ZhiRui was the last Ili general of the Qing Dynasty and an important bamboo writer of the Qing Dynasty. He was bent on saving the decadent Qing Dynasty and was a very loyal "royalist" who eventually ate the bullets of the Xinjiang revolutionaries during the Ili Uprising on January 7, 1912, and died a terrible death. But he still had some merits, such as the discussion of some problems in Xinjiang at that time.
Zhi Rui was a scholar, and in his body seemed to have the arrogance of the old literati, and in the Sino-Japanese War, tens of thousands of words were neglected to talk about the strategy of war and defense, and they asked themselves to recruit brave fortifications, and then went to Rehe to train troops. Later, he successively served as counselor general of UriaSutai and general of Hangzhou, and was transferred to general of Ili in 1911. He had an important proposition of "fighting for border troubles, insulting foreign countries, and raising salaries and training troops to save the crisis situation", which was a powerful voice for the Qing court, which was dying at that time, and was also a member of the main war faction.
ZhiRui stayed in the position of general of Ili for less than two months, and some people thought that he did not know much about Xinjiang, in fact, this statement was not true, because he loved to talk, loved to express his main battle ideas, and his official position was repeatedly degraded, but he always regarded this improper thing, loved to do it, was willing to do it, and at that time he was also a doer. When he was the counselor of Ulyasutai, he was invited by the Ili general Chang Geng, and Zhirui was sent by the imperial court to Xinjiang to participate in the "Si Yazi Huiyu" (Russian transliteration, meaning arbitration committee or trial court), which is equivalent to being a judge, and working with Russian officials at the border to clean up and try some backlog of disputes between Chinese and Russian border residents, and in only half a year, hundreds of cases were closed, so that "Chinese and foreign people will exchange praises.".
This shows that Zhirui's work ability is not bad, and he can do some things. In 1899, he was demoted to Ili as the leader of the Solon battalion, a position that could only lead soldiers, could not participate in local affairs, and could not give the court a separate fold. He was very depressed, but he did not sink there, and he still thought that one day he would be reused and do something for the imperial court again. To this end, he often went out hunting as a name, did some military investigations on the local passes, and made a person with a heart for future use. This work has been 5 years, and the military geography of Ili and the surrounding situation are already very familiar to him, and they are packed in his heart.
In 1904, ZhiRui was sent to Kashgar to clear the backlog of Sino-Russian border people's disputes. There is a large backlog of cases in this place, which lasts a long time, and some cases are even more impossible to investigate in the eyes of others, and cases cannot be closed. However, he closed nearly 2,000 cases in less than half a year, which not only took into account the interests of both parties, but also allowed Russian officials to take advantage of the gap; it not only left a good reputation in the local area, but also aroused the re-attention of the imperial court to himself.
In 1911, in order to stabilize the border, the imperial court decided to transfer ZhiRui, who was then the general of Hangzhou, with the general Of Ili, Guangfu, and Zhirui hurriedly took office; in addition to the proposition of "suffering from border troubles, insulting foreign countries, and raising salaries and training troops to save the crisis", he also wanted to work with Yuan Dahua, the governor of Shaanxi at that time, Shengyun, the governor of Shaanxi, and Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, to bring the young emperors of the Qing Dynasty to the northwest to "partial security", and to turn the tide of the tide and help the general of the building. This matter did not succeed, but also let him into the dead end of life, we only say that we are talking about some of the views and views on the governance of Xinjiang put forward in the proposition of "not achieving fighting".
At that time, Zhi Ruishang forced foreigners to "travel" to Xinjiang, and even believed that foreigners should be banned from entering Xinjiang. In his view, most of the foreigners who came to Xinjiang at that time were "missionaries" and "explorers," and the "missionaries" appeared to have come to run schools, but in fact brought very bad ideas to Xinjiang, and in later words, they were "pan-Islamist" and "pan-Turkic" trends of thought; "explorers" ostensibly came to explore and investigate culture, but in fact came to plunder cultural relics and cultural resources, and some even spies paved the way for military aggression and drew military maps of invasion routes.
The problem of "missionaries" has a long history, and we will not say much here, except that the "explorers" plundered artifacts or were later proven to be spies. There were too many "explorers" from the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China to Xinjiang, and we will only talk about a few of the more famous ones: Robert Shaw, Stein, Sven Hedin, Przewalski and a few others.
