The plucking of the hair has been paid to manage the city, and the rotten stomach has been sealed the Marquis of Guannei. After death, I don't know what is outside my body, but I also have a wind and current.
Chinese are known as foodies, probably starting from the Song Dynasty. From this song by the Song Dynasty poet Liu Guo, we seem to be able to smell the rich meat aroma emanating from the thoroughly cooked haggis soup. Reading the work on a cold winter night, you can't help but feel warm and melting, your index finger moving, and your mouth watering.
The poem uses two metaphors to illustrate the wonderful use of haggis, the first is "Guan Chengzi", Guan Chengzi is said to be the seal of the pen, this Guan Chengzi refers to the pen made of sheep, is it a very vivid image? Next, he compared lamb tripe and haggis to Kannai Hou.
At first, the author was also confused, what kind of title is this Guannei Hou? After some investigation, it was learned that the Marquis of Guannei was originally a kind of title in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The following is a simple sharing of the probe results.
I. Brief introduction of the Marquis of Kannai
1． The origin of the Marquis of Kannai
The history of the division of land and feudalism should be counted from three generations, and the early fiefdom system was mainly carried out for the purpose of inheritance or reward by the upper nobility. Successive sub-fiefs led to the rise of local power, the weakening of the monarchy, and eventually the collapse of the dynasty. Examples are the Shang Tang Dynasty Xia, the Zhou Wu Dynasty, and the Great Chaos of the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the State of Qin initiated the Shang Martingale Transformation Law, carried out major reforms to the knighthood system, abolished the hereditary knighthood system of nobles, and established a system of twentieth rank knighthoods rewarded according to military merit. Under this system, as long as you contribute to the country, you can obtain the corresponding knighthood according to quantifiable criteria. Among these twenty lords, the highest status was "Chu Hou", who not only enjoyed a high degree of fenglu, but also had his own fiefdom.
The title of the second rank of Beecher hou was "Lun Hou", second only to Che Hou, but there was no fiefdom. This system of linking merit, fame, and profit greatly stimulated the development of the military strength of the Qin state, making it the first hegemon of the Warring States and finally unifying China. After the end of the chaotic era at the end of the Qin Dynasty, the new Han Dynasty was established, and the title of Qin II was basically used.
The difference is that the prince was added in front of The Marquis, and the original Lunhou was renamed "Marquis of Guannei". Later, in order to avoid the name of Emperor Wu of Han, he changed the thorough waiting to "Liehou". Strictly speaking, the title of Marquis of Guannei began in the Han Dynasty.
2． The treatment of the Marquis of Kannai
In the Qin state of the Warring States period, when the time came, it could enjoy 950 stones of corn per year, which was 57,000 kilograms of grain according to the 60 kilograms per stone, which was enough to feed a hundred people. Sometimes it may not be necessarily a grain supply, but it may also be the equivalent of money, cloth, satin, various crafts, and so on.
In addition, although Lunhou did not have a fief, he could be enfeoffed. The so-called food estate is the demarcation of a number of household registrations within the territory of the country, and Lunhou has the right to collect taxes on these households, and can be passed on hereditary. In the Han Dynasty, the food of the Marquis of Guannei was not as uniform as in the Qin Dynasty, about two or three hundred households.
After the unification of the Qin, the division of feudal systems was changed to the county system, and the original feudal systems were gradually abolished. In this way, the treatment gap between Lunhou and Chehou is quite close. After coming to the Han Dynasty, the central government followed the county system of the Qin Dynasty, but in order to reward meritorious ministers and consolidate the need to consolidate their rule, the feudal system was also implemented.
In this way, the political and economic status of the Marquis of Guannei without a fief was actually much inferior to that of the prince who had a fief. But in terms of its treatment, in those years when the productivity was not too developed, it should be considered quite rich.
Two. Comment on the Marquis of Guannei of the Han Dynasty
1． Wei Qing, who was knighted for military merit
Earlier briefly introduce the origin of the Marquis of Guannei and the status of his treatment, and then look at several Marquis Guannei who were enthroned in the Han Dynasty. Qin won the country after hundreds of battles, The Han chased deer in the chaotic world, and the early Han Dynasty was often invaded by the Northern Xiongnu, and war was a common thing in that era. At the same time, a number of courtiers and fierce generals who were knighted for their military merits emerged.
