Summary: This paper conducts a phased study of the archaeological remains of the Longshan era in Hebei Province, discusses the cultural attributes and their origins of each remain, and finally elaborates on the cultural pattern. The Longshan cultural relics in Hebei can be divided into three phases and five sections, including five remains of different cultural natures, the source of each remain is not the same, and the different stages of development of each relic are affected by the culture of the surrounding areas to varying degrees, but different relics show two completely different attitudes of acceptance or rejection of foreign cultural factors.
Over the past few decades, nearly 100 Longshan cultural sites have been discovered in Hebei, and the sites that have been excavated or excavated after trial excavation include Jiangou, Guitai, Dachengshan, Xueshan, Xiapanwang, Dumb Village, Zhenjiangying, Beifeng Village, Chen Wei, Niantou, Xuezhuang, Houqianyi, etc., providing conditions for the study of Longshan culture in the region. The research work of Longshan culture in this region began in the 1970s, many scholars have done more in-depth research on the division of cultural types, cultural origins and the relationship between surrounding cultures, etc., and put forward some very enlightening views, but in the large spatial scope of Hebei region, not only lack a time scale to measure the relative relationship between various cultural types, but also insufficient research on the nature, interrelationship and cultural pattern of various types of relics in the region, this paper tries to answer these questions on the basis of staging.
1. The relics of Longshan culture in Hebei are staged
According to the natural geographical environment, Hebei can be divided into two major areas, the Haihe Plain and the Jibei Mountains, the Haihe Plain area is bounded by the Tuotuo River, which can be divided into two parts; the north is bounded by the Yongding River - Haihe River, which can be divided into the northern north of the Haihe Plain and the northern south area of the Haihe Plain.
(i) Southern part of the Haihe River Plain
Archaeological work in this area was carried out earlier, and the remains of the Longshan period that were investigated and excavated were mainly concentrated in the Handan area, which can be divided into two periods.
The first phase is represented by the ruins of Jiangou and Taikou villages.
The pottery group mainly includes double-glazed bristles, amphora jars, amphora urns, double-belly basins, large flat basins, beans and so on. Clay gray pottery is prevalent, followed by sand-filled gray pottery and clay black pottery. Clay pottery is mostly plain surface, some of the surface polishing, sand pottery with more ornamentation, mainly rope patterns, basket patterns, checkered patterns, string patterns are less.
The second phase can be divided into two stages: early and late.
As represented by panwang F1 in the early stage, the same type of remains have also been found at the site of the thought.
The number of pottery groups increased compared with the previous period, including kettle-shaped axes, amphora urns, open pots, beans, small flat-bottomed basins, thin-handled cups, bowls, raspberry-shaped ware lids, etc., and the last four were newly emerged utensils. It is mainly argillary gray pottery, followed by sand gray pottery, and a small amount of clay black pottery, clay red pottery, and sand red pottery. Plain surfaces are the bulk, of which some of the utensils are polished; there are ornaments, mostly diagonal basket patterns, followed by fine and neat rope patterns, checkered patterns, string patterns, additional stacking patterns and so on are rare.
The late section is represented by the ruins of Xuezhuang and Yulin, and there are also similar remains in the ruins of YuanJia Tomb and Guitai.
The types of pottery groups include ding, drum belly jar, double bristle, folded belly basin, large flat bottom basin, circle foot plate, cylindrical cup, etc., the number of pots is the largest, followed by pots. The types of instruments increased earlier, such as Ding, Zhen and so on. Clay pottery is still popular, the proportion of sand pottery increases, clay pottery is delicate, mainly for the reservoir; sand pottery is mainly cookers, and some of them are sandwiched with large sand particles. The pottery color is mainly gray pottery, followed by brown pottery, black pottery, black brown pottery, gray brown pottery, etc. There are fewer, and some utensils are uneven in color, and there is a multi-color phenomenon. Plain-faced pottery is more common, and the proportion of polished pottery decreases. The ornamentation prevails in the jomon pattern, followed by the basket pattern, and a small number of string patterns, checkered patterns, additional stacking patterns, etc.
Pottery groups in various sections of the southern Haihe Plain (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 Stage map of artifacts in the southern part of the Haihe Plain
1.None (originally reported without artifact number, the same below) 2.H6 : 70 3.None 4.T24 : 4 5-7.None 8.F1 : 82 9.H56 : 1 10.F1 : 77 11.F1 : 46 12.F1 : 36 13.F1 : 30 14.F1 : 45 15.F1 : 80 16.F1 : 52 17.F1 : 44 18.F1 : 61 19.H40 : 4 20.H40 : 6 21.H21 : 5 22.H11 : 1 23.H11 : 7 24.H11 : 22 25.None 26.H44 : 18 27.H44 : 24 28.H44 : 19 29.H11 : 5 30.H44 : 17 31.H44 : 22 32.H44 : 21 33.H44 : 15 34.H44 : 7 35.H11 : 11 36.H11: 10 (1-3, 5-7 Jiangou Ruins, 4 Taikou Village Ruins, 8, 10-18 Lower Panwang Ruins, 9 Thoughts Ruins, 19-21, 26-28, 30-34 Xuezhuang Ruins, 25
Guitai ruins, 22-24, 29, 35, 36 Yulin ruins. ）
(2) The northern part of the Haihe River Plain
1. Northern District of the Haihe Plain
This area has accumulated a relatively rich archaeological material, mainly concentrated in the northern part of Tianjin, Tangshan area and Beijing and its surrounding areas, and the materials of the Zhenjiangying site play an important role in establishing the cultural sequence of the region.
