The queen is like the sun
In her gentle sunlight
Poor people like me
to be able to grow prosperity very well...
This is a passage that Agubai, who invaded Xinjiang in the 1870s, said to the Queen of England, like poetry, but disgusting. At that time, our motherland was in an eventful autumn of backwardness and beating, and the people of Xinjiang formed a number of local separatist forces to oppose the Qing, and The Kirgiz kyrbek, who occupied the city of Kashgar (present-day Kashgar) in southern Xinjiang, begged for help from the Central Asian khanate of Kokand, causing Kokand's military leader Agubai to enter southern Xinjiang in the spring of 1865.
The State of Kokand was founded in the sixteenth century by a line of Uzbeks who migrated south from the former Golden Horde to the river, and in the nineteenth century it was a protectorate of the Qing Dynasty and annexed to the Qing Empire, which greatly reduced its military pressure and later provided the conditions for territorial expansion. Taking advantage of the decline of the Qing Dynasty, this small, once vulnerable state soon controlled the Kazakh steppe and a vast area west of the Pamir, stretching from the Syr Darya River in the north to the Aral Sea in the west, to India in the south, spanning the four Central Asian states (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) except for present-day Turkmenistan, and began to become somewhat ambitious.
The main inhabitants of Kokand are Uzbeks, followed by Tajiks, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, and the core area is in the Fergana Basin, which includes the cities of Kokand, Andijan, Margilan and Namangan, with a population of about 1.5 million by the mid-19th century. Its leader, Madari Khan, who had vigorously supported the rebellion of the Hui and Zhuo descendants in Xinjiang, China, was killed in a civil unrest in 1842, which led to a political upheaval in the country until it was annexed by Tsarist Russia in 1876.
Born in a village near Tashkent, Agupa, a native of Kokand, his parents divorced at a very young age and lived with his remarried mother, unable to even figure out his own clan. After a few years, his mother died, and the family of his mother who remarried was reluctant to take him in, so he had to turn to his sister. Because his sister's life was not very good, he was reduced to a street orphan when he was a teenager. Because of his good looks and good dancing, he became a "Bartcha" (a dance boy dressed as a woman) who danced on the street. Others say he is a child prostitute. The word "lou" is not very good, it is also very cruel, we can look it up on the Internet.
Around the time of his coming of age, Agubai was favored and transferred to Madali Khan in Kokand and became the guard officer of Madari Khan. Later, Agupa defected to the governor of Tashkent and married his sister to the governor, thus making a name for himself in the military and political circles of Kokand.
After receiving Si Ti Ke's request for help, Agu Bai entered Kashgar with a "holy descendant" Of Busuluk and a "team" of ten people, and began to plan a mutiny, hoping to drive Si Di Ke out of Kashgar City. Agupa, with his soldiers and staff, said that it was to protect and assist Busuluk, but in fact, Busulu had no opinion and became a puppet manipulated by Agubai. In March 1865, Agubai led only 100 cavalry to attack Stil at night, defeating Stil's forces and receiving the surrender of some Stil forces, quickly forming an army of thousands of soldiers. Subsequently, the "Jedshaar Khanate" was established with Bussuluk in April 1865.
In 1867, Agubai launched another mutiny, ousted Busuluk from power, captured Aksu, unified southern Xinjiang except Kucha, abolished the "Zhedshar Khanate", established the "Hongfu Khanate", and became the "king" himself. In 1868, the British sent envoys to meet with Agupa to recognize his power, and the following year, Agubai also sent his close confidant Mirza Shadi to India to meet with the British governor and win British support. The British decided to give him a large amount of arms and allowed them to recruit craftsmen in India to return to Kashgar to set up an arsenal.
Aguber's "poems" were formed during this period, and Bao Roger's Biography of Agubberk said that in order to gain the protection of England, Aguber brazenly said to the British envoys: "The queen is like the sun, in her gentle sunshine, poor people like me can thrive very well", and declared that "from here to London, anyone can come and go freely". The image of its wagging tail begging is exposed.
