Yuan Wenzong
On September 18 of the first year of the celestial calendar, that is, on October 21, 1328 A.D., a boy was born in a small village in Zhonglizhidong Township. The Yuan Dynasty ruled corruptly, the status of the Han people was very low, the family was also the lowest peasant, had no culture, and named their children very casually. Because before the birth of this boy, there were already three male dings in the family, named heavy four, heavy six and heavy seven, so they named him heavy eight, the family name Zhu, so the name of this little boy is called Zhu Heavy Eight.
The Zhu family was greedy early and dark, and even the little Zhu Zhongba herded cattle for the landlords, but their lives still could not go on, because the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were corrupt and incompetent, and the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes were quite serious, and if this was a man-made disaster, then there was a natural disaster. In the third year of Zhengzheng (1343), a drought occurred in Haozhou, which basically had no grain harvest, and starvation was the norm.
Even more serious was the severe locust plague and plague that followed in the following spring. The Zhu family was severely damaged in this plague, Zhu Chongba's father, eldest brother and mother died one after another, only Zhu Zhongba and the second brother were left in the family, the Zhu family was surrounded by disciples, not to mention buying coffins for relatives, there was no place to bury their relatives, and the two brothers were in a hurry.
Later, their neighbor Liu Jizu gave a piece of his own uncultured emperor to the Zhu family at this time, and the two Brothers Zhu Zhongba recruited several torn clothes to wrap the bodies of their relatives and bury them in this wasteland. Liu Jizu could not have imagined at this time, he gave Zhu Zhongba a piece of wasteland, and later exchanged it for several lifetimes of glory and wealth, and at this time Zhu Zhongba was only 16 years old, in order to survive he had to be separated from his second brother and escape separately, Zhu Zhongba did not know, this difference their brothers never saw again.
Zhu Zhongba had no choice but to flee from Huangjue Temple to become a walking boy, he did chores in the monastery, although the old monk often reprimanded him, but he always had a stutter, he could survive, but soon the monastery could not get alms, there was no way to continue, had to let the monks travel to the clouds, 17-year-old Zhu Zhongba began a wandering life again.
For Zhu Zhongba, what yunyou turned into a fate, is to eat, but his identity is only a monk, his begging career this time, let him unforgettable, he begged outside for a total of three years, this in three years, he traveled all over Huaixi's famous capital Dayi, saw the world, broadened his horizons, and at that time the White Lotus Sect uprising was flourishing, Zhu Zhongba was also exposed to such propaganda in begging. In the eighth year of Zhengzheng (1348), Zhu Zhongba ended his wanderings and returned to Huangjue Temple.
At this time, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty became darker and more corrupt, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions became increasingly intense, coupled with frequent natural disasters, and the poor peasants who were cornered were desperate to take risks. In May of the eleventh year of Zhengzheng (1351), Han Shantong and Liu Futong rose up in Yingzhou, and the soldiers wore red scarves on their heads, known as the Red Turban Army, and in the following months, various places responded.
A bowl is founded, and a country ends
Among them, on the eleventh day of the first month of the twelfth year of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), Guo Zixing, a local tycoon of Dingyuan County, joined forces with Sun Deya and others to raise an army, tens of thousands of people rose up in response, and the rebel army attacked Haozhou, and Guo Zixing declared himself a marshal and held out in Haozhou. Guo Zixing had a man named Tang He, who mixed quite well at this time. He was Zhu Zhongba's childhood playmate, and he wrote to Zhu Zhongba, inviting him to join Guo Zixing's rebel army.
At this time, Zhongba was a good monk in the monastery, and he did not want to come, but he had a brother who knew about this letter and wanted to go to inform, this time Zhu Zhongba had no choice, directly defected to Guo Zixing's account, or the opportunity was very important, Zhu Zhongba, who entered the rebel army, was soon appreciated by Guo Zixing and was transferred to the Shuai Mansion as an errand boy.
