On September 18, 1935, the advance troops of the Red Army came to Dahadapu in Tangchang County, Gansu Province, and the Kuomintang troops stationed in Hadapu fled in the wind, and the Red Army fighters successfully occupied Hadapu.
As soon as they entered the Hada shop, the soldiers were stunned, how this Hada shop is so rich, the street is full of shops, a stop on the street, the aroma of food straight to the nose.
The first thing that came to the head of the unit was to solve the problem of feeding the soldiers, because these soldiers who had come from no man's land to climb the ice and lie in the snow and eat the roots of the bark and grass had not eaten a decent meal for many days.
The logistics department bought the soldiers a variety of cooked foods such as buns and mutton, and the soldiers saw so many delicious foods that the mood was indescribable.
But the chief spoke, and the food was full, but he could not hold on, because there had been a lesson before, and some soldiers were not full because they were hungry and anxious to eat, and they actually broke up.
Soon, a large force of the Red Army marched into Hadapu, and Chairman Mao and the leaders of the Central Committee also came here. The central government ordered a 6-day rest in Hadapu.
What is this Hada Shop? Why did the central government choose to rest here? What significance did it have in China's Long March?
1. Gas station on the way to the Long March
In October 1934, the fifth anti-encirclement and suppression campaign in the Central Soviet Region failed, and the Central Red Army was forced to leave the Soviet Area and carry out a strategic transfer.
It was a tragic transfer, and the Red Army left its base areas in the hope of finding a new foothold, that is, to establish a new base area. But Chiang Kai-shek would not have given the Red Army such an opportunity, and he sent a large army to encircle and intercept the Red Army all the way. Like what people are familiar with in history, the four crossings of the Red River and the forced crossing of the Dadu River are classic battles on the way of the Long March. In addition to showing the high level of Chairman Mao's tactics, these battles also reflected the fierceness of the war from one side.
Having lost its base areas, it has also lost reliable ammunition and grain and grass supplies, and the Red Army can be said to have fought against the Kuomintang army for a year without logistical support.
Of course, the Red Army can rely on winning battles to replenish, but with the passage of time, the Red Army attrition is very serious, in the early days of the Long March, the Red Army had 86,000 people, when it arrived at Hadapu, the Red Army was only 7,000 people left, and the Red Army in the later period was unable to confront the Kuomintang army head-on, so it could only go to sparsely populated areas, so that there was an extremely arduous march to climb snowy mountains and cross meadows. Even so, Chiang Kai-shek's troops were still in hot pursuit.
How hard the Red Army was at that time can be seen in the memoirs of General Chen Geng. In his memoirs, Chen Geng told such a story, when Chen Geng was the head of the cadre regiment, he had a horse to ride, on the way to the march, he met a small soldier, Chen Geng saw that this little soldier was walking hard, and said: "You ride a horse for a while." ”
But the little soldier said, "Old comrade, my body is better than yours, or you can ride." ”
Chen Geng thought that the little soldier must be hungry, so he had to give him some of his own grain to eat, and the little soldier took out his own dry grain bag and showed it to Chen Geng: "You see I still have a lot of grain." ”
When Chen Geng saw the little warrior again, he found that the little warrior was dead. He saw that the little warrior's dry food bag still had grain, so he opened it, but found that inside was a cow's knee bone, and there were many tooth marks on the bones.
Like this little warrior, many warriors died on the march because hunger and fatigue had exceeded the limits of their lives. Some warriors never stood up when they were resting, and even some warriors walked and died on the ground.
Many of the warriors died very badly, they came down from min mountain, all the hardships and obstacles had been experienced, the nose had already smelled the smell of wheat, and if they insisted on it, they could eat until they were full, but at this time, they fell forever.
Not to mention the Red Army, which had no logistical supplies, and even the southern part of Huzong, which had abundant logistical supplies, also encountered difficulties when pursuing the Red Army to Songpan, and it is said that his troops could only eat one meal a day. But as for the Red Army, the Red Army could not even eat a meal for many days, they could only eat grass roots and leaves, and some soldiers even boiled their belts to eat.
But when it came to Hadapu, the situation changed dramatically.
