Ma Fuxing and Ma Shaowu are known as the "second horse" of Kashgar. During Yang Zengxin's reign in Xinjiang, the "Erma" had been in Kashgar for more than 20 years and had a greater influence on the local area. This article is now based on the oral accounts of Ding Jichang , a seventy-six-year-old Hui elderly ) and Ma Shaowu's fifth daughter, Ma Lichu (accountant of the People's Park in Kushi City, now retired).
Ma Fuxing
Ma Fuxing started in his early years
Ma Fuxing, hui, a native of Huaping County, Yunnan, was born in 1866. Ma Fuxing's physique is great and his strength is outstanding. Because he had learned martial arts since childhood and had practiced a good martial art, he was favored by Ma Fulu, the governor of Yunnan at that time, and installed him under his command as a battalion lieutenant (a low-level military position in the Qing army). At this time, Ma Fuxing had married a Yunnan woman as his wife. In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the court was corrupt, the imperialist powers took the opportunity to invade, and in 1900, the Eight-Power Alliance attacked and occupied Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to Xi'an. Ma Fulu, the viceroy of Yunnan, was well aware of Ma Fuxing's high martial arts skills and bravery, so he recommended him to escort Cixi all the way (according to the Changji Wenshi Data). After Empress Dowager Cixi arrived in Xi'an, she once went to the Guandi Temple to incense, saw a large knife weighing more than a hundred pounds in the temple, and said to herself: "This knife is so heavy, I don't know who can make it move?" After Ma Fuxing heard this, he felt that it was an opportunity to curry favor with Cixi, so he went forward to grab a large knife and play with it, brandishing it freely, and his face did not change color. Empress Dowager Ci exclaimed, "Good strength, good strength!" What a warrior! Immediately promoted Ma Fuxing to a staff general in Henan. During his tenure as a staff general in Henan, Ma Fuxing found another lady from Henan. Later, he married a Hangzhou woman, who was later known as The Lady of Zhejiang.
At that time, the sons of Futai in Henan Relied on their power to oppress the people and play with the people's daughters, and the people complained and cried out one after another. Ma Fuxing, enraged, arrested the flower lady and beat him up in public. This angered Lord Futai, who fabricated a pile of incriminating evidence and went to the imperial court. The imperial court dismissed Ma Fuxing from his post and issued him with a new tan.
After coming to Xinjiang, Ma Fuxing settled down to make a living in three springs twenty miles away from Dihua (at that time, there were already several families working here, and they were all court criminals who had moved from the interior). At this time, he was alone and worked with the locals to open up the land and cultivate the land. He was born in a farming family since childhood, and he has a skill in farming, but he does not worry about his livelihood. Soon after, he married a Lanzhou woman and started a family.
Ma Fuxing and Yang Zengxin were originally fellow villagers, and they usually had a good friendship with the Dihua Huimin and also had influence in the local area. At first, Yang Zengxin only received some silver money from time to time to make a living. Later, Yang Zengxin recommended Ma Fuxing to return to the private sector as a commander. Ma Fuxing worked very hard for Yang Zengxin's regime and made great contributions. Yang had great trust in ma, so ma became a powerful accomplice of Yang's regime.
Second, squander the people's wealth to build a mansion
After Yang Zengxin ruled Xinjiang, Ma Fuxing became a "second general" who was "under one person and above ten thousand people". As soon as the power was in his hands, he used the people's wealth to build a mansion for himself. At the end of 1911, he first broke ground on the construction of a wooden mansion in Dihua Liudao Lane, which was not completed until the autumn of the following year. The entire mansion covers an area of more than six acres, and the homestead trough is filled with large blocks of coal, consuming 100 tons of coal. The main entrance of the mansion is opposite to the three-eyed clear spring, surrounded by green trees, which is very quiet. The gate is inlaid with iron, installed with copper locks, and in front of the door stands a stone lion and beast ring, and the snow-white pink walls on both sides are very powerful. The belly area of the mansion is a circular brick and wood structure of two-storey quadrangles, all built in the shape of the mainland government, with glazed tile eaves, which is extremely exquisite. There are no less than 70 or 80 houses on both sides of the four-story building, which are also one-color green bricks and green tiles. The entire mansion project is huge and costs countless.
The second mansion was built in the former residence of Ma Fuxing, three springs, similar in size to Liudao Lane. After the completion of the mansion, the three wives of Yunnan, Henan and Zhejiang, who had been abandoned in the early years, were brought to Xinjiang to share the glory. Since then, the Ma family has been rich and wealthy, with a large number of wives and concubines, eating mountain treasures and seafood, wearing Aya luo silk satin, living in pavilions and pavilions, and doing the most luxurious and luxurious things.