Coupled with his bravery in battle and very popular with the people, Guo Zixing valued him more, and married his adopted daughter Ma Shi to him, and also changed a name, Zhu Yuanzhang, the character Guorui. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has started his brilliant life. Zhu Yuanzhang was brave and resourceful every time, and won the support of soldiers, and soon he emerged in the rebel army, and also had a large number of loyal teams, when the power and profit in the rebel army were frequent, which was disliked by Zhu Yuanzhang.
In the fifteenth year of Guo Zixing's death, Han Lin'er, the King of Xiaoming, appointed Guo Zixing's son Guo Tianxu as the marshal of the capital, his brother-in-law Zhang Tianyou as the right deputy marshal, and Zhu Yuanzhang as the left deputy marshal, although Zhu Yuanzhang's status was inferior to Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou, but he was the de facto leader of this rebel army.
At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang had countless civilian and military generals under him, and his strength was quite strong
March 1356,
Zhu Yuanzhang then attacked Jiqing. After Zhu Yuanzhang entered the city, he ordered to pacify the people and change Jiqing to Ying Tianfu, which became his rear from then on, and he sent troops to successively attack the remaining parts of eastern Zhejiang, controlling all parts of Jiangzuo and Zhejiang, and owning a piece of Hena's territory, until the first month of the twenty-first year (1361), King Xiaoming made Zhu Yuanzhang the Duke of Wu.
At this time, although Zhu Yuanzhang had hundreds of thousands of troops, but the territory was not very large, the southeast was Zhang Shicheng, the west was Xu Shouhui, the east and south were the Yuan army, Zhu Yuanzhang could be said to be attacked on all sides, but the Yuan army and the rebel army at that time were mutually restrained, giving Zhu Yuanzhang a good opportunity for development.
In the territory under his control, he vigorously developed the economy to win the hearts and minds of the people, recruited talents from all walks of life, straightened out military discipline, and made the hearts of the people turn to Zhu Yuanzhang, who was developing step by step, and at that time Zhu Sheng gave him the nine-character development policy of "building a high wall, accumulating grain in a wide area, and slowly becoming king", which he always kept in mind and secretly developed his strength.
Although Zhu Yuanzhang established a base area centered on Ying Tian, his position was not stable, Xu Shouhui's subordinate Chen Youyi killed Xu Shouhui and established himself as emperor, established Han (Chen Han), changed yuan dayi, Chen Youyi and Zhang Shicheng agreed to attack Ying Tian and divide Zhu Yuanzhang's territory equally.
At that time, Chen Youyi's military strength was far superior to Zhu Yuanzhang's, but he was unpopular, and was eventually defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang, and he himself was killed by random arrows, and by March of the twenty-fourth year, Chen Han was destroyed by Zhu Yuanzhang, and the territory belonged to Zhu Yuanzhang, and as early as two months Qian Zhuzhang had been elected as the King of Wu.
Destroying Chen Youzhu Yuanzhang did not stop his pace, and in October of the twenty-fifth year of Zhengzheng (1365), Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Zhang Shicheng and expelled Zhang Shicheng's forces in Jiangbei, and the next year Zhu Yuanzhang continued to denounce Zhang Shicheng, until the eighth day of September in the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng, Zhang Shicheng was captured and hanged, and Zhu Yuanzhang's opponent was one less.
Moreover, when Zhu Yuanzhang launched the Battle of Pingjiang, he sent people to meet King Xiaoming, and King Xiaoming's ship sank on the river, and since then Zhu Yuanzhang has announced that he will no longer use the Dragon and Phoenix Chronicle, in fact, he is already an independent prince in the great righteousness, and declares that the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng is the first year of Wu.
At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was full of spirits, sent troops to attack Fang Guozhen in eastern Zhejiang, and marched into Fujian, and finally incorporated this place into his own territory, and in the first year of Wu Yuan, a major event occurred, that is, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da to be a general in the conquest of the army, and Chang Yuchun was a deputy general in the Northern Expedition, which was one of the major achievements in Zhu Yuanzhang's life, and the Northern Expedition army successfully captured the Capital of Yuan and recovered a large area of territory in the north.
No one can stop Zhu Yuanzhang anymore, on the fourth day of the first lunar month in 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang was called emperor in Yingtian, the founding number was Daming, the year name was Hongwu, and a poor boy became the supreme lord of the world at the age of 40, which was something he did not dare to think about before, but he did it. Some people say that he is the beginning of a bowl, the end of a country, the right of the country, no right.
