Abstract: Gao Yutu, who appears in the Epitaph of Shen Hong, is a Goguryeo immigrant who was migrated from Zhongshan to the Pingcheng area by Tuoba Jue in the first year of Tianxing (398). Tuoba Jue placed Goguryeo immigrants such as Gao Yutu in Fanpi, in the area of Bianyao Township, Ying County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province, and settled in separate areas, counting dictation of land, and using cattle farming and other production tools to develop agricultural production. According to the original organizational form of Goguryeo, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty used the Goguryeo aristocracy to assist in the management of the immigrant group, and gave preferential policies such as land grants and surnames to the aristocratic class.
Keywords: Pingcheng, Goguryeo, Immigrant, Kaullo
In 398 AD, Tuoba Jue fixed the state name as Wei, and the capital was in Pingcheng, that is, the emperor's throne, and by 493, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong moved the capital to Luoyang, which was for the Northern Wei Pingcheng era. In the northeast, the Goguryeo regime, which had long coexisted with the Northern Wei Dynasty, was a local government of ethnic minorities established by the Goguryeo people during the Han and Tang dynasties. From its inception, the Goguryeo regime maintained clan relations with the Central Plains Dynasty, accepted canonization, and became an important member of the tributary system of the Central Plains Dynasty. During the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a large number of Goguryeo immigrants entered the Pingcheng area in different ways, making an important contribution to the early state construction of the Xianbei Tuoba clan. Unfortunately, due to the lack of historical materials and other reasons, the Goguryeo immigrants in the Pingcheng period have not been fully valued in previous academic research. Fortunately, the "Tomb of ShenHong" excavated in the Datong area in the 1940s contains some valuable information about Goguryeo immigrants. This article intends to examine the history of Goguryeo immigration in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty on the basis of the relevant records of the "Epitaph of Shen Hong", and to corroborate the excavated documents and the documents passed down from generation to generation, in order to be beneficial to the study of ancient multi-ethnic settlement areas and related issues.
Judging from the political pattern of the north in the third and fourth centuries, because of the existence of the Three Yan regimes, the Northern Wei and Goguryeo did not directly border each other. However, according to the author's research, nearly 150,000 Goguryeo immigrants migrated into the western Liaoning region, starting from Qingshan and Thorn City, passing through Longcheng and Jicheng, and finally settling in Yecheng, Zhongshan and other areas [1]. With the frequent outbreak of plunder wars between the Northern Wei and later Yan and northern Yan, the Goguryeo immigrants who originally existed in the Three Yans were indirectly migrated to the Pingcheng area. Among them, the most famous immigration event is the Great Migration in the first year of Tianxing (398). According to the Book of Wei and the Chronicle of Emperor Daowu, in the first spring of the first year of Tianxing, after Tuoba Jue captured The Later Yan Zhongshan, "Xin You, the car was driven from Zhongshan, as for the Wangdu Yao Mountain." The civil officials of the six prefectures of Shandong, as well as 360,000 people and goryeo Zaoyi, and more than 100,000 mouths of hundreds of tricks were used to fill the capital division. ...... In February, the car drove from Zhongshan Yuki fanhua Palace, and tunwei was selected. Edict to the new people of the Inner Migration to cultivate cattle, and count the mouths to receive the fields"[2]. In this migration activity, Goguryeo immigrants formed a group of 360,000 people together with Shandong officials and Murong Bumin. As for the number of Goguryeo immigrants, the historical records are not clearly recorded. To further complicate the situation, the total number of migrations contained in the Book of Wei was "360,000", and the "Northern History", "YuanGui of the Book of The Imperial Household", and "Tongzhi" were cited as "Thirty-six Bureaus", and were linked with "Hundred Works of Tricks", resulting in a reduction in the total number of immigrants to more than 100,000. This has also been discussed in academic circles[3]. In fact, when Qing Dynasty scholars revised the Siku Quanshu, they had already paid attention to the falsehood of "signature" as "wan" [4]. More direct evidence is that Zhang Ji, a witness to the immigration incident in the first year of Tianxing, explicitly mentioned that after Wei Ding Zhongshan, he migrated "more than 70,000 families" [5] to Pingcheng. Based on the calculation of one household and five families, "more than 70,000 families" is equivalent to the number of "360,000" in the above, which proves that the "Book of Wei" records are correct. In this way, it is conceivable that there are a total of "150,000" Goguryeo immigrants in Sanyan, and as a third of the "360,000", the Goguryeo people who moved to Pingcheng in the first year of Tianxing are conservatively estimated to be tens of thousands of households.
