Editor's note: In the cold weapons research institute's previous article "Saying That Zheng Chenggong is not a national hero?" For hundreds of years in the Ming and Qing dynasties, only he supported the Nanyang Chinese! It is mentioned that due to the lack of demand, the naval forces of the Ming and Qing dynasties were not strong (except for Zheng He's Western era) and could not protect overseas Chinese. Even the Ming Dynasty made a big riot. What about the Yuan Dynasty? Were the yuan dynasty sailors able to control traditional Chinese waters?
The early years of the Yuan Dynasty did have a period of naval strength. Due to the battle against the Southern Song Dynasty and the absorption of the water army annexed by the Southern Song Dynasty in the process of destroying the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty inherited the naval superiority of the Southern Song Dynasty.
▲ Yuan Dynasty naval forces invaded Japan
The Yuan once crossed the sea to conquer the Champa State (later withdrew from Champa due to the fiasco in the Vietnamese battlefield), and also sailed to java to attack the Kingdom of Hin Ha Shari (although it was killed in land battles), which proved that the Yuan Dynasty's naval strength was considerable. As for the two typhoon capsizing incidents during the expedition to Japan, it is related to The fact that Comrade Kublai Khan found a black-hearted Koryo contractor and cut corners.
▲ The Route of the Yuan Army Invading Japan
The Yuan Dynasty's war against Japan bankrupted the Kamakura shogunate, which was already in decline, and a large number of samurai became evil parties and ronin, and they went out to sea to assemble a large number of Wokou to harass the coast of the Yuan Dynasty. It is reasonable to say that since the Yuan Dynasty inherited the advantages of the Song Dynasty's water army, it should be able to effectively punish these Wokou, right?
▲ Kublai Khan's naval construction was rapidly abandoned after his death
Not really! Due to the long-term financial deficit of the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan's death, the water division was quickly dismissed and abolished. Although it still attached importance to sea trade, the Yuan Dynasty was unable to maintain a strong sea power and could only let the Wokou come and go freely. The attacks of the Wukou on the Yuan Dynasty lasted from the Battle of Hong'an to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, without interruption, and the records are endless. The length of its duration and the wide range of its ravages are actually unmatched by the Ming Dynasty's Wokou.
▲ Wagyu Kou that raged along the coast of the Yuan Dynasty
In the 10th year of Emperor Yuanchengzong's reign (1306), Japanese merchants offered gold armor as a tribute and were able to trade in the coastal town of Qingyuanfu (Ningbo).
Two years later, from emperor Wuzong of Yuan to the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1308), after these Japanese merchants discovered that the coastal defenses of the Yuan Dynasty were weak, they showed a vicious face, turned the merchants into Kou, and even burned the entire city of Ningbo after plundering, and the Yuan Dynasty officials and troops could not resist. At this time, Kublai Khan died only 12 years later, and such an important town as Qingyuan Province was burned by the Uighurs, which showed the decline of the Yuan Dynasty's army and coastal defense forces.
The Yuan Dynasty poet Qi Xian has "Sending Ci Shangren back to Xuedou and Chasing After the Four Marshals of The Completed Capitals of Eastern Zhejiang" describing the deeds of a marshal who resisted the Wokou in the Ningbo area of eastern Zhejiang
。 The marshal of the capital, who was called the Perfect One, should be the envoy of Zhejiang Province, Ha Dasun.
It has been said that marshals were killed by wokou, which should be due to a misunderstanding that the poem was a eulogy. However, Hatasun fought in the Siming Mountains, and although he won many small victories and used the wushou as a lacquerware, he eventually fell ill and died without getting a decisive result, and it was a fact that the Wokou were raging as before. It was easier to sail from Japan to Ningbo, Zhejiang, so eastern Zhejiang was the hardest hit area of the Yuan Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Renzong of Yuan, there were records of Wukou attacking eastern Zhejiang.
However, judging from Emperor Yuanrenzong's order to persuade Fujian and Zhejiang, not only Zhejiang, but also neighboring Fujian suffered the destruction of wukou.