Hadapu is a small town at the junction of Sichuan and Gansu, since the Ming Dynasty, Hadapu has become an important town with developed trade, which can be called a rich party. In this remote town, there are more than 800 shops! Every shop is full of goods.
And the price here is surprisingly cheap: more than a hundred catties of pigs can be bought for only 5 yuan of ocean, the price of a sheep is 2 yuan, 1 yuan can buy 5 chickens, 1 cent can buy 10 eggs, and a carton of greens only needs a few cents.
Moreover, when the Kuomintang soldiers stationed here fled in a hurry, they also threw down hundreds of tons of rice and white noodles, and more than 2,000 kilograms of salt. The Red Army immediately distributed some of it to some poor people.
The Red Army was short of food and clothing all the way, especially when it was closest to Hadapu, the conditions were extremely harsh, and suddenly coming to such a rich Hadapu was like coming to heaven.
In view of the long-term starvation of the soldiers of the Red Army, the serious decline in physical fitness, and the impact on combat effectiveness, the Central Committee decided to take a rest in Hadapu, so that the soldiers could take a good rest in this paradise-like place and also make up for their weak bodies.
To this end, the various food units of the troops slaughtered pigs and sheep, and the food of the soldiers was so good that people could not believe that there were three meats and two vegetarian dishes in one meal, and the General Political Department even put forward the slogan -- "Everyone must eat well." This is not to mention, the whole army also gave each soldier 1 silver dollar.
For 6 days, the warriors ate meat at once, which was better than the New Year. So in those few days, the soldiers saw acquaintances and jokingly said, "Happy New Year!" ”
Of course, the discipline of the Red Army is not ambiguous at all, because half of the residents of Hadapu are Hui, so as soon as the troops arrived at Hadapu, they announced three disciplines: first, they must not trespass into the mosque; second, they must not arbitrarily borrow Hui utensils and utensils; third, they must not live in muslim homes, kill pigs, and eat pork.
Originally, wherever the Red Army went, it did not violate the people, and as soon as such a national policy came out, the soldiers were even more strictly self-disciplined. A red army unit came to Hadapu Dacao Beach, which was a Muslim settlement, and The Red Army soldiers were sleeping in the wilderness. After the local people saw it, they were very touched and took the initiative to invite the soldiers to live in their homes, and the military-civilian relations were very harmonious.
In addition to helping the poor people, the Red Army also invited some representatives of the people to participate in the meetings of the troops, and almost every company had one or two tables of meals specially prepared for the people. Soon the troops and the people were mixed. That is to say, even during the time of rest, the soldiers are not idle, but are doing work for national unity.
Because there were female soldiers in the Red Army, they especially attracted the attention of the local people, and some aunts and aunts invited the female soldiers to their homes and gave them good food and drink, but our female soldiers had discipline, and they could go to the people's homes and go to the door, but they resolutely did not do anything to eat and take the people's things.
Since ancient times, there have been women who have been soldiers, and the aunts and aunts do not believe it, so they carefully examine these female warriors: these female soldiers are all wearing military uniforms, and some of them still carry pistols around their waists, but they are different from male soldiers in that they all have short hair with ears. Aunts and aunts really couldn't believe it, some of them touched the breasts of the female warriors, and some even followed the female warriors to the toilet, and now they really believed that these female fighters were real.
Because of the good relations with the masses, when the troops left Hadapu, many young people in Hadapu signed up for the Red Army, and many of the young people who joined the army were Hui compatriots.
The 6-day break was so important for the Red Army, which was extremely hungry and tired. The warriors eat and drink spicy every day, every new year, the body is quickly restored, and the soldiers' emotions and combat effectiveness are quickly exploded. Therefore, in the later period, experts in party history research had a saying that Hadapu was called a gas station on the way to the Long March, which was really very graphic.
2. The decision-making place in the north to northern Shaanxi
The significance of Hadapu for the Red Army and our Party does not end there, it has a deeper meaning. Because until the Red Army arrived at Hadapu, the top brass of our Party and our army did not know where the red army's final foothold was. In Hadapu, although the Red Army has received a good rest, like a car full of oil, it does not know where this car is going, which is also a major event that plagues our party and our army.
But in Hadapu, our party and our army unexpectedly found the direction.