In stark contrast to the tens of thousands of households, there has been no record of Emigration to Goguryeo in the history books since then, and academic research has come to an abrupt end. These Goguryeo immigrants were drowned in the long river of history, as if they had never existed. Fortunately, ji did not love treasure, and some valuable information appeared in the "Tomb of Shen Hong" excavated in the Datong area in the 1940s, which brought the dawn to the search for Goguryeo immigrants in the Pingcheng period. The location of Shen Hong's Epitaph is unknown, but the relevant plate information was initially disclosed by Japanese scholars,[7] and later attracted the attention and research of Chinese scholars. The "Epitaph of Shen Hong" is now in the Datong City Museum (Figure 1), which is convenient for writing, and according to the original epitaph and the Takumoto, the transcription of the epitaph is as follows:
Jun's surname is Shen, Zhen Hongzhi, and the people of Wei County, Wei County. Zeng Zuzhong, former Zhao Situ, Duke of Dongyang. Zu Daosheng (祖道生), a general of the Fuguo State, the Marquis of Yanzhou and the Marquis of Jinxiang County. Children and grandchildren. Jun Shao was deposed by Tun, and he and his brother Zhi Zhi ordered Qianzhi to be ordered by Wei. The gentleman is strong and wise, and the conduct is virtuous. Filial piety and kindness, gentle and gentle. Brothers live together, white heads fight each other. Boudoir Yiyi, nine ethnic rails. It was appointed by interpretation and was awarded the Eastern Palace Moti. Will expound the achievements of Mao, Ke Chongshiye. The year of descent was not reverent, and the year was 50 years old, and Wei Yanxing died on October 5 of the second year of the jingshi. The old grave hangs far away, and it is difficult to return to the temple. And the burial of Bo Bo, covered at any time. Kaoji Turtle Basket, all called Yunji. It was built in pingcheng sangan river south. Form goes with the flow, virtue and time. Dare to be immortal.
The first landlord Wen Yi yu Wu Ti, He Lai Tu Fu Yan, He Lai Tu Gen, Gao Li Gao Yu Tu Tu four people while buying land twenty acres, official silk hundred horses, never twenty a year. The mourning spirit of hong is eternally safe here. So remember.
According to the epitaph, Shen Hongzhi's ancestral home was Wei County, Wei County (in present-day southeastern Handan City, Hebei Province), and later settled with his grandfather in Jinxiang (southwest of present-day Jining, Shandong Province), and in the third year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (422), Jinxiang was not in Wei, and Shen Hong's brothers and others were moved to Pingcheng, and died on October 5, 472, the second year of Yanxing (472), at the age of 57, and were buried in the south of The Sanggan River in Pingcheng.
It is worth noting that the epitaph finally records that Shen Hongzhi bought twenty hectares of land twenty years ago at the price of one hundred horses of official silk from the landlord Wen Ti, He Lai Tu Fu Yan, He Lai Tu Gen, Gao Li Gao Yu Tu Tu Tu. The "landlord" Gao Yutu is one of the land sellers. There are different opinions in the academic circles regarding the nature of the text after Shen Hong's epitaph involving land sale and purchase.[9] The author believes that the seller, buyer, land area, price, time and other factors in this text are complete, and it is a standard land transaction contract. Words such as "landlord" and "mourner" appeared in the text, and the tomb purchase voucher was strong. Some of the texts on land sale and purchase are listed separately after the epitaph text, and the font size is different, which is consistent with the forms of Wang Hao's epitaph and land purchase coupon [10] that appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, from the perspective of content, words, form, etc., this is a land purchase voucher attached to the epitaph. However, unlike the general land purchase coupon, this land purchase coupon does not have the color of religious town tombs, focusing on land sales, which should be an intuitive reflection of the real world land title at that time. The phrase "Hong's mourning spirit, forever safe here" that appears after the purchase of land in the coupon is also consistent with the common "ancestors in the tomb, no fear, no fear, and peaceful as ever" [11] "Those who have a dweller first, each is safe" [12], etc., showing a good desire to bury neighbors and live in harmony. Then, as the "landlords" around the tomb, that is, the previous burials, Gao Yutu and other four people should really exist.