The attacks of the Wukou were seen not only in Fujian and Zhejiang, but also in Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning and other places, covering the entire coast of the Yuan Dynasty and always accompanying the Yuan Dynasty.
From 1336 onwards, japan entered the chaotic Era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Activities of the Wokou became more intense, and the Yuan Dynasty, which had entered a decline, had no choice but to give up treatment, and only occasionally resisted weakly. Wokou were also rampant in Goryeo, and from Goryeo to 1350 (1350) to 1366, there were invasions of Goryeo for many years. The invasion of more than 50 ships is less than 50, and the number of ships is more than 200. Whenever wokou went to a place in Goryeo, the huts were burned to the ground. Boats also became the main targets of the Wokou captives, forcing the Goryeo Dynasty to eventually change the number of ships to land transport.
In the face of the rampant Wokou, the Yuan Dynasty still felt that it was quite useful.
In the eighteenth year of Zhengzheng (1358), Wukou attacked wanhufu in Jinfu Prefecture, which was occupied by the Red Turban Army, and the Yuan court immediately sent someone to reward and appease Wukou.
Empress Qi from Goryeo also felt the role of wokou. In order to interfere in the internal affairs of Goryeo, in the twenty-third year of Zhizheng (1363), Empress Qi sent an army of 10,000 troops, and joined forces with the Wokou to invade Goryeo in an attempt to overthrow the king of Goryeo and establish a new king, but was ambushed by the Goryeo army and completely destroyed. The little bottom card left by the Yuan Dynasty has been reimbursed a lot.
The first solution to the Wokou problem was the Ming Dynasty.
▲ Map of the Battle of Wanghaipu
Zhu Yuanzhang's era was full of troubles and limited energy, and although he had contacts with Japan, he failed to completely solve the Problem of the Wokou. In the Zhu Di era, both hands were grasped, both hands were hard, and both hands were blossoming, on the one hand, the famous general Liu Rongzhen was ordered to guard Liaodong, and at Wanghai Pass, he broke the Uighurs, and the sword light was cold and thief, and ordered Lee's Joseon to launch his own eastern expedition to conquer the Japanese island of Tsushima; on the other hand, he opened a survey and trade with Japan, and the Muromachi general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, as the king of Japan, paid tribute to The Great Ming and restrained the Wokou. Therefore, a hundred years of Wu atmosphere, a dynasty of Qing Dynasty, the prestige of the Ming Dynasty, the spread of the Eastern Kingdom, the next large-scale invasion of the Wokou, is already a matter of the Jiajing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty.
▲ Fierce battle lookout sea mound
New Scientist Magazine: Randall Sasaki, an archaeologist at texas agricultural and mechanical university in the United States, said after careful study and analysis of more than 700 pieces of Mongolian warship wreckage salvaged from the seabed near Takashima in 1981 that defects in the design of the battleship, poor workmanship and inferior materials used may have caused the collapse of the Mongol fleet. "Many of the rivets on the keels of Mongol warships were too dense; sometimes there were even five or six rivets in the same place," Sasaki said. This shows that these ribs have been used repeatedly in shipbuilding, and many of the keels themselves are of poor quality. ”
"Yuan Shi Chengzong Ji" :( Yuan Chengzong Dade 10th April) Jiazi, Wu Shang Youqing and other arrivals in Qingyuan trade, with gold armor as a sacrifice, ordered Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province Pingzhang Alao Wadin and other preparations.
"Yuan Shi Bing Zhi": In July of the second year of Emperor Wuzong's reign, the Privy Council minister said: "Last year, Japanese merchant ships burned and plundered Qingyuan, and the officers and troops could not be defeated. Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces said, please take the new annex army of Qingyuan and Taizhou coastal Wanhufu to the land town to defend, and the 20,000 households in Suzhou to move to the coastal Tun town. The ministers and others discussed, since the time of the ancestors, Boyan, Ashu and other places, the situation of the land, the appropriate way to control things, and then the placement of military horses, how can it be moved lightly. In the forward province of Busy Ancients, etc., with the exchange of water and army transfers, the ancestors of the world have admonished: 'Busy ancient is not drunk and makes this statement!' Learning the tricks of the land with the soldiers of the waterway, driving the soldiers of the foot and riding from the battle of feng shui, it is difficult to succeed and easy to lose, and it is not easy to make up for it. 'Now that he wants to prepare for the treacherous concubine, Mo Ruo will take one of the new annexed troops from wanhufu along the coast of the coastal area, and join the Han army of wanhufu in lulu county to defend the town. "From there.