"Zhenjiangying and Tazhao" divides the Longshan cultural relics of the Zhenjiangying site into two sections and three groups, which basically reflects the relative age of the remains, but the ownership of the duan groups of individual units should still be adjusted. In the reporting grouping, FZH1377 and FZH277 belong to the same group, but the FZH1377 ware compared with FZH277:13 and 8 ware found that FZH277:13 ulus had a lumbar septum and the external decoration was additionally heaped, which was later than FZH1377:1, so FZH1377 was classified in the previous group. In addition, combined with the materials of other sites, there is a great similarity between the first and second groups of Zhenjiangying in terms of pottery combinations and types, so it is merged into the first phase, and the third group is the second phase. Using this period as a yardstick, the longshan cultural relics in the area are divided into two phases.
The first phase is represented by Zhenjiangying H1086, H1012, H1108, Dachengshan T8 and other units, including Dongzhuangdian, Hanjia Street, Zhangjiayuan and other sites.
The pottery group includes box-shaped ding, 甗, double-hammered axe, double-gill mane, deep-belly jar, sub-mouth jar, sub-mouth urn, double-belly basin, large flat-bottomed basin, single-handle cup, bean, sub-mouth box, etc., mainly flat bottomed. Sand pottery is prevalent, followed by clay pottery, the pottery tire as a whole is thinner, and there are a small number of eggshell pottery pieces. Gray pottery is the most common, there are a certain number of black pottery, brown pottery, and a small amount of red pottery. Plain surface pottery is prevalent, there are more polished pottery, and the ornamentation is more likely to see rope patterns, checkered patterns, basket patterns and so on.
The second phase is represented by Zhenjiangying H277, H1101, H700 and other units, including the first type of relics of Houqianyi.
The types of pottery are double-gilded, mane, porcupine, high-necked urn, double-necked urn, sub-mouth urn, medium-mouth jar, sub-mouth jar, ear-piercing pot, large flat basin, double-belly basin, cup and so on. The overall period is slightly rougher than the previous period, still dominated by flat bottomers, and the number of tripedules has increased. Mainly clay pottery, followed by sand pottery, the pottery tire as a whole becomes thicker than the previous period. Pottery color is still popular gray pottery, followed by brown pottery, which can be divided into two categories: reddish brown and gray-brown, and a small amount of polished black pottery. Pottery is based on plain surfaces as the bulk, and there are many ornaments such as rope patterns, checkered patterns, basket patterns, etc.
Pottery groups in various periods in the northern northern part of the Haihe Plain (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Artifact staging map of the northern northern area of the Haihe River Plain
1.H1377 : 1 2.H66 3.H1108 : 6 4.None 5.T8 : 254 6.None 7.H1012 : 42 8.None 9.T8 : 250 10.None 11.T8 : 231 12.T8 : 212 13.H347 : 1 14.H1101 : 10 15.H277 : 13 16.H277 : 1 17.T8 : 260 18.01H18 : 1 19.99T2 : 21 20.01H24 : 1 21.H281 : 3 22.99F1 : 8 23.99T2 : 8 24.99T23
25.H532: 2 26.01H45: 6 (1, 3, 7, 13-16, 21, 25 Zhenjiangying site, 2, 4, 6, 8 Snow Mountain site, 5, 9, 11, 12, 17 DachengShan site, 10 Hanjia Street site, 18-20, 22-24, 26 Houqianyi site. ）
2. The northern southern district of the Haihe Plain
Archaeological remains of the Longshan period in this area are found more, especially the site of Dumb Village, which provides a yardstick for the establishment of cultural sequences in the region, which can be divided into three phases.
The first phase is represented by the H31, H29 and H46 of Dumb Village, and also includes H63 and H78.
The combination of pottery is relatively simple, mainly including drum belly jars, deep belly pots, straight-mouth urns, circle foot plates, large flat basins, etc., and the number of pots is the largest. Pottery is mainly clay gray pottery, followed by sand gray pottery, clay black pottery, sand red brown pottery, mussel gray pottery and so on the number is small. Take the plain surface as the bulk, and a small amount of table polishing. The ornamentation is mainly rope pattern, neat and fine, and there are a small number of string patterns and basket patterns.
The second phase is represented by the H34 of Dumb Village, and also includes units such as H49 and H35. Remains from the same period have also been found at the Chen Wei site.