Robert Shaw is the first British explorer to cross the Himalayas from India into the hinterland of Xinjiang, around 1874, when he spread the "mysterious" information obtained from the expedition to Britain, triggering the vision and yearning of british adventure-loving and exciting young people for this land. The most famous of these is one of his nephews named Rong Hyuk Peng.
From 1903 to 1904, together with Sikkim Political Commissioner John Claude White, he led a British expedition to Tibet, invaded Tibet under the banner of resolving the sikkim-Tibet border issue, and on August 3, 1904, aimed his cannon at the Potala Palace, forced the Tibetan region to sign the Treaty of Lhasa, forced Tibet to open a number of trading ports, and also received some compensation, destroying Tibetan civilization and plundering Tibet's wealth.
The path that Robert Shaw followed was later followed by many so-called explorers, that is, from Xinjiang from Hotan or Kashgar to the Karakoram Pass at an altitude of 5570 meters, through the Karakoram Corridor across the Karakoram to Kashmir, and then through the Himalayas to India. This road has been called by many as the "road full of sorrows", and Stein, who is well known to Chinese, has also walked, making him the main "collector" of Dunhuang and Central Asian cultural relics held by Britain and India today. It is well known to everyone that he not only used India to find the story of the Tang monks' testaments, deceived the foolish Wang Daoist trust, cheated a large number of Dunhuang cultural relics, and also brutally excavated on the land of China, transported a large number of cultural relics with camels, and exhausted camels on the road.
Stein came to China in four parts, namely 1900-1901, 1906-1908, 1913-1916, 1930-1931, received countless Chinese cultural relics, but also destroyed countless Chinese cultural relics, the first 2 times and robert Shaw and his nephew came to China earlier than Zhi Ruili Chen foreigners to "travel" to Xinjiang, it seems that Zhi Rui's statement is not unfounded, and the "prohibition" he proposed is not unreasonable.
Sven Heding had a good reputation as an explorer who came to China, but when he discovered the ancient city of Loulan, he actually planted the Swedish flag on the sand dunes, and after the Chinese archaeologist Huang Wenbi, who was also a Chinese archaeologist, protested solemnly against it, the Swedish flag was pulled out and planted with the Chinese flag. And Volckerbergman, who has the same nationality as Sven Hedin, because he found the little river princess, "noble clothing, long black hair with a slit in the middle wearing a pointed felt hat decorated with red straps, eyes slightly closed, as if just asleep, beautiful hook nose, slightly open thin lips and exposed teeth, leaving an eternal smile for posterity", while shocking the world, but also because of its White element, but also some people with ulterior motives are quite argumentative.
Finally, let's talk about Przewalski. He made four trips to western China from 1870 onwards, named after the young antelope in the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau, and he not only claimed to have discovered Lop Nur but also named Zhaling Lake, the source of the Yellow River, "Russian Lake." He was Russian and ended up dying on his way to China for the 5th time, only to live for 49 years.
Kozlov, a student of Przewalski, inherited his "legacy", and from 1883 to 1926, he went to Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and other places in China for six inspections, and obtained countless cultural relics, the most "outstanding" is that between 1908 and 1926, he came to the ruins of Heishui City three times and "cleaned" the Western Xia cultural relics there. Przewalski, on the other hand, was a spy, and the purpose of his "expedition" to China was to inspect border deployments, collect the conditions of local residents, and survey nearby roads in order to revise military maps. Because Tsarist Russia invaded the northwest of our country and did a lot of work, he was awarded the title of "academician" by the Tsar, and after his death, the Tsar ordered the renaming of the small town of Karakor on the shores of Lake Issyk-Issyk to Przewarsk in honor of and honoring the spy explorer.
With the door open, it is inevitable that there will be no flies and mosquitoes coming in, and as Zhirui said, complete prohibition is not a good idea, but it must have the ability to identify and combat them. It is a pity that Zhirui's statement was not valued by the faint and incompetent Qing court at that time, which later left many relics for the ideological level of Xinjiang, and also caused the loss of many cultural relics in Xinjiang, losing a lot of land that has belonged to China since ancient times, causing huge losses.
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