Third, Ma Fuxing Kashgar took up his post
After Yang Zengxin jumped from the former Qing Dynasty's Xinjiang Commandery to the viceroy of Xinjiang, in order to remove obstacles, he eliminated the hostile forces in Ili and Kashgar and hunted down the suspected elements of Dihua, and in the third year of the Republic of China (1914), he sent Ma Fuxing to Thetai of Kushi Rentitai and became a general guarding southern Xinjiang. At the same time, Liu Li'an was sent to Hetian as the head of the Foreign Affairs Bureau, and when they were about to break up, Yang Zengxin, Ma Fuxing, and Liu Li'an made an alliance in blood, vowed to share the hardships of life and death, and worked together to preserve their existing status.
After Ma Fuxing became the kashgar platform, in order to consolidate Yang Zengxin's dominance in Xinjiang, he wantonly slaughtered the people in the name of purging the Brotherhood. Anyone who was a threat to Yang Zengxin's regime would find an excuse to kill them. In the massacre of the purge, Ma Fuxing did his best for the Yang regime, and was praised by Yang for this. Ma Fuxing was even more fearless, as if he were the emperor of the earth. As soon as he arrived in Kashgar, he built a mansion and built a new three-story civil structure house for himself in Seoul (present-day Shule County), with dozens of them, and took the four ladies who lived in Dihua to Seoul to have fun. "The general's courtyard sings and dances, and the family wealth is full of wives" is a true portrayal of Ma Fuxing's corrupt life at that time. On this point, Comrade Bao Erhan's memoir "Fifty Years of Xinjiang" also revealed: "Kashgar, the so-called capital of the southern Xinjiang city, was the place where the security of southern Xinjiang was concerned. Soon after Yang Zengxin came to power, he sent his close associate Ma Fuxing, a Hui, to serve as a titai in an attempt to control it through religious and ethnic (motif) relations. Ma Fuxing was there to make a fortune, with a large number of wives and concubines, and also a wide range of fishermen and women, occupying public and private farmland, amassing folk wealth, abusing all kinds of corporal punishment, killing people's brothers and sisters, and killing people!!" Yang Zengxin ignored these things. ”
Around 1915, Ma Fuxing ordered the military and civilians to reclaim thousands of acres of wasteland, and the first reclamation area was located in the area of Caohu Lake in present-day Shule County, which later became the Ma family's sapper camp. After the sappers were stationed, they built a mansion for the Ma family, covering an area of about one square kilometer, divided into two courtyards, inside and outside, with corridors, pavilions and venues for Ma Fuxing to practice martial arts. The mansion is surrounded by a forest of fruit trees and green trees, and its scale is second only to the Wushi Liudao Lane Mansion.
The majia garden flourished around 1916. Ma Fuxing took his four wives to live in separate houses. The Ma family garden in Caohu lake is inhabited by The Lady of Henan. One day, when Ma Fuxing went to visit his wife in the garden, a shoemaker (a good friend of Ma Fuxing) and his wife were also invited to play. Ma Fuxing set up a wine banquet to entertain the shoemaker and his wife. After the banquet, Ma Fuxing asked the guests to play mahjong and dragged the guests. As the sun sets; the shoemaker and his wife want to say goodbye and go home, and the lustful Ma Fuxing is infatuated with the young and beautiful shoemaker's wife, and only lets the shoemaker return first. Do not let the shoemaker's wife return with you. The shoemaker had no choice but to pretend to go back. It was dark, and the Majia Garden was brightly lit and spent the day drinking. The shoemaker's wife gave Ma Fuxing a toast, and after several cups in a row, Ma Fuxing was drunk and sleepy. The shoemaker's wife sang a toast and issued a code call. The shoemaker hiding outside the courtyard heard his wife's song and threw a fire into the courtyard, and while everyone was fighting the fire, the shoemaker rushed into the courtyard, rescued his wife, and both left Kashgar and fled to northern Xinjiang. It is said that the Majia Garden was also turned into a ruin in the fire (legend of the old man).