After the establishment of daming, Zhu Yuanzhang did not stop his footsteps, he continued to send his hundred battles division, the southern conquest of the northern war, and finally established a unified Han dynasty, established the dominance of the Han people, but also laid the foundation of the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was born poor, so he was quite friendly to the people after he ascended the throne.
The economy of the Ming Dynasty was also rapidly recovering, the national strength was rapidly strong, and Zhu Yuanzhang was also an effective emperor who was praised by posterity.
Carefully cultivated heir crown prince Zhu Biao
In ancient times, heirs were a big problem, especially for a dynasty, choosing a qualified heir, that is more important, Zhu Yuanzhang had many heirs in his life, but to say that he loved and was satisfied with one of his eldest sons at that time, Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang poured all his efforts into this eldest son.
Yuan
Positive
September 5, 2015,
Zhu Yuanzhang
Is leading the army to attack Jiqing, the battle is very fierce, the news came from the rear, Madame Ma gave birth to a baby boy, which made Zhu Yuanzhang overjoyed, and soon Jiqing was attacked,
Excitedly carved a stone on a local mountain: "Whoever comes to this mountain will not suffer from heirs." ”
He was happy that his eldest son came in time, on the one hand, Jiqing was very important to him, and when he conquered here, he would have a place in the world domination, on the other hand, his career would be inherited later, so he had high hopes for his eldest son Zhu Biao, Who grew to be five years old, Zhu Yuanzhang Song Lian
He was taught the scriptures by his teachers and received a formal Confucian education. In the twenty-fourth year of Zhengzheng, Zhu Yuanzhang was called the King of Wu, and Zhu Biao was established as the son of the King of Wu, in fact, at this time, zhu Biao was established as the heir of Zhu Yuanzhang.
In the twenty-seventh year of Zhengzheng, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the thirteen-year-old Zhu Biao to go to Linhao to worship the ancestral tomb, and let Zhu Biao worship the ancestral tomb instead of himself, which is very telling, because in ancient times, worshiping the ancestral tomb was not casual, only the patriarch in a large family was qualified, and only the patriarch heirs were substituted for the patriarch.
At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang called the emperor only a matter of time, and his move was to show Zhu Biao's status, and there was also to let Zhu Biao see the suffering of the people and become a good shoucheng king in the future.
In the first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang was proclaimed emperor, Zhu Biao was made crown prince, at this time Zhu Yuanzhang paid more attention to the cultivation of Zhu Biao, he equipped Zhu Biao with a powerful East Palace team, let's see how powerful Zhu Biao's East Palace team was at that time:
"Left Chancellor Li Shanchang and Crown Prince Shaoshi, Right Chancellor Xu Da concurrently Crown Prince Shaofu, Zhongshu Pingzhang Records Military Affairs Chang Yuchun and Crown Prince Shaobao, Right Governor Feng Sheng and Right Zhan Shi, Zhongshu Pingzhang Political Affairs Hu Mei, Liao Yongzhong, Li Bosheng and Tongzhi Zhan Shiyuan, Zhongshu Left and Right Zhao Yong, Wang Pu and Vice Zhan Shi, Zhongshu Suffragette Yang Xian and Zhan Shi Cheng, Fu Yong and Zhan Shi, Tongzhi Dadu Governor Kang Maocai, Zhang Xingzu and Left and Right Governors, Deputy Envoys gu Shi, Sun Xingzu and ZhiZuo Zhi left and right leading government affairs, Governor Wu Zhen, Geng Bingwen and Left, The deputy envoys of the Right Leading Prefecture, The Imperial Attendant Deng Yu and Tang He and The Imperial Household, the Imperial Attendant Liu Ji, Zhang Yi and the Zanshan Grand Master, the Zhishu Attendant Yushi Wenyuan Ji, Fan Xianzu and the Crown Prince's Guests"
#明朝朱元璋为什么不将帝位传给燕王朱棣 #
In this series of lists, we can see that at that time, the founding heroes basically served as the prince's subordinate officials. These people were all founding heroes who followed Zhu Yuanzhang, and if they did not serve as subordinate officials of the Prince's Palace, the nominal prince was a prince, and they were courtiers. After serving as subordinate officials of the Crown Prince's Palace, they were actually subordinates of the Crown Prince, and these people had to listen to the Prince, both nominally and in fact.
