Postal communication is an indispensable infrastructure for the survival and development of human society, and it is also an important part of the state apparatus, as early as half a century ago, Premier Zhou Enlai had "passed on thousands of miles of mail, and the national pulse is related", which shows that postal communication is the fundamental guarantee of the operation of the country.
Since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Central Plains have been unified, and its postal and communication system has inherited the Ming system, and the military activities of the kangyongqian and three dynasties have reached the peak of their territorial area and strengthened their rule over Khalkha Mongolia and Xinjiang. Its territorial scope eventually reached its peak in the Qianlong Dynasty, and in the face of new territories that were not directly ruled by the Ming Dynasty, the qing rulers also began to establish a postal communication system.
First, the meaning of the Qing Dynasty military platform
The establishment of military platforms in the Qing Dynasty accompanied the entire process of Kang Yongqian's use of troops in the Dzungars. It can be seen from the records of the Three Dynasties of Kang Yongqian and the "Strategy" revised by the Three Dynasties to pacify the Dzungar Wars that in the process of handling military affairs, the Qing people often used the word station to refer to the post transmission system.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, such "stations" were installed between different regimes or ministries, which had the meaning of post-transmission institutions, and it was customary to call the post-transmission institutions in Mongolia as stations, and these stations were mainly used for national defense and military services, sometimes called military stations or military stations.
Judging from the Qing Dynasty literature, Juntai does not only refer to the post-transmission institution, it sometimes has the meaning of transporting grain, which shows that the word Juntai actually has multiple meanings in the Qing Dynasty, the reason is that the meaning of the word Juntai is related to the station organization, the so-called juntai refers to the station institution used in military activities.
In other words, the military station here is actually a limitation of the Qing Dynasty station, which specifically refers to the station institutions set up during the period of military activities for military affairs, and the Qing Dynasty station institutions have broad significance, so the institutions that the military stations can refer to are also diverse.
In the Qing Dynasty, the term "juntai" was derived from the early Qing Dynasty station institution, which was originally a kind of fortification installed by the Manchus in the "middle of the country", and later used in war and garrison, with the function of sentry guard.
Manchu stations are actually imitating the Ming Dynasty nine-sided piers, in the post-Jin period, the Manchu stations in the construction and operation of the Ming Dynasty piers still have some similarities, and in essence they are all liaison and defense points, after the clearance, the Central Plains did not use piers to garrison, after the unification of all parties in the last years of Shunzhi, had ordered the installation of piers in dangerous places, at this time the station has not been clearly recorded for a long time.
Kangxi Emperor heir, the Qing Dynasty through the Ping San Fan, Ding Taiwan and other wars, decades of war so that the Kangxi Emperor paid special attention to the operation of military newspapers and military intelligence detectives, subsequently, the Qing Dynasty and Dzungar began the Qing Dynasty through the Three Dynasties of Kang Yongqian, the Kangxi Emperor in the preparation of military and grain transportation affairs, the use of the station to set up garrisons for the transfer of personnel and grain and grass, and pushed it into the Khalkha territory, soon used them to deliver military reports.
The Yongqian and Gansu dynasties continued to use the establishment of station institutions to handle military affairs, and these stations for military affairs were the direct cause of the concept of "military platform." In the process of handling military affairs, some temporary military stations were set up at times, and the military stations in Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang were used repeatedly since the beginning of the war, and with the permanent residence of the Qing Dynasty army, these military stations were eventually retained and became regular post-transmission institutions in the two places.
It can be seen from this that the broad concept of military platform should refer to the military station set up during the period of military use, and this kind of station organization is widely set up in various regions; while the narrow military platform refers to the military station transmission institution set up by the Kang Yongqian three dynasties on the newly opened territory, that is, the military station organization in the northwest and the northwest as considered by the Qing people.
2. The military and Taiwan organs of the Three Dynasties of Kang Yongqian were established
(1) The establishment of military and Taiwan institutions in the territory of Khalkha
The military and Taiwan institutions in the territory of Khalkha are generally called Altai military platforms, and these communication routes run through the Khalkha region, which were set up through the three dynasties of Kangyongqian, and were gradually installed in the war between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungars.