Since the Zunyi Conference established Chairman Mao's position in our party and our army, some of Chairman Mao's important policy decisions are undoubtedly of incomparably great significance to our party and our army.
After Chairman Mao and the leaders of the Central Committee entered Hadapu, he ordered the staff around him to go to the post office of Hadapu to look for Kuomintang newspapers, and the staff soon brought some newspapers such as the Ta Kung Pao and the Central Daily, and in these newspapers Chairman Mao saw two news that made him extremely excited, one was that the Red Army led by Liu Zhidan persisted in the struggle in northern Shaanxi and established a base area; the other news was that Xu Haidong led the Red Twenty-fifth Army to reach northern Shaanxi first and joined Liu Zhidan's Red Army in victory.
In the newspapers, Chairman Mao also saw a map of the base areas in northern Shaanxi, which of course the Kuomintang called a rough map of the bandit areas. This is also equivalent to telling us that there is our base there.
Nie Rongzhen, who was then the political commissar of the First Red Army, also found some "Shanxi Dailys"; when he was reading the newspapers, he saw news that Yan Xishan had sent troops to attack Liu Zhidan's Red Army, and he hurriedly sent someone to deliver the newspaper to Chairman Mao's hands.
Through these newspapers Chairman Mao received a definite message that in northern Shaanxi, Liu Zhidan's Red Army had established a red base area, and Xu Haidong's Twenty-fifth Army had also arrived in northern Shaanxi. Chairman Mao suddenly had an inspiration, and the Central Committee and the Red Army went to northern Shaanxi to establish a consolidated base area in northern Shaanxi and to lead the Chinese revolution with this as the center.
Before that, the Central Committee had been painstakingly looking for a foothold for the Red Army. Since the Red Army left the Central Soviet Zone, one of the most important purposes has been to find a new foothold, and the so-called strategic shift, to put it bluntly, is it not from one foothold to another?
However, after coming out of the Soviet zone, the Red Army has been surrounded and blocked by the Kuomintang army, and it has become almost impossible to find a foothold.
When the Central Red Army had just retreated from the Soviet Zone, it tried to go to Xiangxi to join the Red Second and Red Sixth Armies and establish a base area in Western Hunan Province, but the vicious enemy did not give a chance to arrange heavy troops in Western Hunan to block it. The Red Army was forced to march to Guizhou, where the enemy's forces were weak, with the intention of establishing a base area in Chuanqian, and after being surrounded by the enemy, it tried to establish a base area in Yunnan-Guichuan, but due to changes in the battlefield situation, these goals were not achieved.
Later, the Red Army tried to establish a base area in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu, and because of Zhang Guotao's splittist behavior, the Red Army was forced to continue northward.
On September 12, 1935, at a meeting of the Politburo in the village of Russia, the Central Committee made a new decision to march north and establish a base in the border area near the Soviet Union, so that it could maintain contact with the Comintern at all times and easily obtain the help of the Soviet Union.
However, in Hadapu, Chairman Mao and several core leaders of Zhou Enlai, Bogu, and Zhang Wentian, after discussion, held that Chairman Mao's view of establishing a base area in northern Shaanxi and leading the Chinese revolution was the most correct proposition at that time, and the Red Army after resting marched toward northern Shaanxi.
On October 21, the Red Army came to Wuqi Town, where Chairman Mao personally commanded the final battle of the Long March of the Central Red Army, which eliminated the main force of the Kuomintang 6th Division pursuing the Red Army, repelled a cavalry regiment of Ma Hongbin, captured a large number of weapons and equipment and war horses, and resupply the Red Army. Zuo Quan led the Central Military Commission's guard company and engineer company to clear some strongholds set up by large landlords and bandits.
At this point, the Central Red Army successfully completed the Long March, took root in northern Shaanxi, and turned a new page in the Chinese revolution.
3. The turning point of policy transformation
When our Party was in the Southern Soviet Region, the goal of the struggle was to overthrow the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang and establish Soviet power throughout the country; to this end, our Party carried out agrarian reform in the Soviets and made the broad masses of peasants the masters of the land.
It should be said that the relevant policies carried out by the Party have indeed achieved great achievements, and in the vast areas of the South we have established many Soviet base areas and practiced red divisions, and according to this momentum we will soon be able to win victory over the whole country.