Zhu Yuanzhang's purpose in doing so was to have the crown prince supervise the country and facilitate the assistance of various generals during his expedition, which shows that Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to and carefully cultivated the eldest son, and at that time, he set up a large main hall in the palace to store all kinds of ancient and modern books, let the famous Confucians take turns to give lectures to the princes and kings, and select more than ten talented young people such as Guo Qi, Wang Pu, and Zhang Jie, students of the State ZiJian, to accompany him. That is to say, all the best things, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to get Zhu Biao, in order to make Zhu Biao a qualified monarch.
In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), Zhu Biao was 22 years old, and in this year Zhu Yuanzhang ordered:
In the future, all political affairs will be punished by the prince, and then it will be played
。 It is from now on that all major matters will be handled by the prince first, and then let me know that Zhu Yuanzhang intends to let Zhu Biao begin to learn to deal with major state affairs, which is to prepare for his future succession.
Zhu Yuanzhang can say that he poured all his feelings into Zhu Biao, he was the first qualified emperor, he was also a qualified father, he wanted to hand over Daming to his son safely, Zhu Biao was his favorite son, Zhu Yuanzhang deliberately cultivated him since he was a child, after becoming emperor, he paid more attention to cultivating his ability to handle political affairs, hoping that he could become a qualified prince, and even a qualified emperor.
To what extent Zhu Yuanzhang loved Zhu Biao, there was a paragraph on the Internet that some people said that the prince rebelled, Zhu Yuanzhang immediately laughed, and quickly asked, the prince's troops are not enough, quickly withdraw the Imperial Forest Army, and what is Biao'er's plan? This is a paragraph, but it is enough to see that Zhu Yuanzhang had high hopes for Zhu Biao, but such a prince went before Zhu Yuanzhang.
On April 25, 1392, the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu," Zhu Biao died of illness at the age of 37. Zhu Biao's death was a great blow to Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang cried bitterly after Zhu Biao's death. In August, Zhu Yuanzhang buried him on the east side of Xiaoling Tomb, nicknamed "Prince Yiwen"! Moreover, Zhu Biao's death also changed the situation in the dynasty, and countless founding heroes were slaughtered by Zhu Yuanzhang.
Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang establish Zhu Di
Although Zhu Yuanzhang was very fond of the crown prince Zhu Biao and had high hopes for him, Zhu Biao died of illness after all. Zhu Yuanzhang is not only a father, he is also an emperor, he is not only responsible for the small family of the Zhu family, but also responsible for the world of Daming, an heir is gone, he also has to cultivate a qualified heir to the Ming Dynasty.
Of course, we all know that Zhu Yuanzhang chose Zhu Biao's son Zhu Yunjiao, and it is said that Zhu Yuanzhang liked Zhu Yunjiao very much, because Zhu Yunjiao was as benevolent and filial as his father Zhu Biao. Zhu Yunjiao was emaciated due to excessive grief when he was guarding filial piety, and Zhu Yunjiao's filial piety to his father deeply touched Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang comforted him: "And sincerity and filial piety, do not care about me."
In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, Zhu Yunjiao was as benevolent and filial as his father Zhu Biao, and would be a good emperor in the future, so five months after Zhu Biao's death, Zhu Yunjiao was made the emperor's grandson and became Zhu Yuanzhang's heir.
Some people have said that Zhu Yunjiao's appointment as the emperor's grandson actually conforms to the imperial succession system formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang: the inheritance system of the eldest son.
Zhu Biao was the first person in the Ming Dynasty to implement the system of primogeniture, and no one had any objections to his being made crown prince, after all, he was the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, but was Zhu Yunjiao the eldest son of Zhu Biao's concubine? In fact, this is still somewhat flawed. Zhu Yunjiao was Zhu Biao's second son. Zhu Biao's eldest son was Zhu Xiongying, but he died prematurely, so it is said that Zhu Yunjiao is the second son of Zhu Yunying, in fact, strictly speaking, it does not count.