At the end of 1873, the British sent Douglas Forsyth to kashgar with a huge delegation of 300 men, where they handed over to Agubai the Queen's letter and 10,000 rifles and 8 artillery pieces from the British and Indian governors, and the two sides signed the Treaty of Britain and Kashgar that divided Chinese territory the following spring. Later, in 1875, Agupa bought 6,000 new rifles and 12 artillery pieces from Turkey, forming a million-strong bandit army in southern Xinjiang (in fact, the standing army was only 60,000 people). It consisted of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, and was equipped mainly with British and Russian weapons. Infantry were equipped with flintlock guns, arquebusiers, lifting guns, firing pin guns, and burst guns, and artillery was equipped with Krupp and Armstrong cannons).
It was precisely because of these bandits that Agubai used them as a cunning to plunder their minions and carry out cunning and shameless exploitation. Ji Dachun's "Agubai's Invasion of Xinjiang and Its Re-Annihilation": The people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are living in a desperate situation under the rule of Agubai, and more and more people are becoming slaves. A robust male slave sold for forty silver coins at the Kashgar slave market. Many slaves were sold to Central Asia, the Badak Mountains and even Turkey. Agubai himself had hundreds of concubines and three thousand slaves. These were the darkest, most difficult and difficult years that the people of Xinjiang had ever experienced.
In 1876, in order to maintain national unity and territorial integrity, the Qing Dynasty adopted Zuo Zongtang's suggestion and recaptured Xinjiang by force. In April of that year, the Qing army swore an oath in Suzhou (present-day Jiuquan), and the general of the Xiang Army, Premier Liu Jintang, conducted camp work, led the army into Xinjiang, and soon received the old pasture land, Urumqi, Manas and other places. In the spring of the following year, the Qing army marched into southern Xinjiang in three ways, and within half a month, the three cities of Daban, Toxun, and Turpan were connected, and the gateway to southern Xinjiang was opened.
Just as the Qing army began to move south, Agubai panicked and died suddenly in Karashar (Yanqi County, Xinjiang) on May 29, 1877. From October of that year, the Qing army first recaptured the four cities in the eastern part of southern Xinjiang, and then took advantage of the internal turmoil of the enemy to rush into the western four cities, and The son of Agubai, Burke Huri, fled into Russia with the remnants. On January 2, 1878 (November 29, 1878), the Qing army recaptured Hotan and won the final victory in the battle to retake Xinjiang.
Recounting this history today, many friends will ask: Why did the Agubai bandits, who are known as the "million army", be vulnerable in front of the Qing army? There are two reasons for this: First, the universal truth of the world will be won and justice will triumph, and people should believe that no unjust war from ancient times to the present can achieve an upright victory in the face of justice; second Chinese, the people of all ethnic groups of the Chinese nation oppose the oppression of foreign nationalities and must use the means of resistance to lift this oppression.
In the battle to retake Xinjiang, the Qing army was like a bamboo, galloping 2,000 miles a month, and was warmly welcomed by the people of all ethnic groups everywhere it went, and Uyghur historical records say that "no town has fired a bullet at His Majesty the Emperor's army." On the contrary, many of the good people of the town did what they could for the emperor's army." In this regard, Bao Luojie, author of "The Biography of Agubai Burke", commented: "This is the most noteworthy event that has happened in Asia in the past 50 years, and at the same time, this is the most glorious achievement made by a Chinese army led by Chinese since Qianlong sent troops to this region more than a century ago!" ”
Now, let's gaze at the motherland together and sing this poem—
If I were a bird,
I should also sing with a hoarse throat:
This land that has been hit by the storm,
This river of our sorrow and indignation that perpetuates,
This endlessly blowing furious wind,
And the incomparably gentle dawn from the woods...
- And then I died,
Even the feathers rotted in the ground.
Why do I always have tears in my eyes?
Because I love this land so much...
This is our Xinjiang, our motherland! (Text/Lu Sheng)
Participating Literature:
1. Ji Dachun, "Agubai's Invasion of Xinjiang and Its Re-annihilation" (Historical Research, No. 03, 1979)
2. Bao Roger's Biography of Agubai Burke (The Commercial Press, 1976)