In the epitaph text, the full name of Gao Yutu is "Gao Li Gao Yu Tu". Regarding "Gaoli", Mr. Zhou Weizhou believes that "Gaoli" should be a different writing of "Goryeo". Mr. Yin Xian agreed with Zhou and proposed that the real name of "Gaoli Gaoyutu" was Gaoli Yu bald, Gao Li was a surname, and Yu Bald was a name. Mr. Luci advocated "Gaoli" or "Gaoli" immediately, referring to Goguryeo.[14] Later, Hou Xudong and Luo Xin, two gentlemen, said from Zhou and Yin Er that they believed that Gao Yutu was a Goguryeo person. All the above gentlemen believe that Goguryeo is a Goguryeo, which is very correct. However, how "GaoLi" is equivalent to "Goryeo" because it involves the identification of Gao Yutu's identity, further systematic demonstration is needed. Press, "Shuowen" yun: "Pear, fruit name." From the sound of wood. , Gu Wenli. "With the current view of historical data, there is no example of the direct use of "pear" and "li". However, due to the same sound, the "pear" and "li" ancient tong in the literature passed down from generation to generation. For example, "Han Feizi Wai Chu said on the top left": "Li and Jing Gong Yue." The Taiping Imperial Records quote "Li He" as "Pear Gong". This kind of universality has also been confirmed by excavated documents, such as "Yang Zhen Monument" "Fan Bai Li Meng", "Gao Yi Monument" "Pear Shu □□", "Yuan Qin Epitaph" "Hanging Bi Meng" and other inscriptions appearing in the "Pear ( ) " All tong "Li". In this regard, the "Gao Li" in the "Epitaph of Shen Hong" is "Gao Li". And because "Li" and "Li" and "Li" are common, "GaoLi" and "Goryeo" can be explained. An example is given in each case: "Dai Li Ji Bao Fu": "And Li Gong saw that he was killed in the palace of the craftsman Li." "New Book Prenatal Education" quotes "Li" as "Li". And "Shang Shu Dagong": "Qingli of the Earth." The "History of Xia Benji" is "Qingli of the Tutu", and the Taiping Imperial Records quote "Li" as "Li". More direct evidence is that "Goryeo" can also be written as "Goryeo". For example, the "Gao Li" three views of the "Tang Dynasty Xinyu Ji Zhi" and the "Gao Li" of the "Law Enforcement" are all related to the history of "Goryeo", all of which refer to "Goryeo". Among them, "Extreme Advice": "Although Gao Li is flat, Buyeo is still terrier." "Tang Hui Wants xingxing" as "Although Goryeo is peaceful, Buyeo is still terrier", which can be corroborated. As we all know, Goguryeo during the Han and Tang Dynasties was also known as Goryeo. Because Goguryeo changed its name to Goryeo after accepting the canonization of the Central Plains Dynasty, this has been recognized in academic circles.[16] From this, it is concluded that Gao Yutu was a Goguryeo living in Pingcheng.
As for when Gao Yutu came to Pingcheng, the epitaph does not clearly record, and it can be speculated based on the birth and death of Shen Hong. According to this, Shen Hongzhi died in the second year of Yanxing (472) at the age of fifty-seven, and reversed, he was born in the first year of Taichang (416). Considering that Gao Yutu was buried first, and the land purchase voucher was signed twenty-one years ago, Gao Yutu's age was much older than Shen Hongzhi, and he was even born before the first year of Tai Chang. Then, this point in time coincides with the above-mentioned Great Migration of Goguryeo Immigrants in the first year of Tianxing. In other words, Gao Yutu should have been migrated from Zhongshan to Pingcheng by Tuoba Jue in the first year of Tianxing.
Shen Hongzhi's epitaph contains few records of Gao Yutu, but it also reveals some information about the lives of goguryeo immigrants who moved west.
