Reading the "Scriptures": Xunzi Persuasion (Excerpt)
Gentleman: Learning is not enough.
Blue, taken from blue, and blue from blue; ice, water for it, and cold from water. The wooden straight rope, the wheel, its curved standard. Although there is violence, those who do not stand up again, they will make it so. Therefore, the rope of the wood is straight, the gold is sharp, and the gentleman is erudite and the daily reference is self-conscious, then he knows and acts without fault.
[Comment] Gentleman: Refers to a learned and cultivated person. Cyan: Indigo, a dye. Blue, indigo, an annual herb with reddish-purple stems and oblong-oval leaves, dark blue when dry. The flowers are pale red, spike-like inflorescence, beary fruit, dark brown. The leaves contain blue juice and can be used as a blue dye. Medium (zhònɡ) rope: (wood) conforms to straightened ink thread. Carpenters use straightened ink threads to straighten them. Róu (輮): Passing the "煣", bending the wooden strips with fire (a handicraft).
Xanth: Dry. Pù: Same as "exposure", sun-dried. Gold: Refers to a sword made of metal, etc. Lì: Whetstone. Reference: one translation test, inspection; two translations are the same as "three", multiple times. Knowledge: Through "wisdom", wisdom.
The gentleman said: Learning cannot be stopped.
Indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but is darker than bluegrass; ice is made of water condensation, but it is colder than water. The wood is straight enough to conform to the straightened ink line, and it is made into a wheel by the process of casting, so that the curvature of the wood meets the standard of the circle. Even if it is dried up by the wind and the sun, the wood will no longer be straight, because it has been processed to make it like this. Therefore, the wood can be straightened by the amount of ink thread and then processed by the assistive device, the sword can become sharp after being sharpened on the whetstone, and the gentleman learns extensively and examines himself every day, then he will be wise and wise and there will be no fault in his behavior.
【Extended reading】Qing, why is it "blue in blue"?
Although indigo is called "blue", but its flower color is purple-red, the leaves are green, people can not imagine that it has any relationship with blue; however, it is generally used as a dye is its leaves, the stem and leaves of indigo contain a substance called indigo (dài, a kind of organic compound), after being impregnated with warm water, the indigo in the stem leaves of indigo is leached to make a dye, the dye is fully absorbed by the fabric, first dyed yellow-brown, wrung out and then hung up, indigo is oxidized by oxygen in the air into blue pigment, generally called indigo.
The philosophical saying "Qing, taken from blue and blue from blue" is summed up from china's ancient printing and dyeing production process. Around the Neolithic Age, people found that there was a kind of purple and saffron grass growing in the field, called indigo blue (also known as blue grass), plucking the leaves, rubbing it in the hand, its yellow-green juice would stain the fingers, and in a moment it would become a beautiful blue-green; if the fabric was rubbed with this fresh leaf, the fabric was dyed blue, so it was very early on when people picked bluegrass to dye it.
Dyeing fabrics with wild indigo has many drawbacks. Silk, in particular, is thin and soft, how can it withstand such rubbing? Later, it was stained by using warm water impregnation. As early as three thousand years ago, the working people of our country have already adopted impregnated bluegrass to dye. When dyeing linen or other plant fiber fabrics, lime is also added to the dyeing solution to enhance alkalinity and make the fabric dye better.
The ripening period of indigo is about July to September, and the composition of the flowering indigo will gradually decrease, so it is necessary to grasp the season with fresh leaves to impregnate and dye blue. Because of this, the labor intensity of blue dyeing operations is very high.
Under the brutal rule of the slave owners and nobles of the Zhou Dynasty, slaves were often forced to complete the blue dyeing work required for one year in a relatively short period of time (cutting blue grass, making dyeing liquid, dyeing fabrics). In order to complete the blue dyeing operation, the slaves had to start harvesting bluegrass and dyeing blue from May and June in advance, which was recorded in the ruling class's "Ritual Moon Order": "In midsummer, the people should not cut the blue to dye", and viciously prevented the slaves from harvesting the bluegrass in advance.
