Xinjiang is located in the middle of Eurasia, Ili is the throat of Eurasia, the strategic position is very important, is a strategic barrier to China's security and unification.
Delta of the Ili River Valley
During the Qing Dynasty, some scholars said: "Those who emphasize Xinjiang are therefore protecting Mongolia, and those who protect Mongolia are therefore Weijing Division." The northwest arm fingers are connected, the situation is complete, and there is no gap to take advantage of. If Xinjiang is not solid, then Mongolia will be uneasy, and the bandits on the sides of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Shanxi will invade and defend against it, that is, the Guanshan Mountains in zhibei will not have a day to sleep. ”。
At the beginning of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai: "As far as the chaotic situation in Xinjiang is concerned, there is only one person who can take on this big responsibility, and this person is Yunnan Mengzi Yang Zengxin, who is a scholar in the ugly year, and this person is handy in politics, military, and religion." Belonging to one place, one place can be smooth to the wind and rain, belonging to one side, one party can be rich in grain, belonging to one district, one district can be clean and evil, is a good official who wholeheartedly serves the people, such as a pure northwest wind blowing, in the official circles is very well-known. Several times I wanted to stay by my side for the benefit of my resources. But the Yang clan has the courage of Ban Chao and is determined to be on the frontier. According to this, there should be a reward for self-praise, which can be divided from the ancient feudal town, and it is not that the subjects are favored only to know the princes and do not know that there are kings, and the Yang clan has entered the discipline with literature, and there are ancient and modern strategies, which are not within my Yuan's reach, and the city government is deep, and it is not clumsy to explore."
Yang Zengxin and the scientific expedition team
After the Qing Dynasty incorporated the Western Regions into its territory, there was no good government and good policy on the issue of multi-ethnicity and religion, and the indigenous people of Xinjiang rose up in groups when they encountered trouble, and there were sometimes incidents of killing pagan masses. These people who believe in the Cult of God thousands of miles away are afraid of power and not virtuous.
In the troubled autumn of Xinjiang, the Brotherhood of Elders in various parts of southern Xinjiang appointed themselves, the Hami Uighur people in eastern Xinjiang rioted, spies from various countries in Ili in western Xinjiang frequently came and went, Mongolian soldiers from northern Xinjiang entered the Altay region to rob their homes, and the Tsarist Russia outside Xinjiang increased its troops on the border with the intention of annexing Xinjiang. One of the ten Han people shows the great difficulty of Yang Zengxin's acceptance of the seal.
The Wuchang Uprising of 1911, the Xinjiang Army's Second Battalion Brotherhood Mutiny and Wang Gaosheng's arson case. The League, in conjunction with the Xinjiang Brotherhood of Elders, launched the Dihua Uprising and the Ili Uprising, and the Ili general Zhirui and the Governor of Xinjiang, Yuan Hongyou, were killed in Yufuya.
The Brotherhood killed no less than 20 government officials across Xinjiang, known in history as the "Southern Xinjiang Officials" incident. Inspector Yuan Dahua, because the provincial military strength was insufficient, ordered Yang Zengxin to recruit back the army and horse team, and after Yuan Dahua returned to Beijing, he sponsored Yang Zeng to be the new governor of Xinjiang.
After Yang Zengxin came to power, he expanded the hui team to the fifteenth battalion, Ma Fuxing was a Yunnan Hui, an old officer of the Qing Dynasty, who was charged in Xinjiang for making a mistake, and Yang Zengxin was a fellow yunnan countryman and a leader of the old religion, and Yang Zengxin ordered him to lead the return team.
Yang Zengxin surveyed Xinjiang, and the return team played a key role in the consolidation of the new political power in military operations such as reinforcing and recruiting reinforcements, defending provincial cities, fixing southern Xinjiang, and suppressing the hui party.
In March 1913, the Hami Uighur people broke out an anti-royal rebellion, the authorities ordered him to "near Cha xun", Yang Zengxin temporarily recruited the local Fushengde store manager Yao Lebos as a translator, to understand the cause of the incident, and mediated, under the beckoning of Li Shoufu, the commander of the return battalion, to solve the Hami Weimin riot.
Yang Zengxin, who had the financial power of the army and shouldered the responsibility of defending one-sixth of the country's territory, spoke poetically.
A mountain stretches from north to south,
The Great Desolation of Wangu Xiongqisai.
The capital is no longer a Tang Dynasty government,
The Xiongnu were no more kings of the Han Dynasty;
The slanting goose with frozen white clouds,
Night moon burns the autumn grassland.
TaiShi heavy door now opened,
Why did Yuan Rong solidify border defense.