The types and quantities of pottery groups have increased significantly compared with the previous period, mainly including folding jars, arc belly jars, drum belly jars, double transverse ear jars, circle foot plates, beans, sub-mouth double transverse ear urns, double transverse ear pots, bristles, bristles, and so on. The last four of these are newly emerged instrumental forms. Gray pottery accounts for the highest proportion, followed by black pottery, red pottery and brown pottery are the least. The pottery is mainly clay pottery, there is a certain amount of sand pottery, and a small amount of mussel pottery. Pottery is mainly plain surface, and the pattern decoration is mostly seen in the rope pattern, followed by basket pattern, checkered pattern, additional pile pattern and so on. Pottery in this period has two distinct features: one is that the horizontal ears became popular; the other is the increase in the variety of ornaments.
The third phase is represented by the H4, H30 and H96 of Dumb Ridge, and also includes H17, H20, H23, H115 and other units. Beifeng Village and Xiaokezhuang also have remnants from the same period.
The pottery group mainly includes large open-mouth urns, high-necked bristles, curved belly jars, plain noodle pots, low collar urns, chicken crown ear urns, hanging belly pots, circle foot plates, beans, large flat pots, etc., of which urns, cups, bristles, etc. are newly emerged utensils. Most of the pottery is clay pottery, and the proportion of sand pottery and mussel pottery has decreased. The pottery color is mainly gray pottery, followed by black pottery, and the number of red pottery, brown pottery and red brown pottery is small. Plain surface pottery is reduced compared with the previous period, and the proportion of basket patterns and rope patterns is equal, as well as a small number of string patterns, checkered patterns, additional stacking patterns, etc. The overall shape of the pottery in this period is relatively short and fat, mainly small flat bottoms, and the ear is popular with double ears.
Pottery groups in various sections of the southern district of the northern Haihe Plain (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Artifact staging map of the southern area of the northern Haihe Plain
1.H31 : 12 2.H63 : 2 3.H29 : 6 4.H63 : 1 5.H31 : 13 6.H31 : 14 7.H46 : 3 8.H31 : 8 9.H46 : 2 10.H34 : 95 11.H34 : 104 12.H34 : 92 13.H34 : 108 14.H34 : 106 15.H34 : 100 16.H34 : 94 17.H34 : 98 18.H34 : 107 19.H34 : 101 20.H34 : 91 21.H35 : 24 22.H30 : 15 23.H50 : 1 24.H30 : 1 25.H8 : 1
26.H8 : 19 27.H4 : 38 28.H96 : 1 29.H30 : 14 30.H50 : 2 31.H96 : 2 32.H4 : 34 33.H96 : 6 34.H20 : 9 35.H4 : 32 36.H20 : 8 37.H23 : 11 38.H23 : 2 39.H50 : 25 40.H4 : 2 41.H4 : 37 (25, 26 Beifeng Village Ruins, Yu is the ruins of Dumb Village. ）
(3) The Mountainous Area of Hebei Province
Archaeological work in this area is mainly based on investigation, and archaeological remains are mainly concentrated in the Sangan River and Yanghe River basins in northwest Hebei, and rich relics have been unearthed. Mr. Xu Yongjie has long pointed out that the cultural relics of the Longshan period in this area can be divided into two phases, and this article agrees with this understanding, so the narrative is omitted.
Pottery groups in various periods in the Jibei Mountain area (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Artifact staging map in the Northern Mountains of Hebei Province
1.H3 : 3 2.H3 : 1 3.H3 : 2 4.H2 : 7 5.H2 : 33 6.H120 : 24 7.H104 : 36 8.H104 : 36 9.H2 : 9 10.H3 : 511.G4 : 11 12.H110 : 1 13.H2 : 1 14.H2 : 3 15.H2 : 4 16.F103 : 9 17.H2: 2 (1-5, 9, 13-15, 17 Jiajiaying Ruins, 6-8, 12, 16 Sieve Ayara, 10 Sanguan, 11 Guanzhuang. ）
(4) The chronicle of the remains of the Longshan culture in Hebei Province
There are many artifacts with the same shape style or characteristics among the remains of the Longshan culture period in Hebei Province, and with this as a reference, the relative chronological relationships of cultural relics in different periods in different regions can be listed (Table 1).