The Spring and Autumn Period was a new era in which a large number of slaves rose up to revolt, and the magnificent slave revolution created the conditions for the rapid development of the productive forces, when blue dyeing workshops appeared in large numbers. In the blue dyeing workshop, the original method of impregnating and dyeing with fresh leaves has not adapted to the new requirements, often due to the untimely impregnation, so that the dyeing solution of a pool ferments and oxidizes on its own, becoming a muddy blue precipitation and scrapped. At this time, the use of sake lees and lime to ferment hydrolyzed indigo, make indigo, and then reduce to indigo, can also be dyed, so there is no need to dye with fresh leaves, and the blue dyeing operation does not have to grab the season. After the indigo is harvested, it is first made into a puree indigo, which is fermented when it is to be dyed, and can be dyed at any time of the year. This major discovery promoted the widespread cultivation of indigo, and at the same time, blue dyeing workshops began to spread throughout the countries of the Warring States period. By the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the blue dyeing process technology was quite mature. For example, in the precious cultural relics excavated from the Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb in Changsha, there is a piece of Qingluo that is dyed with indigo, and the natural indigo used is exactly the same as the currently known indigo by the relevant units by thin layer chromatography. It was only around the 100th year BC that Indigo was produced in India, and they used the urine fermentation method to dye it blue.
In the slave society of the Zhou Dynasty, the ruling class had special rules on the color of clothing, "to the degree of nobility and inferiority.". At that time, cyan blue was the color of the common people's clothing. With the social changes of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a large number of liberated slaves became peasants under the feudal system, wearing blue linen clothes; the emerging landlord class wore silk dyed blue or purple. The more people wear blue clothes, the cultivation of bluegrass is more common.
In the fifth century AD, Jia Sixun of the Northern Wei Dynasty described in more detail and in detail the experience of the working people in China in planting bluegrass in the "Qi Min Zhi Shu", and for the first time recorded the method of making indigo with bluegrass. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, due to the continuous expansion of trade between China and the East and the West, indigo also became a commodity exported to West Asia and spread to Europe; China's dyeers also crossed to Japan to teach the technology of dyeing with blue.
By the Ming Dynasty, indigo dyeing had become an important department of printing and dyeing production, and the ruling class also specially ran the "Blue Indigo House" to dye royal clothes. At that time, Song Yingxing's book "Tiangong Kaiwu" recorded that five kinds of bluegrasses, such as tea blue (that is, pine blue), indigo blue, horse blue, Wu blue, and amaranth blue, could be produced, and described the blue-making method at that time, observing that the solid indigo made was "hidden in the color of red flames", indicating that the working people of our country had noticed that there was still a small amount of indigo in natural indigo, and indigo was not separated from Europeans until the eighteenth century.
In sixteenth-century Europe, Henry IV of France felt restless due to the increase in the import of indigo from the East, and he cursed indigo from China as "the food of the devil, a poisonous medicine" and ordered a ban on its import, "as if it were to be used as a death sentence". But contrary to this old stubborn desire, indigo is increasingly imported from the East to Europe. In the nineteenth century, France also specially imported indigo seeds from China in order to change the backward state of local blue production. At the same time, our country's indigo was also introduced to the Caucasus region of Russia.
【Further reading】Blue eye
Although he was not formal, he spoke far away and did not deny the characters. Sex to filial piety, mother to the end, is playing Go with people. The right one asks for a stop, and the one who stays and gambles. Drink two buckets, raise the number one, and vomit several liters of blood. Pei Kai went to hang himself, and when he was drunk, he looked straight at it, and Kai went away after hanging him. He can also be a man of green and white eyes, and a man of etiquette and custom, and a man of white eyes. And Ji Xi came to hang, by virtue of white eyes, joy did not shy away. Xi Di Kang smelled it, it was a wine and a piano to make a yan, and by the great joy, it was to see the blue eyes. --Tang Fang Xuanling, "The Biography of Jin Shu and Ruan Book"
[Translation] Although Ruan Zhi is not limited to etiquette, his speech is far-reaching and does not comment on the good or bad of others. He was particularly filial by nature, and when his mother died, he was playing Go with others. The opponent asks for a suspension, and Nguyen remains with the other party to finish the game. Afterwards, he drank two buckets, cried loudly, and vomited several liters of blood. Pei Kai went to Pinghang, Ruan Ji was draped, sat down, drunkenly looked straight, and Pei Kai left after mourning. Ruan Zhi will also do green and white eyes, and when he sees a secular person who advocates etiquette and righteousness, he will use his white eyes to face him. When Ji Xi came to mourn, Ruan Ji looked at him with a blank eye, and Ji Xi was very unhappy and withdrew. When Ji Xi's younger brother Ji Kang heard about it, he visited him with wine and a violin, and Ruan Ji was very happy and showed blue eyes.
〇日就月將先生問: "Qing, taken from blue, and blue from blue." In this sentence, "blue" refers to ( ).
A. Blue B. C. C. Bluegrass