In October of the fourth year, jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces tasted the words: "The two Zhejiang coastal passes are bordered by rivers and passes, the land is connected to Zhubo, the sea is infested, and after annexing Jiangnan, for more than thirty years, after inheriting peace for a long time, the arrogant pawns will be lazy, the commanders will not be able to lead others, the military and horses will be improperly resettled, and the beggars will rush to the place where they want to go, and the towns will be relocated." The Privy Council officially discussed: "Qingyuan is connected with Japan, and it is burned by the Merchants, it is advisable to relocate the rest of the army and horses as requested, it is a matter of aircraft maintenance, do not discuss it." ”
Yuan Jixian? "Sending Ci Shangren back to Xuedou, Chasing the Marshal of Eastern Zhejiang"(2):
The Japanese slaves harassed eastern Zhejiang, and the general smelled like a rainbow.
The sand head array was black, and the sea was red in the middle of the night.
The stalk blows the moon according to the song, and the calvary is drunk with wine and the west wind.
When to cut down the south bamboo, write down the thief killing skills in that year.
Note: Gong Xue was buried in Siming, and the master sent the coffin to Wild Fox Ridge for burial
"New Yuan Shi Ha Dasun Biography": In the fourth year of the great age, the thief rose up in Siming, gave the three pearls of the tiger charm, granted the Zhongshu Right Cheng, zhejiang Eastern Province Xuanwei envoy, and concurrently the marshal of the capital, went to the court, Ha Da Sun drove the thief into the sea, an ji exile, the territory of the postran. Russian miasma, aged sixty-five. At the beginning of Yan youchu, he gave the title of Duke of Qin and Zhaoxuan( 谥昭宣). Sub-Tower Sea.?
"Yuan Shi HuDu Temulu Biography": In the third year of Yanyou, the chancellor caused chaos in the trade of slave merchants in eastern Zhejiang, and sent Han Qing to comfort Fujian and Zhejiang, to care for the soldiers and the people, and the sea and land were quiet.
"The Former Zhongfeng Dafu Shu Dongdao Xuanwei Du Marshal Jixian Wing Ten Thousand Households Mansion Chenle Zhetu Gong Gong Gong Zhi In the northern border of The Kingdom of Chang and Changguo, he abducted merchants and goods ten and four, plundered one hundred and thirty families, crossed their children, and detained those who could be boated, and Yu Xun was swept away.
History of Goryeo vol. 41 "Gong Shu Wang Shi Jia", May 15, 15 September Ding: Gong Shu Wang Fifteen Years (1366) April, "Wu Tu Qiao Tong, Stay Tun can not go, the capital city earthquake". However, the guards of the capital (present-day Kaesong), who had been appointed to the imperial palace, actually "did not dare to enter the thief.". In September, Wokou went to Yangchuan County to plunder the boats.
Tan Hongmei: "The Relationship between Wokou and Liri", Northern Cultural Relics, No. 1, 2014
"The Biography of Yuan Shi Niu": The Uighurs attacked Jinfu Prefecture and killed those who were based on the Red Army's state, that is, sent people to reward and appease them.
"The Biography of The Later Concubines of Yuanshi": In the beginning, the clan of the Qi clan was arrogant in Goryeo, and the king of Goryeo was angry and killed them. Twenty-three years later, the crown prince said, "Why don't you restore the emperor for me?" "Then the Goryeo royals were appointed as kings, and the son of the Qi tribe, Samhonu, was made the yuan son. Sending Therapist Tomita as chancellor, he used 10,000 troops and recruited soldiers to take them together. After crossing the yalu water, the ambush troops were scattered, but they were defeated, and the remaining seventeen rode back, and then they were ashamed.
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Editor-in-chief of the original outline, author Qu Mofeng
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