Until the nineteenth year of Qianlong, the establishment of military stations in the areas of Khalkha was finally finalized, and after Qianlong, the military and Taiwan organs in Khalkha were also adjusted from time to time, but they were still based on the twenty years of Qianlong's military and Taiwan line.
The establishment of the regional military-Taiwan route in Khalkha during this period had the following characteristics.
First of all, from the perspective of the direction of the establishment, the establishment of the local post-station military platform by the three dynasties was gradually approached from east to west to the Ardai Mountains, and finally completed the laying of the military-taiwan route in Khalkha until the establishment of the post-station agency that reached the general Kobdo's garrison.
Secondly, the reason for the recurrence of the withdrawal of military stations in Khalkha is the change of forces between the Qing and Zhun, and it can be seen from the changes in the establishment of military stations in Khalkha that the establishment of military stations is directly affected by the degree of establishment of ruling relations.
(2) Xinjiang region
The military and Taiwan institutions in Xinjiang, like those in Outer Mongolia, developed gradually with the stationing of the army in the process of establishment. The Qing army stationed in Xinjiang was basically dominated by the Tianshan Mountains, until the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), when the Lianghe Zhuo soldiers were defeated and fled west, and the military and Taiwan institutions in southern Xinjiang were stabilized.
There are also differences in the establishment of military stations in the two places, that is, compared with the tortuous process of military and Taiwan installation in the regions of Khalkha, the establishment of military stations in Xinjiang was mainly formed when the Qianlong Dynasty quelled the Rebellion of Amir Sana and The Great and Small and Zhuo Rebellions, and its installation time was actually shorter than that of the military stations in Outer Mongolia, and such a gap stemmed from the difference in the way of life in Xinjiang and Khalkha.
(3) The reasons for the formation of military platforms in the two places
Judging from the process of establishing military and Taiwan organs in The territory of Khalkha in Xinjiang, it is extremely difficult for the Qing Dynasty to establish a network of post-station transportation on the newly opened territory, and at the same time, it can be seen that the Qing Dynasty attaches great importance to the installation and adjustment of the military and Taiwan organs in the two places, after all, the post-station is a part of national defense, and judging from the history of these installations, there are actually the following three factors that determine the route of the military and Taiwan and lay the foundation for the establishment of the military and Taiwan.
First, the impact of military travel stations and grain transportation stations on military stations. From the perspective of political operation, the ancient society's post-transmission system is very important, but according to historical records, the military and Taiwan institutions installed in The Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang and Outer Mongolia were actually not initially out of the need to establish communication and mail, and when the Kangxi Dynasty used troops in Dzungar, the installation of military stations was to prepare for military travel and grain transportation.
With the northward march of the army, the West Road Yichuan system has been gradually established from Zhangjiakou, and according to common sense, it is speculated that the Yichuan system of the Feiyanggu line was established in the process of military marching, and this yichuan system was also the prototype of the Kangxi Dynasty Altai Military Platform Organization.
The second is the influence of front-line sentry organs on military stations. The front-line sentry organization is a kind of military organization set up in dangerous places during the march to detect the enemy's situation, and this kind of organization is often installed in the border areas, and when the Three Dynasties leveled the war, it can also be seen from the historical data that such institutions were frequently installed.
However, according to historical data, it can be found that the sentry defense agency can be converted into a military station transmission agency in many cases. With the expansion of the Qing army's power, the institutions that were earlier used as front-line sentries would also be transformed into post-transmission institutions in turn.
Setting up military and Taiwan institutions in Xinjiang and Outer Mongolia is a difficult task, and creating a transportation network in a place where there has never been a post-transmission organization requires a lot of manpower, material resources, and time.
The establishment of the northwest military and taiwan institutions has gone through three dynasties, which also shows that its installation was not achieved overnight, and the exploration of the route and the resettlement of the Cheng station in the early process of marching and grain transportation laid the foundation for the establishment of the military station, and at the same time, the sentry and defense institutions set up on the front line were also changed into the military and Taiwan route in turn with the advance of the barracks.