First of all, the name of "Gao Yutu". Judging from the records of the epitaph, "Gao Yutu" is placed after "Gao Pear". "Gaoli" is a genus, then "Gao" should be a surname, and "Yutu" is its name. The origin of the Gao clan is clearly recorded in history. The Weishu Goguryeo Biography Yun: "The Goguryeo people, out of Fuyu, said that they were ancestors of Jumong. ...... Jumong went to the city of Qiusheng Bone, and then lived in Yan, known as Goguryeo, because he thought it was a clan yan. "That is, Goguryeo is from Fuyu, the ancestor Jumong jianguo, the number of Goguryeo, with Gao as the clan. The content and manner of such expressions can also be found in the Zhoushu Goryeo Biography, the Northern History Goguryeo Biography, the Sui Shu Goryeo Biography, the Tongdian Goguryeo Biography, and the Good King Stele[17] The Tomb of Ran Mou [18]. Compared with the "Gao" clan, "Yutu" is not similar to the Goguryeo personal name. Auditing the Book of Wei, the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and other classics, there are no Goguryeo people with the name of "Yutu". On the contrary, the character "turbo" is often seen in the names of the northern nobles, such as Hetu [19], Lutu [20], Yuantu [21], Fenghetu [22], Andugan and Tu [23] similar to the Gaoyutu era. Then, the emergence of "Gao" + "Yutu", which is a combination of Goguryeo surnames and generation names, a more reasonable explanation is that Gao Yutu changed his name after immigrating to Pingcheng. This speculation is not unfounded, and the phenomenon of immigrants changing their names according to the historical records of the audit is more common in Pingcheng in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. For example, Zhang Pu (張蒲), also spelled Xuan ze (玄則), was a Hanoi xiuwu (匯武人), whose real name was "Mo", and was renamed "Pu" (蒲) after tuoba moved to Pingcheng in the first year of Tianxing. Another example is Gao Lu, a Yuyang Yongnu, who after immigrating to Pingcheng, changed his original name to "donkey" to "Lu" [25]. There is also the ancient bow, which was loved by Tuoba Si, and was given the name "pen", which was taken as straight and useful, and later renamed "弼" [26]. In addition to the good name, there is also the phenomenon of changing the notoriety. For example, Tiefu Liu Hu's great-grandson Qu Xiao (屈), whose real name was Bo Bo, Tuoba Si changed his name to "Qu Xiao". Humble one, humble righteousness[27]. Similarly, Zhao Hei (赵黑), courtesy name Wenjing (文静), was initially named Hai (海), a subordinate of Benliang Prefecture (本梁州), and Wei Pingliang Prefecture (魏平良州), who was not included as an eunuch and was renamed "Black" (black) [28]. In contrast, the "abruptness" of Gao Yutu and the "bald" and "Tuo" are homophonic and transliterated. Emperor Xiaowen changed his surname to an edict saying that "the northern people call the soil for the extension", although there is an element of reputation climbing, it can also be inferred that "sudden" belongs to the category of good names, and the emergence of names such as Yuantu, Fenghetu, Qigan and Tu is also evidenced. In recent years, some scholars have put forward the view that "Tuo" is an official name through the study of the names of the Middle Ages, which is also worthy of attention [29]. As for the provenance of "Yutu", I noticed that there is a word in Turkic, which is pronounced similarly to "Yutu", which means a guard who defended the Khan during war or an attaché who traveled with the Khan. Similarly, in Mongolian, "Yutu" means strength, strength. Therefore, the etymology of the "Yutu" named Gao Yutu should be Turkic.
Judging from the documents passed down from generation to generation, Gao Yutu's name change is not the only one who migrated west to Goguryeo. According to the "Zhou Shu Gao Lin Biography", "Gao Lin zi min, its predecessor Gao Gou Li also." The sixth Zu Qin, in order to confront Murong Xi, was then shi Yu Yan. The fifth ancestor, who led the people back to Wei, paid homage to the chief of the first lord, and gave the surname YuZhen. Zu Ming and his father moved to Shi Wei, and Xian yi Xianda". The time of Emperor Gaozong's return to Wei is unknown, but after emigrating to Pingcheng, he was given the surname Yuzhen (羽真氏), which is of the same nature as Gao Yutu's change of name. In turn, it shows that Gao Yu stands out from his noble body, is not an ordinary commoner, and his name change is most likely an official act. Whether it is self-change of name or surname, it reflects that Goguryeo immigrants are slowly integrating into the humble society.