Zhu Biao's wife was the daughter of Chang Yuchun, that is to say, the crown princess was of the Chang clan, and she gave birth to the eldest son Zhu Xiongying and the third son Zhu Yunxi, who was supposed to be the eldest son of Zhu Xiongying, and the second son was Zhu Yunxi, who was only born to the side concubine Lü Shi and belonged to Shu. Even if Zhu Xiongying died early, it was also the choice of Zhu Yunxi! So why did zhu Yunjiao choose in the end?
Crown Princess Chang died, the Lü clan was straightened out, at this time Zhu Yunjiao had the title of concubine, and it was precisely because of this that he was eligible to enter Zhu Yuanzhang's eyes, and at that time he became Zhu Biao's de facto eldest son, strictly speaking, Zhu Yunjiao was not qualified enough, but his identity was not a problem.
In fact, at that time, there were also many people in the choice of Zhu Yunjiao's dynasty who had objections, that is, although Zhu Biao died of illness, he still had brothers alive, and his brothers also had concubines, among which there was also Zhu Di, who was a heroic zhu yuanzhang, who was also qualified, he was also a concubine, why did Zhu Yuanzhang not choose him.
In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang was also bitter in his heart, could Zhu Yuanzhang not know that Zhu Di's ability was strong, how many times better than Zhu Yunjiao did not know?
He knew that he had always been very clear in his heart that he was the fourth oldest. He also believed that if Zhu Di became emperor, he would also be a good emperor, and even he had the idea of making Zhu Di the crown prince and inheriting the Ming Dynasty, but in the end he still had to give up.
Twenty-five years after the death of Crown Prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang was very sad, but he still had to summon his ministers to discuss the matter of establishing a crown prince, and Zhu Yuanzhang said to the ministers:
"The King of Yan is as heroic as a warrior, how can he stand up?"
All the courtiers knew that at that time, among the kings of the domain, the King of Yan was guarding the north, and his military achievements were outstanding, and he was very heroic, did the emperor really have the heart to make him the crown prince at this time?
Many ministers objected in their hearts, but they did not dare to say, after all, the King of Yan was heavily armed, and seemed to have the heart to seize the wife, plus the emperor's grandfather asked like this, no one was sure what the emperor really thought?
Hanlin scholar Liu Sanwu said directly:
"Emperor Sun Nian Fu, the son of Shi Concubine, the son of Sun Cheng, the appropriate Tong Li ye." That is, the King of Liyan, where is the Second King of Qin and Jin?"
Liu Sanwu said very clearly, the emperor is the disciple of the crown prince, the father dies and the son succeeds, this is in line with the etiquette law, if your majesty you set up the old four Yan king, then you let the old second Qin king and the old third Jin king what do they think, they are the brothers of the Yan king, so the etiquette law does not conform to it! It may even cause fratricide!
Zhu Yuanzhang was asked, if zhu di as the heir is indeed a lot of trouble, and may even cause turmoil, which is also what Zhu Yuanzhang does not want to see. Although Zhu Di was very capable, he was not the eldest son, which was his shortcoming, and he was doomed not to become a prince.
Even if Zhu Yuanzhang liked it no matter how much he liked it, he did not dare to take such a big risk to set up Zhu Di, and there were no rules and no square circles, and the establishment of the eldest son of the concubine was the etiquette of Daming and could not be destroyed, zhu Yuanzhang was also bitter in his heart, and had to set up Zhu Yunjiao.
In fact, as an emperor, there are some things that cannot be willful, such as Zhu Di, although he finally became emperor through the Battle of Jingnan, he still could not depose the eldest son and establish his second son, and the later Ming ShenZong Zhu Yijun did not like his eldest son, did not want to make him the crown prince, and fought guerrilla warfare with the ministers for more than ten years, and finally compromised.
At that time, the emperor was supreme and untrue, but he also had to abide by the etiquette, and Zhu Di was defeated in this.