However, due to various reasons, the fifth anti-encirclement and suppression campaign failed, the Central Red Army was forced to march, and various base areas were forced to abandon one after another, and the vigorous red division suffered unprecedented losses.
At the same time, Japan has intensified its aggression against our country. As early as 1931, Japan launched the "918" incident and invaded china's northeast almost without bloodshed. Japan then established the puppet state of Manchukuo in the northeast and supported Puyi as the emperor of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
After the Japanese invaded and occupied Northeast China, they were not satisfied, and their wolf ambitions to invade our country in an all-round way have long been known. In order to save the nation from peril, our party began to think about adjusting its strategic thinking during the Long March.
On August 1, 1935, a month before the advance troops of the Red Army entered Hadapu, the Central Committee issued the "Letter to All Compatriots for Resisting Japan and Saving the Country", which is also known as the "August 1st Declaration" in history. Since then, the party has focused its work on resisting Japanese aggression. To this end, the Party proposes to unite all forces that can be united, regardless of class or party, to resist Japan in order to save the country from its demise.
In the treatment of Chiang Kai-shek, there was also a fundamental change, which used to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek's rule, then changed to force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan, and finally to join forces with Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan.
In October 1935, the Party Central Committee issued the "Letter of Secret Instructions for The Present Anti-Japanese Struggle against Chiang Kai-shek", which for the first time proposed: "The Party must not hesitate to unite with all anti-Japanese groups and individuals to jointly attack the important enemies that endanger China, Japanese imperialism and the traitor Chiang Kai-shek." ”
In this document, for the first time, the Central Committee juxtaposed the anti-Japanese and anti-Chiang Kai-shek, and placed the anti-Japanese resistance before the anti-Chiang Kai-shek in order to highlight the importance of the anti-Japanese resistance.
Soon after, the Central Committee issued a document entitled "On tactics against Japanese imperialism," in which the idea of establishing a broad anti-Japanese united front was particularly put forward, and the basic principles for our Party to lead the anti-Japanese struggle throughout the country in the future.
On December 12, 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched a coup d'état in Xi'an, detained Chiang Kai-shek, and under the cloud of the civil war, the central authorities sent Zhou Enlai to mediate, and finally made Chiang Kai-shek accept the political proposition of "stopping the civil war and uniting with the Communists to resist Japan", and from then on, the anti-Japanese national united front was established, laying a solid foundation for the final victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan.
It can be said that the two documents issued by our party before and after entering Hadapu were ideologically prepared for the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an incident.
Before entering Hadapu, our Party was not mature enough, and an important manifestation was its large dependence on the Comintern. The Comintern, on the other hand, did not understand the situation in China, and the guidance of the Chinese revolution was often erroneous.
Another serious lesson is that Li De, who was sent to the Red Army by the Communist International, actually did not understand military affairs, and he gave many wrong commands to the Red Army, causing great losses to the Red Army. While Chairman Mao knew the situation in China best and possessed a genius military talent, the Central Committee at that time squeezed out Chairman Mao. It was not until the Zunyi Conference that Chairman Mao's leading position in the Red Army and our Party was determined.
After entering Hadapu, our Party became more mature, and at first the Party Central Committee thought of establishing a base area on the Sino-Soviet border to facilitate the guidance of the Communist International. Later, however, the Party Central Committee made the correct proposition of marching into northern Shaanxi and consolidated and developed the base areas in northern Shaanxi, so that northern Shaanxi eventually became the center of leading the Chinese people to resist Japan and lead the liberation war.
In short, hadapu, although it is a remote town in the northwest region, because it is rich in armor and material, it provides sufficient supplies for the Red Army after a year of arduous fighting, especially for the extremely hungry and tired Red Army soldiers to provide rich food, so that the soldiers' bodies can be restored, so that the spirit will go to the new battlefield a hundredfold. Hadapu is worthy of being a gas station on the long march.
The significance of Hadapu also lies in the fact that the Party Central Committee made the decision to march into northern Shaanxi there, and also adjusted the Party's strategic thinking before and after entering Hadapu, put the Anti-Japanese Resistance on the agenda, and laid the ideological foundation for our Party's leadership in the future to vigorously and greatly resist the War of Resistance.
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