The nature and origin of Longshan culture in Hebei Province
(1) The nature of Longshan culture in Hebei Province
Although the archaeological remains in the southern part of the Haihe Plain are divided into two phases and three sections, the pottery style and basic pottery group between the two periods are almost the same, and some of the artifacts have obvious evolutionary relationships, and the remains of the Longshan culture in these two periods should belong to the same archaeological culture. This remaining basic group of pottery can be found in the staging section of this article. Among them, the kettle-shaped axe, the fat bag foot urn, the deep belly tank, the plain face roll along the tank, the small-mouth vertical ear high-neck urn, the large flat bottom basin, the folded belly basin, the mushroom button lid, the raspberry-shaped vessel cover, etc. are common utensils distributed in the basic artifact combination of the Hougang Ii culture in northern Henan; while the large circle foot plate, the silken, the barrel cup, the bird-beaked dingzu, the straight-walled flat-top lid, etc. are the same as the similar instruments of the Shandong Longshan culture; the double-gilded mane is the same as the similar instruments distributed in the apricot blossom culture in the Jinzhong region; and the lateral triangular foot tank-shaped ding is a typical artifact distributed in the Wangyoufang culture in eastern Henan. The basic pottery groups of the Longshan period cultural relics in the southern haihe plain are basically the same as the Hougang II culture, so the Longshan cultural relics in the area should belong to the Hougang II culture. It is worth noting that the Hougang II culture in this area has certain characteristics: the pottery is mainly plain gray pottery, some of the surface is polished, and the proportion of clay pottery is high, which is greatly influenced by the Longshan culture in Shandong. The above characteristics are the differences in the same archaeological culture due to different distribution areas, which can be named as a local type of the Hougang II culture. So far, the cultural types of the Longshan period in the area are called "Jiangou Type", "White Camp Type", "Great Cold Type", etc. This paper believes that the Jiangou type is better, on the grounds that the Jiangou site was excavated earliest, the excavated materials were simple, and it is located in the southern Hebei region, which can best represent the cultural outlook of the region.
The remains of the three Phases of Longshan culture in the northern south area of the Haihe Plain are all popular barrel-shaped ash pits, and the basic pottery groups are always relatively consistent, and the relationship between the early and late evolution of pottery is obvious, and they should belong to the same archaeological culture. The names of this relic include "Longshan Era Dumb Village Type" and "Haidai Longshan Culture Dumb Village Type". The basic pottery group that is named after the Longshan period at the site of Dumb Village can be found in the phased section of this article. The cultural factors that remain this remain are not simple, the phenomenon of large folded pots and pottery mica on the surface is related to the local cultural tradition of the first phase of the Snow Mountain; the large open basin-shaped pot, the double-glazed pot, the double-glazed urn, the straight-mouth urn, the double-glazed pot, the folded belly mane, etc. belong to the local cultural factors; and the jar-shaped pot, the deep-belly jar, the large flat-bottom basin, the double-belly basin, and other common utensils belonging to the Hougang Phase II culture in the southern henan and hebei regions; the bowl-shaped lid, the barrel-shaped cup, the sub-mouth jar, the double-transverse ear jar, the double-transverse ear pot, etc. are similar to the similar instruments of the Shandong Longshan culture; the circle foot plate, the sub-mouth urn, It is commonly found in the Oil Mill culture of Wang, Eastern Henan. Although the cultural relics of the Longshan period in the southern area of the northern Part of the Haihe Plain integrate the cultural factors of the three cultural districts of northern Henan, Southern Hebei, Shandong and Eastern Henan, they are still dominated by local cultural factors, and it has a group of artifacts that can reflect its own characteristics, which can be called the Dumb Village type.
The pottery of the two periods of archaeological culture in the northern north of the Haihe Plain is prevalent in gray pottery, mostly plain face pottery, the basic pottery group is relatively stable, some artifacts have obvious early and late evolution relationship, and the cultural appearance of the two periods remains is more consistent, which should belong to the same archaeological culture. This relic has been given the titles of "Snow Mountain Phase II Culture" and "Ayutthaya Mountain T8 Type". Although the Beijing Snow Mountain site was excavated earlier, the materials have not been published, resulting in the academic community can not have a clear understanding of the face of the culture. Due to the publication of site materials such as Zhenjiangying and Houqianyi, the connotation of such relics can be clarified. This surviving pottery group is found in the staging section of this article. Among them, the phenomenon of high-collar drum belly jars and pottery mica is the inheritance and development of the cultural factors of the first phase of the local Snow Mountain; double-collared mane, double-collared, double-collared, double-collared gourd, double-collared gourd are related to the influence of the basic pottery group of the Three Northern Regions; the waistless jar-shaped urn, the high-necked urn, and the deep-belly jar are the common artifacts of the Hougang Phase II culture in the southern Henan and Hebei regions; the double-glazed jar, the double-glazed deep-abdominal basin-shaped urn, the straight-mouth urn are related to the influence of the dumb-mouthed Zhuang type; the box-shaped ding, the barrel-shaped lid, the large flat-bottom basin, the bean, the cup, the box, the box, the box, etc. are the typical utensils of the Longshan culture in Shandong Zikou Urn and other similar instruments are the same as those of the WangYoufang culture in eastern Henan. From a cultural point of view, this remnant is different from any cultural type of the surrounding area, but is composed of cultural factors from multiple regions, and it is not appropriate to use the term "culture" [25]. From the perspective of geographical environment, the area is adjacent to the Bohai Sea in the east, the Taihang Mountains in the west, the Yongding River-Haihe River in the south, and the Yanshan Mountains in the north, which is a relatively closed geographical unit surrounded by mountains on both sides and surrounded by water on both sides. The above analysis suggests that it is not appropriate to classify this remains into any of the adjacent cultural areas. Although the Site of Snow Mountain and the Ruins of Dacheng Mountain were discovered and named early, and there have been excavations of a certain scale, there are fewer materials published so far, and they are not typical. The Zhenjiangying site has not only undergone large-scale excavations, but also unearthed a wealth of materials, which can best reflect the composition of various cultural factors in the area, so the cultural remains of the northern northern area of the Haihe Plain can be named Zhenjiangying type.