Wei Qing was the legend of that era, as a domestic slave born as a shepherd boy, he first led the army to the Xiongnu to exert his decisive command ability, attacking the Dragon City with a surprise army, beheading hundreds of people and winning the reputation of a flying general. After this battle, he was given the title of Marquis of Kannai. Although many people believe that Wei Qing was enthroned because of the nepotism of his sister Wei Fuzi, he then proved his worthy of the title with seven victories in seven battles, breaking Shan Yu, and recovering the Heshuo and Hetao regions, and obtained a higher title - Marquis of Changping.
Also honored with their military exploits were Li Guang's son Li Gan, Chen Tang, who beheaded Zhi Shan Yu, Li Xi, who won the Great Victory of Shuofang, and so on.
2． Su Wu, who was awarded the order of loyalty and observance
Although military merit is the most common way to be a marquis, there are also examples of obtaining the title of Marquis of Kannai by publicizing the deeds of Qianqiu by his own body. Su Wu was an envoy sent by the Western Han Dynasty to the Xiongnu, and was detained abroad for nineteen years because his deputy envoy Zhang Sheng was involved in the Xiongnu rebellion. The Xiongnu repeatedly persuaded Su Wu to surrender and coerced and seduced him, but Su Wu was unmoved, always unyielding, and was banished to the extremely cold North Sea to herd sheep.
Later, the relationship between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty eased, and Su Wu and nine other people were able to return to China, holding the festival staff of the year when they were envoys, and later generations described the festival of patriotism and loyalty as a festival. After Su Wu returned to the dynasty, he was only relieved of his idle duties, but was not reused, and he was also implicated and deposed because his son was involved in the rebellion of the King of Yan.
Until Emperor Xuan succeeded to the throne, in recognition of Su Wu's spirit of loyalty and patriotism, and firm observance of the festival, he was given the title of Marquis of Guannei. There are also views that Su Wude was because he participated in the establishment of Emperor Xuan of Han, but in fact, liu He, the king of Changyi, was deposed and Emperor Xuan of Changyi was single-handedly operated by Sima Huoguang, the great sima who was in power and opposition, and Su Wu's support was insignificant. Therefore, praising his loyalty and setting a benchmark for future generations was the reason why he was awarded the title of Marquis of Guannei.
3． Huang Ba, who was named a political leader for his outstanding political achievements
In order to flaunt his martial arts, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty did not hesitate to wage war against the Xiongnu and their western borders for many years, so that the national treasury gradually became weak and difficult to sustain. In order to raise funds, Emperor Wu followed the example of the former dynasty and sold official titles, and the twentieth rank knighthood below the Marquis of Guannei could be sold. You may think that those who become officials by donations must be fish and meat people for personal gain. But there are exceptions to everything.
Huang Ba, from an early age, had great ambitions and liked to study the law, and although his path of politics began with donating officials and seeking help, he was honest and honest, benevolent and loving, and strict law enforcement. His career was not smooth, he was repeatedly belittled and made a comeback, unremittingly did a good job in civil affairs work, and managed the county where he was located in an orderly manner, which was deeply supported by the officials.
Ban Gu said of him in the Book of Han and the Biography of the Xun Officials: "Since Han Xing, he has ruled the people by words, headed by hegemony." This shows that his political achievements are outstanding. In the second year of Wufeng, Emperor Xuan of Han made Huang Ba the Marquis of Guannei in recognition of his official exploits. Judging from the above examples, those who performed well in military, diplomatic, and official administration in the Western Han Dynasty have records of entering the Guannei Marquis.
Three. On the status of the Marquis of Guannei in the Han Dynasty
1． Comparison of The Marquis of Guannei and the Marquis of Liehou
As mentioned earlier, the rank of the Marquis of Guannei is one rank lower than that of the Marquis of Liehou in the knighthood system, which is not only reflected in the existence or absence of fiefdoms, but also the gap between the food and the yi is also very large. The food of guannei hou is probably between two hundred and three hundred households, while the food of the marquis is nearly a thousand households and more than thousands, which is ten times more than the number of guannei hou. From the perspective of economic interests, of course, the princes are more prominent, not to mention the princes above the princes.
