The Long March is a great initiative in human history and a journey of the Red Army to die.
In October 1934, due to the failure of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, most of the Central Soviet Area was lost, and it was about to be eaten away by the enemy, and the Headquarters of the Red Army could only lead more than 80,000 people to carry out strategic transfers. After experiencing many difficulties, the Red Army finally reached northern Shaanxi, and thus began to enter the sea and completely open the situation.
The reason why the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign failed was that a military adviser named Li De had a lot to do with it.
A German, Li De had great power in the Red Army and had married two Chinese women, but was recalled by the Soviet Union after the victory of the Long March and never came to China again.
So who is this Reed? Why can a foreigner occupy a leading position in the Chinese Communist Party? How did his two ex-wives fare after he left?
First, the mistaken hit by mistake Ofe, the fortress against the fortress strategy
Born in Munich, Germany in 1900, Li De joined the German Communist Party during World War I and carried out several years of revolutionary work in Germany. However, Germany was a hard fighter for communism, so Li De was soon arrested and imprisoned.
After two years in prison, Li De took the opportunity to escape from prison and go to the Soviet Union to study at the Frunze Military Academy.
The Soviet Union wanted to launch a wave of liberation in various countries in the world, so it did not discriminate because Li De was a foreigner, and arranged to work in the Comintern after he graduated. It was also here that Li De and Wang Ming became acquainted.
In the spring of 1932, Li De received a mission to Go to China, he was supposed to send money to the Soviet "Sorge Group" in China to save people, and when the mission was completed, he was ready to return to the Soviet Union, but he met Bogu in Shanghai.
Bogu is Wang Ming's hardcore, they have always regarded themselves as the representatives of the Communist International, want to firmly control the CCP, so they have always wanted to push out their own spokesmen from the army.
Just when the Soviets decided that the CCP lacked a strong military capable person, it sent military adviser Manfred Stern to the Central Soviet Region for guidance, but Manfred Stern was delayed. After some operation by Wang Ming and others, Li De was allowed to assume the role of this military adviser, and it was said that Li De could take the position with a bit of a mistake.
At the beginning of 1933, the Provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved from Shanghai to the base area of the Central Soviet Region. It was also in September of that year that Otto Braun came to Reggin and began to use the name Reed officially.
At first, Li De was still very aware of his own ability, bluntly saying that he was only an adviser and had no right to interfere in the Red Army's operations. But Wang Ming and Bogu did not think so, they first arrived in the Soviet area, in order to consolidate their position, they could only brag about how strong Li De's command ability was, so as to take over the command.
At that time, the main support of the CPC came from the Soviet Union, so the representatives of the Communist International still had a lot of weight, and after Reading the materials of the previous anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaigns, Li De had put forward more incisive views, so Li De became the supreme military leader of the Red Army.
But I did not expect that Li De's opinions were purely on paper, he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy, and his mind was full of Soviet regular army duels, very disregarding reality.
In September 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized hundreds of thousands of Central Troops to adopt the strategy of "fortress doctrine" to launch an offensive against the Soviet zone, and Chairman Mao proposed two methods at that time: First, the main force lurked first, lured the enemy with small units, and then waited for the Red Army to return fire when the enemy was tired and relaxed.
The second is to first break through with heavy troops, then go around to the enemy's rear to force the enemy out of the fortifications, and then use flexible combat methods to move and annihilate the enemy.
These two methods of warfare were the most suitable for the Red Army at that time, but Chairman Mao did not have real power at this time, and Li De, who was responsible for commanding the Red Army, was very dismissive of this, believing that it was only a war to fight the enemy head-on, so he used the fortress-to-fortress method to fight with the Nationalist army.
Such an approach was actually a fight for attrition, and the Red Army did not have such strength at that time. Therefore, after a year of fighting, the scope of the Central Soviet District was changed from more than 30 counties to 8 counties, sacrificing many excellent warriors.
The loss of land and soldiers is only one aspect, the most crucial thing is that under his command, many people have questioned whether the revolution can succeed, and the confusion of thought is the most serious.
Fortunately, at the Zunyi Conference in January 1935, everyone recognized Li De's mistake, and the command came into the hands of Chairman Mao, and a new chapter began, and the revolutionary form improved.
Li De's character was not bad, he was still able to participate in the Politburo meeting during the Long March, and he became more and more aware of Chairman Mao's correctness; later, after the Red First and Fourth Fronts army met, Zhang Guotao had the wrong idea, and Li De and Bogu both firmly supported Chairman Mao's policy of going north, and even when there was a conflict, Li Defen protected Chairman Mao in spite of himself.
Later, when he arrived in northern Shaanxi, Li De's life was not bad, until he was recalled to Moscow in August 1939, and he worked in the Soviet Union for a long time thereafter. In the Soviet-German war, because he was German, he was asked to carry out ideological reform of Nazi prisoners of war, and the results were very good. In 1949 the Soviet Union arranged for him to return to East Germany, where he died of illness in 1974.
His two wives in China have not been seen since he returned to the Soviet Union.