Ma Fuxing also spent the money from the exploitation on the Four Mile Railing (in present-day North Railing Township) to rebuild a new nest of the Ma family. Forty mile railing mansion is more spectacular, all modeled on the architectural design of the Qing Dynasty period, octagonal pavilions, lanais, columns, yellow warblers in the willow shade, flowers and plants fluttering by the pool. In order to buy the hearts and minds of the people, Ma Fuxing also did several things in the local area, such as building a new scripture school in Seoul and inviting imams to teach scriptures. There are about 30 or 40 students in the school. The purpose of the teaching materials was mainly based on the Islamic Bible, and the purpose of learning was to strengthen his influence among the masses of the people and consolidate his dominance in southern Xinjiang: in order to communicate back to the Two Cities of Han and Majia Garden, so as to facilitate leadership and command, he also ordered the construction of two large wooden bridges on the main road from Kashgar to Majia Garden (now the headquarters of the 41st Regiment of the Third Agricultural Division). This is also objectively convenient for the masses of the people. At the same time, the Seven Mile Bridge and the two large wooden bridges under the long slope of the Chuhancheng (Shule) (near the eighteenth regiment of a certain unit of the People's Liberation Army) were also built when Ma Fuxing was stationed in Kashgar, and until after liberation, it was also connected by car. The structure of the bridge adopts the shape of a large wooden bridge in Guannei, the underwater part has been treated with anti-corrosion treatment, and the piers, bridges and bridge decks are Xinjiang poplar logs, with a diameter of 35 to 40 centimeters, which are strong and durable, and have been used for 30 or 40 years. On the side of the Mafuxing camp in Seoul (where the present-day Southern Xinjiang Military Region is located), he also built a new Hui mosque, which is grand in scale, deep and quiet, and is dedicated to Hui Muslims to chant the scriptures, which was destroyed when the "Cultural Revolution" broke the four old days; a few tens of meters to the left of the alley of the old post and telecommunications office in Huicheng (present-day Kashgar City), a mosque was built for Uyghur Muslims, which is still intact. Legend has it that Ma Fuxing dug several spring wells in the area of present-day Qili Bridge. The spring water is clear and flowing in all seasons, which can be used for consumption and rice field irrigation.
Fourth, the reason why Ma Fuxing was killed
There are several legends about the reason for Ma Fuxing's killing. Some say that during his reign in Kashgar, his life was rotten, he squandered, he was wanton, he was wanton, and he wantonly slaughtered good people. Some generals, guerrillas, and in order to curry favor with Ma Fuxing, sent him girls and women, so that Ma Fuxing had more than a dozen wives and concubines. Because Ma Fuxing was drunk and dreaming all day long, spending money like water, and the cost was very large, the monthly military salary was spent in six or seven days, and when there was no money to spend, he asked the local officials for it, and his words were rude, thus causing the dissatisfaction of the local officials. The Brotherhood of Hotan, Aksu, and Kashgar joined forces to make trouble against Ma Fuxing. Yang Zengxin is to stabilize the people's hearts. SendIng Ma Shaowu to wait for an opportunity to kill Ma Fuxing.
Another theory is that after Ma Fuxing guarded Kashgar, he received the original four ladies. Of the four ladies, only Madame Zhejiang was the most talented. She was intelligent and beautiful, had outstanding literary talent, could speak the Tao, was good at communication, often went in and out of the government, was well-informed, and was an unusual woman. Ma Fuxing had to find Madame Zhejiang for advice when he encountered a major event. In 1923, Mrs. Zhejiang gave birth to Ma Jiyun, and soon after, she handed Ma Jiyun over to Mrs. Lanzhou to take care of, and she visited her relatives and returned to Zhejiang. At that time, the warlord Cao Kun became the president. Soon after she returned to Zhejiang, she took a generous gift to Beijing to see Cao Kun. Cao Kun was very happy to see the lady with a generous gift, and gave back a sword of the Seven Lions and a set of general clothes, and asked the lady to return to Xinjiang and hand it over to Ma Titai. Who knew that when Lady Wanjiang sent things to Xinjiang, she was detected by Yang Zengxin, became suspicious of Ma, and became wary, so she sent someone to kill Ma Fuxing.
Ma Shaowu was a Hui who lived in Kashgar, he was proficient in Islamic scriptures, knowledgeable, and well-known in Kashgar Muslim religion, and once served as a right-hand man (minor judge) in Kashgar. Ma Fuxing's Yunnan lady was a disciple of Ma Shaowu, and she had great respect for Ma Shaowu, and when she saw Ma Shaowu, whether in the streets or in the public, she threw herself on her knees and called her "Master" in the streets and alleys. Ma Fuxing thought that he had lost his face, and in a fit of anger, he drove Ma Shaowu out of Kashgar.
Ma Shaowu dared to be angry but did not dare to speak, and he was powerless to resist, so he had to wait for the opportunity with a grudge. After leaving Kashgar, he went to Dihua to find Yang Zengxin to file a complaint. Yang Zengxin knew that Ma Shaowu was highly famous in religious circles and wanted to win over Muslims to his service in order to maintain his dominance in Xinjiang, so he placed Ma Shaowu as a county magistrate in Wushi County to observe whether he was loyal to him.