Secondly, "Sangan Henan". The Sanggan River, as the burial place of Shen Hong, is not directly related to Gao Yutu. However, according to the account of the land purchase voucher, the twenty hectares of land used in Shen Hong's cemetery were bought from Gao Yutu and four other people, so part of the Shenhong cemetery in The South of Sanggan River was once owned by Gao Yutu. In other words, the land of Gao Yutu is somewhere on the south bank of the Sangan River. This involves the issue of the Goguryeo resettlement area. As mentioned above, Goguryeo immigrants have been living in groups since they migrated into western Liaoning, from Qingshan to Zhongshan, and after entering the Pingcheng area, they rewarded them with cultivated cattle, counted their mouths and received fields, and settled in the land. Then, this "Sangan Henan" is the settlement of Goguryeo immigrants in the first year of Tianxing. Regarding the Sanggan River, Li Daoyuan's "Notes on the Water Classic" has a clear record: "The Sanggan Water is also southeast of the cucumber Fuqu West, and it is also bending the path to the south of its pile." ...... To the east, to the right, to the Zhijin, to the Sanggan River, to the southeast, to the north of Sang County, and to the north of The Great Wei River, to the name of The County. ...... (South) pond water and northeast injection of mulberry dry water, for wet ( ) water, and commonly known as 埔. [30] In the text, "Sanggan River" and "Sanggan River" are seen together, which is probably not a river, but should refer to the water before the Sangan Water South meets, that is, the narrow sense of "Sanggan River" recorded by Li Daoyuan. In addition, there is a broad sense of "Sanggan River", which refers to the sanggan water and the water after it meets the water. For example, according to the "Biography of Qiu Luoqi in the Book of Wei", Qiu Luoqi took a donkey from Zhongshan to Pingcheng, "Lu Yuan waited to know that he was coming, and more than a hundred followers rode to meet the Sangan River." The straight road from Zhongshan to Pingcheng was built by Tuoba Jue after the Pacification of Houyan in the first year of Tianxing, and was later called "Dingzhou Avenue". Then, the "Sanggan River" where Lu Yuan greeted Qiu Luoqi was the water that intersected with the "Dingzhou Avenue" southeast of Pingcheng. In addition, the Book of Southern Qi and the Biography of Wei Yu also records that "there is dry water in the south of Pingcheng, which goes out of the Dingxiang Boundary, flows into the sea, and goes to the city for fifty miles." and the "History of Han Xin Lie": "On the Baideng, the Xiongnu rode around", and the "Suoyin" quoted in the "Northern Frontier Chronicle" that "there is a white mountain in the north of the Sanggan River, and the place where Maodun besieged Han Gao, and now there is still a fortress". It can be proved that the water after the confluence of mulberry water and water is also called the Sangan River. This should be the basis for Maeda's so-called "Sanggan River was called both Sanggan water and water in the Northern Wei Dynasty"[32]. Whether in the narrow sense or in the broad sense, "Sanggan Henan" pointed out the direction for the search for areas inhabited by Goguryeo immigrants. Looking back at the Great Migration of Tianxing in the First Year of the Book of Wei, there is a message worth noting, that is, "In February, the car drove from Zhongshan Xingfan Palace, and tunwei was selected." Edict to the new people of the inner migration to cultivate cattle, and count the mouths to receive the fields." It has been discovered that the ancient city of Fanqi was located on the curved banks of the Hunhe River in the western foothills of the Yaoxiang Mountains in the northeast of Ying County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province. This area is adjacent to cucumber piles and white wolf piles, located on the south bank of the Sangan River, corresponding to the "Sanggan Henan River" where the high-yutu land contained in the "Epitaph of Shen Hong" is located. This correspondence not only reflects that the Tomb of ShenHong was unearthed on the curved banks of the Hun River, but also proves that the area around Bianyao Township in Present-day Ying County is where goguryeo immigrants live.
As for why Tuoba Jue placed Goguryeo and other immigrants in Fanpi, that is, in the area of Bianyao Township in present-day Ying County, it is also worth discussing the living environment of Goguryeo immigrants. Fanxi, Han and Jin belonged to Yanmen County, the mountains were surrounded and arched, so the name, the terrain was dangerous, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was the weight of the Tuoba clan at the beginning. There was Miyagi Castle in Fanqi, where Shiyi Qian was located,[34] tuoba jue went south in the first year of Tianxing, and King Shun of Biling fought against the rebels according to the ancient city of Fanqi[35], indicating that Fanqi was an important political and military stronghold in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. In this regard, Tuoba Jue resettled Goguryeo immigrants in Fanqing, similar to murong Hao's migration to Goguryeo in the eighth year of Xiankang (342). In addition to political and military factors, Tuoba Jue may consider more economic factors. Flourishing in the Kun River, now known as the Hunhe River, this water system forms a vast alluvial plain area in the western foothills of the Bianyao Mountains. According to the System of Qidian formulated by the Northern Wei Dynasty, the area around Bianyao Township belongs to the "Field of Ki nei"[36], located in the south of the Sanggan River, which has always been the location of agriculture and animal husbandry production areas. Heba once warned his disciples that "the land in the north is barren, and it is possible to live in the south of the water, cultivate the fertile land, and widely develop it as an industry"[37], which is an example. As far as the Goguryeo immigrants were concerned, they were good at farming and were suitable for settling in agricultural areas such as Fanxi. In the early days of Goguryeo, it was located in the Wunu Mountains and the Marudu Mountains, and there was not much arable land, but it was used to work hard, "everyone in the country did not work, and there were more than 10,000 people sitting on the food, and the next household was far away from the rice grain and fish salt supplied." ...... The family owns a small warehouse, which is called 桴京".[38] In addition, these Goguryeo immigrants have been moving into the Central Plains for nearly fifty years, and they should learn and master advanced farming techniques, and are naturally the most suitable targets for agricultural immigrants.