The Brotherhood of Elders in the Xinjiang army was the backbone and guest courage of the Xiang Army when Zuo Zongtang retook Xinjiang, and together with the rebels of the League, a new government was established in Ili, and Yang Zengxin adopted the strategy of "first leaving the nest and then relieving the military power" to disintegrate the Brotherhood, he ordered that the people from the interior be restricted from entering Xinjiang, and some of the main cadres of the Brotherhood were appointed to hold important posts at the provincial and local levels.
The head of the revolutionary party, Yang Miaoxu, was appointed as the capital of Kashti, and the rebel representatives He Jiadong, Hao Kequan, and others were bribed by Yang Zengxin with heavy money and dismissed themselves and returned to the interior. The infantry commanders Bian Yongfu and Wei Dexi were transferred to Dihua's post, and then Wei Dexi was sent back to the interior, and Bian Yongfu was escorted back to Gansu to be executed.
Ili Street view
Camel caravans
Yang Zengxin: Xinjiang's chaotic world is a Jedi, and the rule of the world is a taoyuan. In Xinjiang, there is actually only one battle, and after one battle, the jade is burned. You exhaust your human and material resources to fight a battle, but after the war you get only a wilderness where life is extinct and civilizations are annihilated. Therefore, in the oasis war in the west, there can be no winner.
Yang Zengxin wrote in the article: Xinjiang is like barren cattle, with skin and no meat, unlike the legendary rich, Xinjiang's officers and soldiers are millions of people who maintain it and are insufficient, while one or two warlords destroy it more than enough.
During the war with the Outer Mongol armies, Yang Zengxin set up wide eyeliners and issued notices warning spies who provoked national issues of right and wrong, cutting their tongues to those who instigated the demagogues, and shooting and killing all those who tried to subvert the frontier.
Yang Zengxin strictly prevented the Russian army from causing trouble in Xinjiang, and said to his subordinates, "Now there is great chaos in Russia. China is also in chaos, and if Xinjiang and Russia are united, we should be able to aspire to the northwest and break away from China's shackles."
In June 1912, the Russians instigated the Tiantian Conflict and took the opportunity to send troops to invade Kashgar, Yang Zengxin was helpless, paid 70,000 taels of silver, and sent the Russian troops out of the border. After the Russian army withdrew, he instigated the Hui general Ma Fuxing to organize the "First Year Muslim State", which was learned by Yang Zengxin.
Russian soldiers
Russian Cossack cavalry
Ma Fuxing knew how powerful Yang Zengxin was, let the concubine "Lady Hangzhou" move around in Beijing, bribed Cao Kun to buy a false title of "General of Jianwei", in a vain attempt to take Yang Zengxin's place, and Yang Zengxin decided to remove Ma Fuxing.
According to Jin Shuren's "Xinjiang Provincial Government Chairman Meng Zi Yang Gong Shape", "When the gong recruited back to the team, Si De returned to the hometown of the general as the leader. Suitable for Ma Fuxing, Yunnan Jianshui Hui, born in the army, Qing Guangxujian was sent to Xinjiang because of the case. Illiterate, sexually rude, tasted rice near Dihua Province for self-sufficiency, and fell backwards for twenty years. When the army was recruited, Gai was a former officer of the Hui nationality, and he was promoted to the rank of commander of the five battalions of the Hui army. ”。
Kim Shu-jin and the guards of his relatives he had found from his hometown
It is rumored that Ma Shaowu and Ma Fuxing had a long-standing grudge in their ancestors, and Yang Zengxin transferred Ma Shaowu, the governor of Wushi County, to teach Ma Shaowu, a famous Ah Hong in Hezhou, Gansu Province, who used his religious influence to recruit troops and buy horses among the Hui Zhehelin Ye sects such as Turpan and Shanshan.
Ma Shaowu, also known as Ma Shiying, is an influential religious and military Hui figure in Xinjiang.
In order to eliminate the influence of the Russians with religious influence on the Ma family's return team, Yang Zengxin did not hesitate to attack the return team he personally formed, and on this day, Yang Zengxin sent a banquet to the inspectors of the Ministry of Education.
As soon as the unincorporated guests of the mainland had settled down, Yang Zengxin once again shouted: "Cut Li Yin", and then casually beckoned everyone to eat well and drink well." As a result of Yang Zengxin's reputation, mainlanders rarely intervene in Xinjiang's affairs.
Yang Zengxin said: Outside Jiayu Pass, I am the only one who respects myself
Yang Zengxin wrote the couplet:
The republic has just opened its flavor of grass, shame on the five hegemons and seven heroes, and disputes do not ask about the Central Plains,
The side court has a Taoyuan victory, the sniper rate returns to the north, and the hun is long for the Taigu people.
