empress Zhang and the first assistant of the cabinet Yang Tinghe decided to be succeeded by Zhu Houxi, the royal family of Jinzhi and Wuzong's cousin Zhu Houxi. At the beginning of Zhu Houxi's reign, he gradually grasped the imperial power through great ceremonial discussions. In the early days of his reign, he was wise and strict, strictly controlling officials, governing the people with leniency, rectifying the program of the dynasty, and reducing the number of military personnel, which is known in history as the "Jiajing New Deal". In the later period, he believed in Taoism and favored Yan Song and others, which led to the corruption of the government. He almost died at the hands of the palace maid in the "Renyin Palace Change" in the twenty-first year of Jiajing (1542), and after that, he ignored the government for a long time, and suffered great negative effects on internal and external troubles.
In December of the 45th year of Jiajing (January 1567), Zhu Houxi died in the Qianqing Palace, reigning for forty-five years, at the age of sixty. Temple number Sejong, courtesy name Qin Tian lu Dao YingYi Divine Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiaosu Emperor. He was buried in the Yongling Tomb of the Thirteen Tombs in Beijing.
II. Some things happened during Zhu Houxi's period:
1. Justify your parents.
After Zhu Houzhao's death, there were no heirs, and the cabinet minister Yang Tinghe officially declared Zhu Houxi the heir of the emperor according to the ancestral system of "brother and brother and brother" and at the same time asked the empress dowager to officially declare Zhu Houxi as the emperor's heir. When Zhu Houxi entered the city of Beijing, the ministers believed that he should enter as the crown prince, and the title of Zhu Houxi's parents should change. Zhu Houxi disagreed, and then Jinshi Zhang Xuan entered the speech, asking Ming Shizong to "inherit the unification without heir", requesting to honor his biological father, and to dedicate the wang temple to The Capital, and Ming Shizong ordered his courtiers to gather. The old ministers led by Yang Tinghe resisted and fought. In October, Zhu Houxi posthumously honored his biological father Xingxian Wang as Emperor Xingxian, his grandmother Emperor Xianzong's noble concubine Shao Shi as empress dowager, and his mother Concubine Cixiaoxian as Empress Xingxian. In the first year of Jiajing (1522), Emperor Ming of the first month of the reign of Emperor Ming ordered Emperor Xiaozong to be emperor Kao, Empress Dowager Cishou to be the Virgin, and Empress Xingxian to be her parents. This matter lasted until September of the seventeenth year of Jiajing (1538), when Emperor Xingxian was posthumously honored as "Emperor Ruizong Zhitian Shou Dao Hong Deyuan RenKuan Mu Chun Sheng Gong Jian Jing Wen Emperor".
1. The channel is chaotic.
Zhu Houzhao's early administration was relatively clear,000, rectifying the program of the dynasty and implementing the new policy. The power of the celebrant was abolished, the eunuchs who guarded the town were abolished, the supervision system was strictly enforced, and the powers of the factory guards and the legal department were strictly divided. Attach importance to the appointment of Zhang Xuan, Xia Yan and other sages. In the middle of the period, due to the long period of peace and peace in the country, the government became increasingly corrupt, and at the same time, he also had to use Taoism to deify himself. Moreover, Ming Shizong superstitiously believed in alchemists, respected Taoism, and was good at the art of immortality, and the alchemists and Taoists took advantage of the superstition of Ming Shizong's dream of immortality and the phenomenon of lingrui to repeatedly practice fraudulent techniques to fool Ming Shizong, so that every year they continued to repair the fast, causing huge expenses.
3. Internal and external troubles, the problem of "southern and northern prisoners" has not been solved.
In the third year of Jiajing (1524), after which a number of Datong mutinies broke out, and in the fourteenth year of Jiajing (1535), the Liaodong Mutiny broke out, and then the Guangning Military Rebellion occurred. In the first month of the nineteenth year of Jiajing (1540), Ji Nang attacked Datong and killed Zhou Qi, the commander of the Ming Dynasty. In the spring of the twenty-second year of Jiajing (1543), Li Da repeatedly attacked and harassed. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiajing (1546), he was proclaimed Khan and sent envoys to negotiate peace and ask for tribute, but Emperor Mingshizong repeatedly refused. In June of the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing (1550), in order to force Emperor Ming shizong to agree to the mutual market, Li Da led an army to invade Datong, and the chief officer Zhang Da and the deputy general Lin Chun were killed.
The Portuguese were granted the privilege of settling in Macau in the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553). In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), only 53 Wukou from Japan landed from Shangyu County, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, sacked the three provinces of Zhejiang, Anhui, and Suzhou, attacked more than 20 counties in Wuhu, Taiping, and other prefectures, and marched directly under the capital Nanjing, running rampant for more than 80 days, killing and wounding 4,000 or 5,000 officers and men. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing (1560), the Zhenwu Battalion Mutiny broke out. In the forty years of Jiajing (1561), Qi Jiguang led the Qi family army and others in Taizhou in nine battles and nine victories, and annihilated the enemy of Kou taizhou. After that, Qi and Yu joined forces to basically eliminate Fujian and Zhejiang. In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), Qi Jiguang cooperated with Yu Dayu's second army to destroy the Wukou entrenched in Guangdong and Nan'ao, and the Wukou on the southeast coast were finally wiped out.
III. Zhu Houzhao's Historical Achievements:
1. In terms of politics, it suppresses eunuchs, restricts foreign relations, and centralizes power.
Zhu Houzhao realized that the greater the eunuch's power, it would be unfavorable to him, so he withdrew to the town of Tianxia to guard the internal ministers, basically never set up again; when the eunuch committed a crime, he was whipped to death, and the corpse was shown as a warning.
In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), the official Fang Xianfu said: "Since Emperor Akihito Hongxi, he began to give foreign relatives, and after that, many powerful people appeared in the foreign relatives, and most of their titles were hereditary. Therefore, some ministers suggested that Emperor Mingshizong begin to implement it: only one of the noble relatives who had already been knighted should be made to live forever, and his descendants could no longer inherit the title. Emperor Ming, Zhang Xuan, and Fang Xianfu also reached a consensus on the issue of the removal of Qi Shifeng, and ordered the permanent abolition of this system.
2. Consolidate coastal defense and resist the Wu in the southeast.
After the middle period of Jiajing, the pirates on the southeast coast and the activities of the Wokou became more rampant, the coastal defense system of the Weishou was unable to cope with the serious situation, and military reform was imperative.
In short, during Zhu Houzhao's reign, the early period of political clarity, strict control of officials, leniency in governing the people, rectifying the program of the dynasty, and reducing the number of military personnel, known in history as the "Jiajing New Deal". In the later period, he believed in Taoism and favored Yan Song and others, which led to the corruption of the government. The Wokou also invaded the southeast coast. The "Southern Wu and Northern Raiders" have always plagued the Jiajing Dynasty, causing a great negative impact.