Not long after the incident, Ma Fuxing suddenly received an urgent telegram from Yang Zengxin from Dihua, ordering him to immediately invite Zhu Daotai, who lived in Shule County, to his house for standby. Ma Fuxing, of course, obeyed his orders. When it was dark, Zhu Daotai resigned, but Ma Fuxing said that he would wait for General Yang's order before leaving. When the sky was almost dawn, Yang Lai called and ordered Ma Fuxing to immediately take back Zhu Daotai's great seal and ask him to leave Ka as soon as possible. Zhu Daotai did not know the inside story, and rushed to Dihua to find Yang Zengxin to file a complaint, saying that Ma Fuxing intended to detain him. Yang Zengxin pretended not to know, accused Ma Fuxing of being bold and arrogant in front of Zhu Daotai, arbitrarily detained people, pretended to sympathize with Zhu Daotai, comforted him, and then sent him to Aksu to be the daotai. Zhu and Ma usually had more contacts, and Yang Zengxin intended to create a split from it in order to weaken Ma's power in Kashgar. From then on, Zhu Daotai was angry with Ma Fuxing and waited for an opportunity to take revenge.
Aksu is the only place for Dihua to pass through Kashgar, and letters from Guannei and Wushi must pass through Aksu. Zhu Daotai ordered all letters related to Ma Fuxing to be withheld; at the same time, he created public opinion that Ma Fuxing had claimed hegemony in Kashgar, monopolized power, and wanted to pursue independence in southern Xinjiang. Once, Ma Fuxing's letter to Yang Zengxin was again withheld by Zhu Daotai. Yang became more suspicious of Ma Fuxing when he could not receive Ma Fuxing's letter for a long time in Dihua, and recalled that Cao Kun had presented Ma with a sword and a general's uniform in Beijing, and he believed the rumor that Ma Fuxing wanted to be the king of Kashgar. So a plan was secretly drawn up to eliminate Ma Fuxing.
Fifth, Ma Shaowu killed Ma Fuxing
In 1914, Yang Zengxin summoned Ma Shaowu, the commander of the Ebo Bow Division, and his nephew Yang Gonglin to discuss a plan to kill Ma Fuxing. Ma Fuxing and Ma Shaowu are both Hui and believe in Islam; but the former belongs to the old sect and the latter belongs to the new sect, and there are contradictions between the two sects. Yang Zengxin took advantage of their contradictions and privately made a wish to Ma Shaowu, saying: "After the matter is completed, you will be the governor of Kashgar." Ma Shaowu was eager to avenge Kashgar's expulsion, so he was ordered to lead eight battalions of troops to Kashgar. Eber Bow and Yang Gonglin followed closely behind. When the troops arrived in Aksu, Ma Fuxing's brother Liu Lian, the head of the Hotan Diplomatic Bureau, immediately sent a message to Ma Fuxing. The letter reads: "It looks like you are about to be in trouble. Your enemies came to Kashgar for nothing else, but to get your head. You quickly fled, now it seems that it is not possible to take the main road, you have to quietly take a detour from Lop Nur to Yanqi, and then go directly to Dihua to ask General Yang to find out the reason. ”
Ma Fuxing, who was self-conscious, couldn't listen to Liu Li'an's persuasion at all. He thought to himself, when General Yang was killed, I risked my life to save him, how could he harm me? We are friends of life and death, which is absolutely impossible! Therefore, he sat back and relaxed, and spent all day wandering around with his wife. However, when Ma Shaowu led his troops to Bachu, Liu Li'an was anxious, and sent Ma Suizhi to report to Ma Fuxing, persuading Ma Fuxing to make a decision immediately and leave Lingshi immediately. Ma Fuxing still didn't believe it, and he also lost his temper with the messenger: "Lao Tzu just won't leave, see what these thieves and dolls can do to me?" When Ma Shaowu was approaching the Jia Division, Ma Fuxing woke up like a dream, panicked and overwhelmed. But he did not want to leave Kashgar, and said to wang yintan in Shufu County: "I will hand over the seal of the commander, and it is not a general." He immediately moved out of the Shuai Mansion and took up residence in the three-story brick and wood courtyard he had repaired in advance (now the garrison of the Southern Xinjiang Military Region).
As soon as Ma Shaowu arrived at the Jia Division, the soldiers were divided into two lus: one route, Chen Qingyu and An Zhongjie, led five battalions of soldiers from Artush straight to Shule to kill Ma Fuxing's eldest son Ma Jiwu (who was then the governor of Shule County): Ma Gangwu personally led three battalions of men and horses to capture Ma Fuxing.
