Zhirui, the last Ili general of the Qing Dynasty

　　General Zhirui of Ili

　　Zhi Rui (1853~ 1912), also known as Bo Yu, also known as Gong Ying, Kuo Xuan, self-proclaimed Jiang An, also known as poor Lord, late name Yu An. Manchurian Red Banner Man, he Tara clan. Grandfather Yu Tai was the governor of Huguang and the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. His father, Chang Jing, the prefect of Suiding, Sichuan, died in Renshou. He was raised by his uncle Chang Shan, who was then a general in Guangzhou, and in 1880 (the sixth year of Guangxu), he entered the Hanlin Academy, taught editing, and joined the Qing school of officials in the Beijing Division. "Because of his outspokenness, his career was stagnant, and he was a minister of the cabinet and a waiter in 1894 (twenty years). In the fierce post-imperialist party struggle at that time, he firmly sided with the Guangxu Emperor, opposed the aggression of the great powers externally, and advocated the rectification of discipline internally. This is certainly not unrelated to his emotional proximity to emperor Guangxu, and the two daughters of his uncle Changxu (guanzhi libu shilang) were both accepted by emperor Guangxu as concubines (i.e., concubines Jin and concubines). As far as Zhi Rui is concerned, it is even more due to the study of the heart and the world, and the thinking has been built. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, he played a generous statement, and the Guangxu Emperor was moved, summoned the Ben Temple, and discussed the major events of the world. Yu Ishishi was specially ordered to go to Rehe to train troops. However, within a month, Empress Dowager Cixi demoted Concubine Jin and Zhen to nobles on the charge of "interfering in the affairs of the dynasty." ZhiRui resolutely supported the Guangxu Emperor's war of resistance and refusal to make peace, and was also hated by Cixi, and demoted to the position of counselor of Uria Sutai. Someone in Beijing rejoiced in the ridicule of the oil poem: "One from the second concubine fell out of favor, Bo Yu Uria Sutai." ”

　　Ulyasutai is the capital of present-day ZhabuHarant of Outer Mongolia, and was the residence of the general and counsellor general of Ulyasutai in the Qing Dynasty. He spent five years in the frontier and was demoted to the post of Ili Soren's leading minister. Passing through Kobdo on the way to Ili, he was warmly entertained by the Counselor General Rui Xun, who had previously asked Liu Zhirui to help run Montaigne and Xiang's defense affairs, and the instructions he received were "not allowed to stay." Zhi Rui has mixed feelings, Fu Shi said

　　Holding the knot less deeply, the sound of the quiet building.

　　Guan Shan lonely goose shadow, time sequence a few sheep qiu.

　　Deeply aware of the wine, the army is victorious.

　　Zhongyuan is beating a drum and flying dream to Shenzhou!

　　The poem expresses Shubian's feelings and concern for state affairs. On the eve of the rise of the Boxer Rebellion and the armed aggression of the Eight-Nation Alliance, he dreamed of flying back to the capital and serving the country, but it backfired, as the "Qing Dynasty Ili General Wen Zhen GongXing" said: "The farther the road is covered, the more the officials are degraded." ”

　　ZhiRui arrived in Ili in the autumn of 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu), and by the summer of 1906 (thirty-two years), he had been in charge of the Sauron for six years, mainly doing three major things: First, he twice held the "Si Yazi" to deal with the backlog of civil cases on the border between China and Russia and Kashgar. Si Yazi is the representative arbitration meeting between China and Russia that regularly meets to resolve the backlog of border people's disputes between the two countries. The first was in 1902 at the 1902 Kiygan Ravine, part of the Chinese Solon battalion on the north border of the Ili Khorgos River, where more than 1,700 cases were concluded; The second was in 1904 in Kashgar, where nearly 1,700 cases were concluded. Each time it lasted about a month, "it seems that this is more and faster, especially in the past." Xun is to eliminate the border and strengthen the diplomatic relations." For this reason, he was praised by the Chinese and foreign border people, and at the beginning of the fiftieth century, "the Kazakhs of both countries took horse racing as an invitation." He wrote a poem saying that he "temporarily led cattle and sheep grazing in his thirties, and his first meritorious name was good neighborliness."