There are two remnants of the Longshan period in the northwest region of Hebei, one is the remains represented by Jiajiaying H3. The only relics that can be determined by this relic are amphora jars and curved belly basins, which are the same as the same kind of artifacts as the basic pottery group of the Tiger Mountain culture, so this relic should belong to the Tiger Mountain culture, but due to the small variety of artifacts and the fact that the chronological characteristics are not obvious, whether this remain has entered the Longshan period still needs further study. One is the remnants of the middle period of Longshan culture represented by Jiajiaying H2, Sieve Aya luo, Sanguan, etc., called "culture" or "type", mainly "travel invitation culture" and "Tiger Mountain culture sieve Ayara type". This group of surviving basic pottery can be found in the installment section of this article, which is the same as the basic combination of pottery of the invitation culture, which can be called the invitation culture.
(2) The source of Longshan culture in Hebei Province
1. The source of the Hougang Phase II cultural stream type
The Hougang II culture Jiangou type is a remnant of the Longshan period distributed in the southern area of the Haihe Plain, and the archaeological culture in this area that predates the Jiangou type is the Dasikong culture. At present, the archaeological sites mainly include Xiapanwang, Jieduanying, Nanyangzhuang, Taikou Village, Chaizhuang, Baijia Village, etc., among which the hierarchical relationship between the sites of Xiapanwang and Taikou Village proves that the Type of Jiaogou of the Hougang Phase II Culture is later than that of the Dasikong Culture. The basic pottery group of the Dasikong culture includes faience bowls, plain noodle bowls, faience bowls, plain noodle sand pots, jomon pots, faience urns, small mouth high neck urns, drum belly faience pots, vegetarian noodle pots, etc. Although the same kind of vessel can be found in the type of ditch, the sand tank of the plain noodles, and the rope tank, there is still a large time gap between the two, so the type of ditch should have another source. It is worth noting that the publication of H3 materials in Zhangjiamiao provides a certain clue to solve this problem, and the pottery of the ash pit includes folding pots, bowls, vertical ear large-mouth pots, etc., mainly pots, popular plain pottery, with a small amount of faience pottery, oblique basket decoration. This batch of pottery has obvious transitional nature, not only the typical utensils of the Dasikong culture, such as faience pottery bowls and plain noodle bowls, but also the popular elements such as basket patterns, vertical ears, and folded edges of the Longshan period in the region. Although the material of H3 is small, it is of great significance, at least it shows that there may be a kind of relic similar to the H3 of Zhangjiamiao in the area, which is temporarily called the H3 type of Zhangjiamiao in this article, and the origin of the Hougang Ii cultural ditch type should be related to such remains.
The Zhanghe type of the Lower Qiyuan culture is a cultural relic distributed in the southern part of the Haihe Plain after the Jiangou type, and the stratigraphic relationship of the Lower Panwang site proves that the Zhanghe type of the Lower Qiyuan culture is later than the Hougang II cultural Jiangou type. The basic pottery combination of the Zhanghe type is the high-necked curved belly bristle, the jar-shaped urn, the pot-shaped ding, the olive-shaped jar, the mouth urn, the flat-mouthed urn, the deep drum belly basin, the large flat bottom basin, the bean, and so on. From the analysis of the size of the proportion of pottery cultural factors, it can be divided into three categories: the first category, accounting for a large proportion, such as can-shaped urns, olive-shaped pots, deep drum belly basins, large flat basins, etc., these utensils can be found in the local gully type of similar instruments, but individual utensils still have evolutionary missing rings (such as deep drum belly basins). The second category, which accounts for a relatively large proportion, such as the typical artifacts of the Zhanghe type, the high-necked arc belly mane and the mouth urn, the former is a common artifact of the Baiyan culture in the Jin Dynasty, while the latter comes from the Dongxia Feng culture. The third category, accounting for a relatively small proportion, such as vegetarian basins, shallow plate beans, pot-shaped dings, pinching jars, etc., of which vegetarian basins and shallow pan beans are related to the influence of Yueshi culture; pot-shaped dings are mostly found in Huiwei culture; pinching cans, large mouth zuns, etc. are the same kind of instruments of Erlitou culture. According to the above analysis, it can be seen that the Zhanghe type of the Lower Qiyuan culture was formed on the basis of the Jiangou type and absorbed the archaeological and cultural factors of other regions.