Second, the first wife Xiao Yuehua: a marriage of obedience
Li De's first wife was xiao Yuehua, her family was very poor, she was sent to the landlord's house as a child bride since childhood, and at the age of 14, she was forced to go out to do child labor. It was also in the factory that she came into contact with revolutionary ideas, joined the trade union, and joined the Communist Youth League at the age of 16 through the introduction of Qiu Yuerong, a communist party member.
After Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup, Xiao Yuehua accepted the organization and arranged to return to his hometown to carry out the struggle, and also served as a pro-democracy movement officer when the Nanchang uprising troops went south. In the following years, he worked in the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region. In August 1932, he was transferred to Ruijin as a clerk.
After Li De went to the Central Soviet District in 1933, he had a high status and always asked to find a partner for him, and many people introduced him at that time, one of whom was Xiao Yuehua. After matchmaking, Xiao Yuehua and Li De married in 1933.
However, the life after the marriage of the two is not very happy, Li De is not proficient in Chinese, language communication is very inconvenient, coupled with no emotional basis, the cultural differences between the two sides are large, so there are many quarrels.
It wasn't until Xiao Yuehua became pregnant that the situation improved, and when their child Ning Ning was born, she also had a relatively stable life. However, after the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, Xiao Yuehua entered the Kang Da to study, and only one day a week could return home.
Li De was very dissatisfied with this, he wanted to stop Xiao Yuehua, but Xiao Yuehua did not give up this opportunity for progress, so Li De ran to the school to make trouble, which made Xiao Yuehua even more dissatisfied, and simply did not want to go back that day.
During that time, Li De was very distressed, and at a dance party, he met Li Lilian, an actress from Shanghai to Yan'an, and the two gradually developed different feelings.
After graduating from Kang Da, Xiao Yuehua was assigned to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Trilateral Prefectural Committee as a women's minister, and when she returned home to get her things, she happened to bump into Li De and Li Lilian together. Xiao Yuehua did not cry or make trouble, calmly packed up her things and then applied for divorce to the organization, and soon ended the marriage.
In the following war years, Xiao Yuehua successively worked in the three eastern counties of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, the Jin-Cha-Ji base area, and the Chahar Military Region, and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, she was transferred to the Hunan Communications Department road maintenance department as deputy director, and later promoted to the director of the office of the Transportation Department.
In 1960, he was transferred back to the army to recuperate and was awarded the rank of colonel at the level of a full division. In 1982, she was adjusted from the level of a full division to a deputy military level, and the organization did not forget her contribution!
Xiao Yuehua died in Guangzhou in November 1983 at the age of 73.
In general, Xiao Yuehua's life was not greatly affected by Li De, and she was a very determined revolutionary herself.
Third, the second wife Li Lilian: the feeling of ending up without illness
Before coming to Yan'an, Li Lilian was already very famous. She is very beautiful and born with a good voice, at the age of 16, she became famous through the opera "Wang Zhaojun", and at the age of 17, she entered the Tianyi Film Company founded by the Shaw Brothers, starred in film and television works such as "Miss Shanghai Han Xiuwen", "Husband with a Wife", "Qiankun in dreams" and other film and television works, and was a popular singer and movie star at that time.
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Li Lilian joined the Shanghai Theater Circle Salvation Association and arrived in Yan'an at the end of 1937. Li Lilian can sing and dance, making the entertainment life of the people of Yan'an more abundant.
At a dance party, Li Lilian met Li De, saw this foreigner's face, she greeted her in skilled English, and did not expect Li De to fall in love with her at first sight.
Later, after many contacts, the relationship between the two became closer and closer, and finally they married in March 1938, just a few months after Li De and Xiao Yuehua divorced.
Li Lilian is fluent in several languages, can communicate with Li De normally, and both of them love to dance, so they meet to live in China for a lifetime.
However, on August 28, 1939, Li De received the news that he wanted to return to Moscow immediately, although he did not know what was going on, but Li De did not dare to refuse, before getting on the plane he hoped to take Li Lilian with him, but Li Lilian did not have a passport and visa and was not approved, and finally Li De could only leave alone.
Since then, Li Lilian has never seen Li De again, but she still pursues her own artistic career, serving as an assistant teacher in the music department of Lu Xun Art College in Yan'an, performing many dramas for the people of Yan'an, and contributing her own strength in the side.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Li Lilian also served as the director of the All-China Women's Federation's Children's Work Department and the Director of the Foreign Liaison Department, contributing to the cause of the United Front.
Li Lilian died in Beijing in 1965 at the age of 51.
Li De's two wives have not been affected by him, and they are still developing in their respective directions, which is the best ending.
As far as Li De himself is concerned, he can become the military commander of the CCP mainly relying on Wang Ming, Bogu and others, and because of his arrogance, the Red Army has made a lot of unnecessary sacrifices. However, looking at his performance after losing power, he did not secretly engage in means, or was bent on the right side.
Therefore, I personally believe that Li De's heart is not bad, but what he does is extremely bad.
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