After Tuoba Jue migrated from Goguryeo to Fanxi, he settled in separate lands, dictated land, and used production tools such as cattle farming. Of course, this is a macro-management model at the national level, and as for the form of organization within the immigrant group, the history is not clear. However, when analyzing the land purchase voucher above, it has been confirmed that Gao Yutu owns excess land and engages in trading. In addition, the phenomenon of Gao Yu's sudden name change also reveals that he was from an extraordinary origin and should be a Goguryeo nobleman. In the early days of the founding of Goguryeo, "there were originally five ethnic groups, namely the Juannu Tribe, the Absolute Slave Department, the Shunnu Department, the Irrigation Slave Department, and the Guilou Department" [39]. Five clans, that is, five clan groups with blood ties. The leaders of the five ethnic groups all held official positions in the central leadership of Goguryeo and played an important role in political life. By the time of the reign of King Haotai and King Changshou of Goguryeo corresponding to the Pingcheng period, the original nature of the five-ethnic system had weakened and gradually evolved into a feudal state class relationship. Nobles such as the Goguryeo royal family and the five tribes were transformed into a landlord class, and a large number of self-cultivating peasants and dependent peasants coexisted with them. Judging from Goguryeo's identity, the class relations of the feudal state of Goguryeo also existed in the Group of Goguryeo immigrants in Pingcheng. The emergence of this phenomenon, on the one hand, is that the Tuoba regime in the Heisei period is transitioning from a tribal alliance to a feudal state, and the degree of social development is comparable to that of Goguryeo, and the ruling class does not need to make further changes to the organizational form of immigrant groups. On the other hand, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty inherited the immigration management policy of successive generations, and also habitually used the nobles such as the Goguryeo royal family and the five ethnic groups to assist in the management of the immigrant group. As gao Lin said above, "The fifth ancestor led the people to return to Wei, worshiped the chief of the first lord, and gave the surname Yu Zhen". Since Emperor Gaozong was able to lead the people to submit to Northern Wei and was appointed as the first chief of the people, it shows that he was originally the head of the Goguryeo immigrant clan. In addition, the epitaph of Gao Shuying, a descendant of Goguryeo immigrants unearthed in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, also contains Gao Shuying's great-grandfather Gao Hui as the "Great Chieftain of Benfan" in Northern Wei. The phrase "Benbo" indicates that goguryeo immigrants existed in the form of "Bo", that is, they lived in the form of tribes, and the "great chiefs" had clan management functions in the Goguryeo immigrant group. The "Epitaph of Shen Hong" shows that the Goguryeo immigrants in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty still maintained the original form of social organization, and Gao Yutu, as a landlord class, assumed the management function of the immigrant ethnic group.
Judging from the current research on Goguryeo immigration, the research focus of the academic community is on Luoyang, Xi'an and Western Liaoning in the Tang Dynasty. The discovery of Goguryeo immigration information in the "Epitaph of Shen Hong" has extremely high historical value for the investigation of the migration situation in Goguryeo before the Tang Dynasty. From the historical perspective of the Pingcheng era of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a large number of ethnic groups were migrated to the Pingcheng area, which contributed a lot to the establishment and development of the regime in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. As a representative of the many immigrants, Goguryeo immigrants have been able to investigate their case studies in ancient multi-ethnic areas and related issues. As far as Gao Yutu is concerned, although he was born into the Goguryeo nobility, there are also many commonalities such as the source, route, resettlement, and integration of Goguryeo immigrants. It is believed that with the successive discoveries of excavated documents, there will be more in-depth study of the problem of Goguryeo immigration in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty. This article is only a brick and stone, hoping to attract more scholars' attention to the issue of Goguryeo immigration.
Illustration of the source:
Plate 1: Yin Xian, "Northern Wei Pingcheng Calligraphy", Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2017, p. 73.
Plate 2: Tan Qijun, ed., Historical Atlas of China (During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Beijing: China Map Publishing House, 1982, p. 52.
exegesis:
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Originally published in Archaeology and Cultural Relics, No. 5, 2021
Reprinted from the "Northern Dynasty Archaeology" WeChat public account