2. The source stream of the Dumb Village type
Within the distribution range of the Dumb Village type, the archaeological culture that predates this type is the Snow Mountain Phase I culture. Among the materials published so far, there are mainly ruins such as Noon Fang, Zhongjiabi, Shangpo, and Beifudi. The basic pottery groups of this culture include cylindrical jars, folded jars, amphora jars, open pots, curved belly pots, small mouth high neck urns, mouth bowls, etc. Among them, the folding pot can be regarded as the same kind of instrument of the two cultures, but the typical utensils of the dumb and dumb type are pot-shaped urns, double urns, straight-mouth urns, double pots, folded belly bristles, etc. are by no means produced in the first phase of the Snow Mountain culture. From the perspective of pottery, the urn and urn are more common in the hougang ii culture in southern Hebei, the amphora is a common artifact of the Longshan culture in Shandong, the mane was first produced in the western region of Taihang Mountain, although these utensils come from the surrounding areas, but in the dumb Zhuang type has undergone great changes, this may be the "dumb Zhuang type" Ancestors have a strong learning ability, hold an open attitude towards foreign culture, and at the same time accept foreign cultures have been transformed to adapt to their own living habits. It can be said that the Dumb Village type was formed after actively integrating the cultural factors of the surrounding area.
The cultural remains of the southern area of the northern Haihe Plain after the Dumb Ridge type are the Lower YueZhuang types of the Lower Qiyuan Culture. The hierarchical relationship of the site of Dumb Ridge Zhuang proves that the types of Xiayue Zhuang are later than the Types of Dumb Villages. The basic pottery groups of the various types in Xiayue include the high-necked curved belly bristle, the long-necked pocket foot bristle, the deep-bellied pot, the deep-belly jar, the roll-edged plain-noodle jar, the small-roll-along drum-belly urn, the mouth-mouth urn, the plain-faced drum-belly basin, the jomon-veined deep-belly basin, and the shallow plate bean. Among them, the deep-bellied pot-shaped mane, the deep-bellied jar, the volume-along the plain noodle jar, and the small-rolled drum-belly urn should be inherited from the dumb-and-tumble type, which has a clear evolution process with the similar instruments of the dumb-bellied type; the high-necked curved belly mane and the long-necked bag foot mane are from the Baiyan culture on the western side of the Taihang Mountain; the mouth urn is a common artifact of the Dongxia Feng culture; the shallow plate bean and the plain noodle drum belly basin are related to the influence of the Shandong Yueshi culture; the small-mouthed drum-belly mane comes from the datuotou culture; and the folded shoulder mane is the same as the similar instruments of the xiajiadian lower culture. Therefore, the Xiayue zhuang types were formed on the basis of the dumb village type after absorbing some cultural factors of the surrounding areas in the same period.
3. The source of zhenjiang camp type
The cultural remnants of the northern northern area of the Haihe Plain that predate the Zhenjiangying type are the first phase of the Snow Mountain culture. At present, the published materials mainly include Sites such as Snow Mountain, Zhenjiang Camp, zhangjiayuan and so on, among which the hierarchical relationship of the Zhenjiang Camp site proves that the Zhenjiang Camp type is later than the first phase of the Snow Mountain culture. The basic pottery group of the first phase of the Snow Mountain culture includes cylindrical pots, high-necked drum belly pots, faience pottery bowls, roll-edge pots, curved belly pots, and mouth bowls. Among them, the high-neck drum belly jar and the roll-edge jar are common to both, but the current material cannot see the obvious inheritance relationship. The lower limit of the Xueshan Phase I culture is no later than the late Yangshao culture, and the upper limit of the Zhenjiangying type is not earlier than the late Longshan culture, and there is a time gap between the two. After the end of the Yangshao era, the archaeological culture of the region may be in a state of decline, because the northern northern area of the Haihe Plain is a relatively closed geographical unit, for a long time, the culture of the surrounding area failed to influence here, until the middle and late Longshan, the cultural factors in other areas began to increase, and gradually formed the Zhenjiangying type with multiple cultural factors.
In the northern northern area of the Haihe Plain, after the Zhenjiangying type, there is the Datuotou culture, and excavations of Zhenjiangying, Houqianyi, Zhangjiayuan and other sites show that the Datuotou culture is later than the Zhenjiangying type in terms of hierarchical relationship. The basic pottery groups of the Datuotou culture are drum belly mane, curved belly mane, folded shoulder mane, large open mouth urn, plain noodle roll along the jar, deep belly jar, folded shoulder jar, large mouth folded shoulder urn, mouth urn, folded shoulder zun, curved belly basin, amphora jar, bowl and so on. In terms of ornamentation, the Zhenjiangying type of string-broken rope pattern, thin rope pattern and other ornaments are also popular in the Datuotou culture; in terms of instrument shape, except for a small number of utensils (such as shoulder-folding utensils) may be related to the influence of the lower culture of Xiajiadian, the vast majority of the remaining pottery can be found in the Zhenjiangying type of similar utensils, and some utensils have obvious evolutionary relationships. It can be said that the Datuotou culture was formed on the basis of the Zhenjiangying type and absorbed a small number of cultural factors in the area north of Yanshan.