Ma Fuxing was executed
On April 29, 1924, Chen Qingyu and An Zhongjie led troops into Shule County, surrounded Xietai Yamen, and killed Ma Jiwu on the spot. On the same day, Ma Shaowu surrounded Ma Fuxing's mansion and captured Ma Fuxing alive. The next morning, Ma Fuxing was stripped naked and tied to a cross outside the north gate of Kashgar. Ma Shaowu held a gun to him and said triumphantly, "Do you still recognize me?" Ma Fuxing scolded Ma Shaowu for being a thief and a dog bastard. Ma Shaowu was furious and personally shot Ma Fuxing to death. Ma Fuxing was fifty-eight years old.
When Ebo Bow and Yang Gonglin arrived in Kashgar, Ma Fuxing was dead. After understanding, I learned that Ma Fuxing did not have the heart to oppose Yang, died unjustly, and scolded Ma Shaowu for declaring a personal vendetta, not a thing. They returned to Dihua and told Yang Zengxin the truth about Ma Shaowu's killing of Ma Fuxing. Coincidentally, at this time, Yang received a letter written to him by Ma Fuxing before he died, and only then did he know that he had killed Ma Fuxing by mistake, but he regretted it. Ma Shaowu thought that he had made a meritorious contribution to killing Ma Fuxing and should sit firmly on the throne of the Viceroy of Kashgar; who knew that things were contrary to his wishes, but Yang Zengxin did not give him military power, but only named him Hotan Daotai. He ate a dumb loss and secretly scolded Yang Zengxin for not counting.
In the second year after taking care of the Ma family's affairs, Lady Lanzhou moved to Dihua with her children, looked for Yang Zengxin and complained, hugged Yang's leg, and said: "Ma Shaowu killed Ma Fuxing in a personal vendetta, causing me orphans and widows, homeless, if General Yang does not punish the criminals, I will crash and die at the feet of the general." Yang Zengxin knew that he was in a loss, and he had no choice but to pretend to be confused, and then gave Mrs. Lanzhou a sum of money and a hundred acres of land, and prevaricated the matter.
After Ma Fuxing's reign in Kashgar ended, the Majia Garden was turned into a military horse farm, and the Seoul mansion was demolished.
Sixth, the end of Ma Shaowu
After Ma Shaowu got rid of Ma Fuxing, he only became a Daotai. He knew that his own strength was insufficient, so he tried everything possible to expand the power of religion. He built a mosque in Kashgar. Once, on his way to the Ma Family Old Garden on the Fortitude Railing, he was shot in the right leg by Ma Fuxing's Yu Dang, and he escaped with his life. He was well aware of the dangers in Kashgar and asked to go abroad to treat his illness. Later, with the consent of Sheng Shicai, he went to the Soviet Union in 1935 and returned to Dihua the following year as the head of the civil affairs department. In the autumn of 1937, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Sheng regime, and his whereabouts are unknown.
After Ma Shaowu was imprisoned, the family property was confiscated. In 1939, his mother, wife, and children were exiled to Huiyuan County, Yining, where they lived together in a compound (the Kuomintang shelter), giving only two hours a day to go out to buy vegetables, and each person was paid eight yuan per month for living expenses, staying for two years. The caretaker in the house said, "You are the people, and as long as you find the guarantor, let you go." Ma Shaowu's fifth daughter, Ma Lichu, recalled: "At that time, I was only six or seven years old, and I remember my mother (Ruilian) dragging several brothers and sisters around to find a guarantor. At that time, Yining was in chaos. The mother found a Hui who was looking at the cemetery to explain her intentions. Because of the influence of his father's death, the gatekeepers in the cemetery joined forces with the local Hui people and raised a sum of money. After the imam came forward as a guarantor, the mother returned to Dihua with the whole family. ”
In 1946, the flames of the Revolution in the Three Districts burned all over the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. An uprising broke out in southern Xinjiang, the situation in Xinjiang changed greatly, and the prosperity collapsed. When Tao Zhiyue was the commander-in-chief, the confiscated property of Ma Shaowu was returned in full, and the lost discount compensation was compensated.
After liberation, Ma Shaowu's relatives participated in the work, the mansion was sold to the state, and the proceeds of 3,500 yuan were donated to Wushi to build roads, and another sum of money was used to support the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea for the purchase of aircraft (the amount is not clear).
Ma Shaowu's descendants are distributed in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and now there are many descendants, and under the care of the party, most of them are state cadres and workers, and they live happily.