Yang Zengxin said: "If we know that it is harmful, we should first get rid of it before the disease has occurred, and there will be no or appeasement." He also said, "The saints must also be fierce in their hearts and minds for the sake of the world."
The doctrine practiced by the Turkic Turkish people, which arose in the Middle East and Central Asia, penetrated into China's Xinjiang region through various channels and became a major scourge, and Yang Zengxin issued a strict order prohibiting the hiring of foreigners such as Turkey to serve as teachers and Akhon in Xinjiang, prohibiting the private employment of foreigners as Akhon, and strictly prohibiting Turks from entering the country to spread the so-called doctrine.
Turkish soldiers captured by volunteers during the Korean War.
Yang Zengxin issued a provincial government notice restricting relevant personnel from making hajj pilgrimages to Mecca, and Meswud, who had studied at a Turkish medical school, returned to China with several Turks to open a hospital in Ili, run a "Zajid" school, and teach in Turkish. Yang Zengxin banned the school and imprisoned Meswood.
In a secret order to his subordinates, Yang Zengxin said: "It is appropriate for our officials to use religion, respect the scriptures, and think that it is a strategy to connect the people's hearts and maintain the status quo... For the stalker Ah Hong, it must not be replaced for no reason, nor can it be abused for any reason, so as to maintain religion. ”。
Yang Zengxin stipulated: Only the original sect should be retained, no one should establish another sect, no new temple should be built without authorization, cross-regional dissemination was strictly prohibited, and government workers were not allowed to join the religion. Religious figures are not allowed to interfere in politics or manipulate local power, and strict restrictions are imposed on pilgrimage abroad.
Turks captured by volunteers during the Korean War
Yang Zengxin strengthened the government's management of monasteries on the principle of non-interference in general religious activities, and all practitioners were registered, making it clear: "If you want long-term peace and stability in Xinjiang, you will not use people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang to protect Xinjiang, which is a complete policy."
The officials he appointed at all levels had Backgrounds of Han, Hui, Uighur, Ha, and Mongolian nationalities; Rao Zi, president of the provincial council, was a Uyghur, Gui Fen, governor of Kuqa County, was a Manchu, Pan Zhen, director of the Finance Department, was Han Chinese, and Yin Ma Shaowu of Kashgar Province was a Hui citizen.
Xinjiang is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious region, and Yang Zengxin recognized the original titles of ethnic minority princes and nobles, protected their feudal privileges, and gave preferential treatment to the turbat tribal alliance chiefs, the hami kings, the turpan county kings, and the kucha county kings.
He said: "If once Xinjiang loses control of the political platform, there is a tiger vision of a strong neighbor on the outside, and a wolf greed on the inside, I am afraid that this great river and mountain will fall into the hands of foreign nationalities." It is explicitly forbidden for folk religious believers in Xinjiang to set up private Taoist churches, and for religious people coming from Gansu province, they will be surrounded and blocked at all levels, and strict precautions will be taken.
Yang Zengxin adhered to the policy of "recognizing the temple and not recognizing the gods", always recognized the central government, and tried his best to prevent the central government from interfering in Xinjiang affairs. Yang Zengxin was summoned to the provincial capital in the name of debriefing, and Feng Temin went for a walk in the East Garden after a banquet at the Governor's Office, where he was assassinated by ambushed soldiers.
Throughout his life, Yang Zengxin was poor and honest, hated corruption, and those who caught corruption and bribery must be severely punished. Xu Wenbin, the governor of Aksu County, bribed high-ranking officials and was executed by Order Of Yang Zengxin.
Yang Zengxin: "When there is great chaos, and when there is no way to be held accountable, everything is done desperately, and one part is counted as a share, and a corner is counted as a corner." He did not rely on the support of the central government, and worked hard to achieve a local financial balance, and at the time of the warlords in the Central Plains, he was in a safe corner of Xinjiang.
In order to spend financially and build Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin and the former Soviet Union agreed on the 30 Articles of the Ili Sino-Russian Trade Clause. As a result, Xinjiang regained the tariff rights it had lost for decades, and the extraterritorial jurisdiction, consular jurisdiction, and trade rights seized by Tsarist Russia were abolished. Necessary measures should be taken to encourage British and Russian businessmen to pay taxes according to the regulations.
After the October Revolution in Russia, Yang Zengxin adopted neutralism, refused to carry out the instructions of the Beijing government on supporting the old Russian regime, properly handled the intrusion of the defeated Soldiers of White Russia into Xinjiang, successfully preserved the integrity of Xinjiang, and relied on his own meager strength to guard the frontiers of thousands of miles, so that one-sixth of China's territory was safe and sound.