4. The source of Tiger Mountain culture in northwest Hebei
The archaeological and cultural remnants of the tiger mountain culture in northwest Hebei are the Xueshan Phase I culture, and the basic pottery groups of this culture include cylindrical pots, high-necked drum belly pots, amphora pots, faience pots, roll-edge pots, curved belly pots, and mouth bowls. There is a big difference between the two from the perspective of pottery shape and system, and there is no source flow relationship between them. The Tiger Mountain culture is mainly distributed in the Daihai area to represent the cultural relics of Tiger Mountain, Yuanzigou and other sites, and its basic pottery groups include plain-faced amphora jars, high-neck amphora jars, Jomon jars, straight-mouth urns, mouth urns, bristles, bowls, oblique abdomen basins, etc. The archaeological and cultural remains of the Daihai area that predate the Tiger Mountain culture are the Miaozigou type and the Ashan culture. The basic pottery group of the Ashan culture includes small-mouth pointed bottom bottles, amphora urns, folded shoulder jars, barrel jars, pot-shaped koshiki, vegetarian noodle jars, bowls, etc. The basic pottery groups of the Miaozigou type include plain noodle small-mouth amphora pots, plain two-eared pots, jomon urns, jomon pots, plain noodle pots, folded belly pots, etc. The Plain-faced Amphora, High-neck Amphora, Bent Belly Pot, Mouth Urn, And Jomon Jar, etc. of the Tiger Mountain culture are derived from the Miaozigou type, while the Jomon jar, straight-mouth urn, bowl, etc. are derived from the Ashan culture; and the mane is a product of the influence of the apricot blossom culture in the Jinzhong region. The above analysis shows that the Tiger Mountain culture was formed on the basis of the local Miaozigou type and Ashan culture, and integrated the cultural factors of the Jinzhong region.
After the remains of the Tiger Mountain culture, the archaeological cultural remains distributed in the northwest region of Hebei are the Youyi culture, and the basic pottery group of this culture is dominated by double-glazed pottery, with popular jomons, more tripods, and less flat bottoms. Most of the remnants of the Tiger Mountain culture in the region are plain flat bottoms, so there should be no relationship between the two. Due to the current lack of material, the whereabouts of the Tiger Mountain culture in the region still need more archaeological material to be revealed.
5. The source of tourism invitation culture in northwest Hebei
The archaeological and cultural remnants of the northwestern Hebei region that predate the Youzhao culture are the Tiger Mountain culture. As mentioned earlier, the Youyi culture is not a descendant of the Tiger Mountain culture, but has other sources. The northwest region of Hebei and the three northern regions of the you invite culture belong to the same cultural system, the current academic circles generally believe that the formation of this culture is related to the spread of the apricot blossom culture in Jinzhong, may be the apricot blossom culture along the North of the Fenhe River formed.
The archaeological and cultural remains of the later Youyu culture in northwest Hebei are the Huliu River type, and from the materials currently published, the hierarchical relationship of the Guanzhuang site can prove that the Huliu River type is later than the Youyi culture. This type of pottery group mainly includes double-gilt mane, folded belly mane, high-necked curved belly mane, zun-shaped mane, glob-shaped bean, drum belly pot, oblique abdomen basin, rolled urn, oval three-legged urn and so on. Among them, double-glazed mane, drum belly jar, roll along urn, oblique abdomen basin, etc. can be found in the travel invitation culture; zun-shaped mane and lump-shaped bean are the landmark artifacts of the lower culture of Xiajiadian; the folded belly mane is derived from the dumb mane type, and the H50:1 mane of the dumb village site can be regarded as its predecessor; the high-necked curved belly mane and the oval three-legged urn are related to the influence of the White Swallow culture in the Jinzhong region. Based on the above analysis, this paper believes that the Huliuhe type was formed on the basis of the youyi culture, absorbing some factors of the lower culture of Xiajiadian and the individual factors of the Dumb Village type, baiyan culture, and lower Qiyuan culture.
3. The pattern of Longshan culture in Hebei Province
In the early early days of the Longshan Era, only a small number of relics belonging to the Tiger Mountain culture were found in the northwest region of Hebei, although the shape and ornamentation of the pottery retained the characteristics of the culture of the place of origin, but these artifacts as a whole were relatively regular and beautiful, and they had lost the rough wind of the tiger mountain culture.