In addition, many of the Marquis of Guannei were only temporary titles, and once they achieved new merits, they would continue to be given higher titles. For example, two years after Wei Qing obtained the title of Marquis of Guannei, he launched the Henan Campaign to recover the Hetao region occupied by the Xiongnu in one fell swoop, and because of his meritorious service, he was made the Marquis of Changping, and the number of food estates increased to 3,800.
After the death of the chancellor Huo Guang, Emperor Xuan of Han was able to personally govern, and when he learned that the current Marquis Bingji of Guannei had provided help when he was in distress, he never talked about the protection of that year, believing that he was not rewarding with kindness, was kind and virtuous, so he added Bingji to the title of Marquis of Boyang, with 1,300 households.
2． The Kannai Marquis is the object of the central weight
Although the status of the Marquis of Guannei in the Han Dynasty was not very high, it was still highly valued in the hearts of the central government and even the emperor, which can be said from the title. Guannei, in ancient times, referred to the area around Wang Qi, west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan, was the dynasty that built the capital of present-day Shaanxi. Both the Qin and Western Han Dynasties built their capitals in Guannei, and if anyone was given the title of Marquis of Guannei, then this system must have no fiefdom, otherwise it would have become a land grab with the central government and the emperor.
From another point of view, the title of knighthood is Kannai, and the reputation is like being close to the Son of Heaven, giving people the feeling of adding a little closeness and closeness to the supreme ruler. Judging from the figures who were enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guannei, they were basically people who had high hopes from the central government or were favored by the emperor.
From Wei Qing's talent to Su Wu's loyalty to Huang Ba's political achievements, he is either a leading general with outstanding military achievements and broad development space, or a spiritual pillar that can establish prestige in the hearts of the people and contribute to long-term peace and stability. The granting of the title of Marquis of Guannei to them reflects the recognition of them by the Han government and the importance that the emperor places on them.
3． With the change of dynasties, the status of the Marquis of Guannei changed
In the early Han Dynasty, Gaozu was a great meritorious warrior, many of whom were also kings with different surnames. These princes and princes sat on their own vassal states and governed independently. Although the Han government soon cut off the kings with different surnames, the power of the clan royal family was still large enough to threaten the rule of the central government, such as the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion during the Jing Emperor's period.
During this period, the status of the Marquis of Guannei without a fief could not be compared with that of the princes and the marquises. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the centralized rule, the "Tui En Order" was promulgated, that is, the domains of the princes were divided into multiple divisions when passed on to the next generation, so as to gradually weaken the power of each domain.
When emperor Cheng of Han made further changes, stipulating that the princes could only obtain taxes in the fiefdom and could not interfere in state affairs, the original subordinate officials were all changed to the jurisdiction of local counties and counties. This system was inherited until the Eastern Han Dynasty. In this way, the status of the Marquis of Guannei was only an economic gap compared with that of the princes and the marquises.
epilogue
By the Jin Dynasty, the recipients of the title of Marquis of Guannei had been replaced by the emperor's relatives, mediocre local officials, and even the medical scientist Ge Hong, who had nothing to do with national security and social governance, and this title gradually became a fictitious title. After the Southern Crossing of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Guanzhong region fell into the hands of the Wuhu, and the title of Marquis of Guannei never appeared again.
In the Song poetry, the sheep's belly is compared to the Marquis of Guannei, but they want to express such an artistic conception: the belly is hidden in the belly of the sheep, enjoying the nourishment of grass on weekdays, and absorbing the subtlety of the grass, which is provided for the sheep's internal organs and limbs to be fostered, complementing each other. Helplessly, once the stomach is opened, the skin does not exist, and the hair will be attached, so it will become a delicacy in the kettle.
bibliography
1. "Changes in the Titles of Marquis of Liehou, Marquis of Guannei and Han Wei"
2. "Twentieth Class"
3. The Book of Han