　　The second is to open the Yangzheng Academy and select international students. When Zhirui was handling the Sino-Russian Ili backlog case, he was also ordered to discuss with Russian officials the matter of selecting and dispatching international students. In 1903, the new Ili general Ma Liangsong asked for the opening of an academy in Ili, named "Yangzheng", and Zhirui concurrently served as the affairs of the Prime Minister's Academy. After receiving the permission, ten young children and two young students were selected in Ili, and one of them was sent to manage them, and Zhi Rui led them to Almaty, the capital of The Seven Rivers Province, Russia, to be placed and studied. In the second year, when he went to Kashgar to handle the case and passed through Russia, he also made a special inspection of the situation of overseas students. The Ili Yangzheng School was opened in the spring of 1904 and is divided into four language classes: Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Russian. By the time he left office, the classes had made great progress in their studies, and the results of studying in Russia were also considerable.

　　The third is to pay attention to the border defense of Ili and dedicate ourselves to guarding the border for the country. Ili hangs alone in the western region, close to Tsarist Russia, and the land is widely armed. The Solun Battalion under Zhi Rui's jurisdiction was responsible for border defense along the north bank of the Ili River, and the relationship was crucial. Although he was demoted and used, and he had no right to play, he still paid attention to border defense, took pictures of public opinion, inspected mountains and rivers, and called for vigilance against Tsarist Aggression. In the summer of 1903, Russia and Japan fought for the sphere of influence in northeast China, and the people of Ili were terrified. In order to strengthen border defense and calm the people's hearts, he accompanied Ma Liang out of Huiyuan City, crossed the Ili River, and reached the mountain. On the way home, he crossed the Wusun Mountain and inspected the cattle camps of the Xibo camp. After the failure of the war between Russia and Japan, the apportionment was too heavy, the people's hearts were sad, and the wind and cranes in the vicinity of Ili were frequently alarmed, and Zhirui inspected the Karon border of Solun and personally visited the situation in the border area in the name of hunting.

　　In the spring of 1906, Zhirui was transferred to the vice capital of Ningxia. In the winter of 1908, the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi died of illness one after another, and Guangxu's brother Prince Zaifeng was regent and specially summoned Zhirui to Beijing, fifteen years after leaving beijing in 1894, and eight months later he was awarded the title of general of Hangzhou.

　　At the beginning of 1911 (the third year of Xuan reunification), Zhirui was transferred to the post of General of Ili. He had been serving on the frontier for a long time, and his greatest concern was to raise salaries and train troops, but the treasury was empty and it was impossible to pay the salary. For this lament is that today's things cannot be done, and the world is blessed by the nation, but it owes only death. On his way to his post, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and together with Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Yuan Dahua, the governor of Xinjiang, plotted to support Emperor Xuantong and move west to Wei'an in an attempt to restore him, and selected a hundred elite soldiers from Yuan Dahua's army as guards and brought them to Ili.

　　On November 10, Zhirui arrived in Ili to take over, which lasted only fifty days, becoming the last Ili general of the Qing Dynasty. He ordered the suspension of the "Ili Vernacular Newspaper" to suppress public opinion. The new army in Ili was suspicious of Ili, and after it was disbanded, it did not pay repatriation fees, resulting in the officers and men of the new army sitting in Ili and suffering from poverty and resentment. They also forcibly sold felt hats to the military and the people at high prices, possibly in order to raise military salaries urgently, but this kind of usurious exploitation and extortion is tantamount to daytime robbery. Zhirui tried to guard against the revolution, but accelerated its development. On January 7, 1912 (November 19, the third year of the declaration of reunification), the revolutionaries led the Ili Uprising to a successful end. The next day, Zhirui was shot dead in front of the Bell and Drum Tower in Huiyuan City. The Qing court posthumously honored Wen Zhen, posthumously presented the crown prince Shaobao, and the remains were transported back to Beijing and buried in Shagou Village.

　　Zhi Rui's life coincided with the eventful autumn of the country with frequent internal and external troubles at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and he was called "The Emperor's Uncle" because of his cousin Jin Zhen's second concubine, which actually did not bring him any honors, but made him depressed for many years. This, of course, also includes his arrogance and arrogance, and he is self-conscious. As a Manchu bureaucratic aristocrat, he opposed the Xinhai Revolution, and his life ended with the demise of the Qing Dynasty, which is not surprising, it is entirely determined by his class status and nature. However, he supported the Guangxu Emperor's pro-government, devoted himself to guarding the border for the country, cared about state affairs, and dared to speak out, which was beneficial to the country and the nation and should be given appropriate affirmation.