The Tiger Mountain culture in the late Jibei region of the early Longshan Period did not continue at this stage. Under the influence of the Xinghua culture in jinzhong, the tiger mountain culture in northwest Hebei and the Wangyoufang culture in eastern Henan, the descendants of the H3 remnants of the Zhangjiamiao family distributed in the south of the Haihe Plain gradually formed the Hougang Phase II cultural Jiaogou type represented by Jiangou and Taikou Village. At this time, the type of ditch had just been formed, and the cultural characteristics of the surrounding area were stronger, but artifacts that reflected their own characteristics had been produced. Its range is limited and may be limited to the Handan area.
The cultural pattern of the middle of the Yongsan period underwent major changes. The Hougang II cultural stream type in the south of the Haihe Plain entered a period of prosperity, not only continuing to absorb the cultural factors of the surrounding area, but also producing a number of artifacts with obvious styles, such as deep belly basins and large-mouth vegetarian noodle pots, which made its regional characteristics in the entire Hougang II culture more obvious. The distribution range of this type was further expanded, extending westward to the Wu'an region and northward to the Xingtai area. The Jiangou type continued to penetrate northward into the Cangzhou and Baoding areas of the southern area of the northern part of the Haihe Plain, and combined with the local indigenous culture and the surrounding culture, the cultural connotation underwent drastic changes, forming a new cultural type - the Dumb Village type. At this time, the type of dumb village had just been formed, and the distribution range was limited to a small area east of present-day Baoding, with simple cultural connotations, mainly for pots, pots, bowls and other flat-bottomed utensils, and some pottery had a strong style of the Jiangou type. In the Northwest Hebei region of the Sanggan River, yanghe river basin appeared a large number of tourism invitation cultural relics, this culture of double pottery and other typical artifacts are mainly found in the site, ash pit, indicating that the emergence of the tourism culture in this area may be realized in the way of crowd migration, and the Sanggan River, Yanghe should be the main road of cultural migration.
In the late Longshan period, the Post-Gang II culture of the Jianggou type continued to develop, and the influence of the surrounding cultures also became strong, especially the Shandong Longshan culture, and some rare artifacts in Shandong appeared in the area (such as 罍, etc.). At the same time, the cultural factors of this type continue to be exported to other regions, although in the previous stage they entered the distribution area of the dumb village type, but with the strength of the dumb village type, its cultural factors do not seem to be accepted by the other party, and after being rejected to a certain extent, they continue to penetrate northward into the northern area of the Haihe Plain. The Dumb Village type in the northern southern part of the Haihe Plain entered a period of prosperity at this time, and after getting rid of the influence of the Previous Stage of the Jiangou Type, not only did it appear pottery groups with obvious characteristics, but also absorbed more cultural factors from other regions, such as Wang Youfang culture and Shandong Longshan culture. Its distribution range continues to expand, reaching the area north of Baoding to the west, reaching the Hutuo River Basin to the south, and infiltrating into the Ji Canal and luan River Basin to the north. In the northern northern area of the Haihe Plain, the southern type of Dumb Village, the Hougang Phase II cultural stream type, the Western youyi culture, and the southeastern Shandong Longshan cultural factors have come here one after another, continuously integrating and exchanging, and finally forming the Zhenjiangying type. Among these foreign cultural factors, especially the Shandong Longshan culture has the deepest influence, such as most of the pottery excavated from the T8 layer of Dacheng Mountain belongs to the Shandong Longshan culture. At this stage, the cultural type of the Haihe Plain Cultural Area had a trend of northward development, and the result was to promote the formation of the Zhenjiangying type in the area south of Yanshan.
The appearance of Longshan culture in Hebei is closely related to its natural geographical environment. Due to the proximity of the Jibei Mountain region to Daihai and Northern Jinbei and the connection of rivers, the cultural types in this area belong to the foreign cultural system. The Haihe Plain is not only located in the staggered zone of the two major historical and cultural districts of the Central Plains and Haidai, but also in the middle of the two major cultural districts of the north and the south, so there are many foreign cultural factors and complex cultural features left by the Longshan culture in the region. The Southern Hebei region and the Northern Henan region in the south of the Haihe Plain have always been a relatively independent small cultural area, and after entering the Longshan Era, this tradition has been continued, although it has been influenced by the culture of the surrounding areas, the Hougang II culture in the region has always had a certain stability, and foreign cultural factors have always been on the margins; the Jizhong region in the middle of the Haihe Plain has an inclusive attitude towards foreign cultural factors, and after the integration and transformation of the cultural factors in the surrounding areas, a unique type of dumb village has been formed Because the northern area of the Haihe Plain is in a relatively closed geographical unit, after entering the Longshan era, the cultural factors in the surrounding areas continue to affect here, but various foreign cultures seem to be an attitude of exclusion between each other, such as Shandong Longshan cultural factors are mainly distributed in the area east of the Ji Canal, and cultural factors such as the apricot blossom culture, the Jiangou type, and the Dumb Village type are mainly distributed in the area west of the Ji Canal, although the phenomenon of coexistence of multiple cultural factors has also been found at the Zhenjiangying site. But they have never produced new instruments, which shows that the foreign cultural factors in the region have not been fully integrated.