III. Organizational Methods and Management of Military and TaiwanEse
The Qing Dynasty military platform began in the Territory of Khalkha during the Kangxi Dynasty, and gradually formed its own unique system and regulations in the process of development, which were different in terms of personnel, regulations, organization and environment from the Tang Station and the inland post station that were also set up by the military, and finally formed a unique system of military platform.
After Qianlong, the military and Taiwan institutions in Xinjiang were finally completed in an all-round way in the north and south of Xinjiang, and what the Qing people called the military platform was finally completed through the Kangyong and Qian dynasties. The effective operation of a thing requires multi-faceted management and maintenance, and the reason why this military and Taiwan organ connecting five thousand miles in Khalkha can operate reasonably and effectively is that in addition to relying on the real-time adjustment of the route set up by the military and Taiwan organs, there is also the implementation of unified management of the personnel sitting on the stage, the timely addition of means of transport, and the real-time supervision of the military station.
Since the Kangxi Dynasty, in order to effectively manage the military and taiwan institutions along the Khalkha territory, the imperial court has adjusted the officials, servants, and means of transmission and transportation on the military platform, and the imperial court has continuously adjusted personnel and tools, and sent ministers to investigate in real time.
Since Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty has formed a relatively complete system for the management of military stations, and from the term of office of the personnel sitting on the stage to the sale of military stagecoaches, there are established regulations and methods for handling all aspects of military stations.
The reason why the military platform was able to convey the news thousands of miles away to the emperor was because the personnel stationed in Taiwan along the route were exerting their functions, and they shouldered the task of managing the military platform and realizing the function of the military platform according to their different identities and positions.
According to the Jiaqing Dynasty's "Central Political Examination", there are many types of personnel handling the affairs of the two armies and taiwan in the northwest, and according to the size of their powers, they can be divided into three levels.
The first is the stationed in Taiwan at the lowest level, who are responsible for most of the postings, they belong to the managed, through obedience to the specific orders of the superiors to transmit mail and communication, these people are the largest number, most of the stagecoaches are residents living nearby, they were installed in the military station during the special period to deliver documents, after the end of the war, because the military station institutions were not abolished, so many civilians were attached to the military station for life;
The class that directly manages these stagecoaches is divided into two levels, the first is the grass-roots stationed officials, who are selected by the central government to the military platform, and ensure that this layer of management officers can basically popularize the entire military and Taiwan institutions, they sit on the stage on schedule, and during their term of office, they are mainly responsible for handling the documents of the hierarchical operation and managing the low-level stagecoaches;
The personnel who manage this part of the grass-roots seated officials are local officials in charge of the platform, and the Military Platform in the Qing Dynasty is usually divided into block areas according to the mileage and military garrison. The Qianlong Emperor ordered each place to set up one to two ministers and not equal to a number of bodyguards, and these ministers also took charge of Taiwan affairs, and although the number of military stations under their jurisdiction was somewhat variable, their powers and responsibilities were unified, that is, they were responsible for supervising the delay in reporting the service of the military stations along the line.
The reason why military newspaper information can be transmitted thousands of miles away mainly depends on the three layers of personnel of the military and Taiwan institutions performing their duties, such a personnel arrangement is the result of the joint practice of the three emperors, the Kangxi Emperor will be the military newspaper communication experience set up during the Ping San Fan set up in the khalkha territory, yongzheng Qianlong two emperors inherit the father's management mode, handle military affairs, can effectively handle military affairs, manage the frontier.
epilogue
The emergence of the military platform actually stemmed from the needs of military communications construction during the Kang Yongqian period, and the reason why it was named after the word "military platform" was closely related to the qing Dynasty station.
Judging from the process of the establishment of military platforms, the extension and adjustment of military stations are closely related to the military activities of the three dynasties in the northwest and northwest. From the perspective of the management of military and Taiwan affairs, the Qing Dynasty military platform is not only related to the governance of the frontier, but also part of the post system, and the rulers regard it as a part of national defense affairs, so the understanding of the military platform can also make us have a certain understanding of the national defense cause in the Qing Dynasty.