In order to judge the Indians fairly and objectively as to whether they are descendants of Chinese, we must list the evidence and logic of both the positive and negative sides. This allows people to clearly distinguish which is right and which is wrong.
Square evidence
Based on this principle, let's first look at the square evidence.
The saying that "Indians are descendants of Chinese" has a long history. The earliest suggestion of the Yin people crossing the East to the Americas was the 19th-century British translator Madus, who pointed out that when the King of Zhou Wu was cutting the Shang Dynasty, it was possible that the Yin people crossed the sea to escape, encountered a storm on the way, and were blown to the Americas. The American scholar Michael D. Coe, in a 1967 paper entitled San Lorenzo and the Olmec Civilization, pointed out that the Olmec civilization of La Venta had a strong merchant influence.
Stone statue of the Olmec civilization, photographed in 1939
In his 1968 book, The First Civilization of the Americas, he proposed that the Olmec civilization unearthed in La venta appeared in history, close to the time of the great storm recorded in ancient Chinese literature, and the Olmec civilization may have come from Yin Shang.
This theory has been widely supported by academic circles in the Republic of China, where national sentiment is high. In particular, Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu, two masters of traditional Chinese studies, both of whom have shown themselves to be hardcore supporters of the "Yin Ren Dongdu Theory". According to legend, after Zhou Wu destroyed the Shang, the Huaiyi general You Houxi led the remnants of the Yin merchants to cross the "Heavenly Pontoon Bridge" to the Americas and became the later Indians, that is, the "Yindian people".
Some evidence unearthed in the Americas seems to support this view. The strongest evidence is two: 1. unearthed hieroglyphs similar to Chinese characters; and 2. Modern molecular science shows that the royal haploid of the Shang Dynasty was likely Q—the same as the mainstream haploids of the Indians.
Let's start with the first evidence. Various inscriptions resembling Chinese characters have been unearthed in the Americas. Roskamp, an epigrapher from Illinois, discovered these unusual "hieroglyphs" during a tour at the Rock Carving National Conservation Area in New Mexico, roskamp Xuancheng, which has found 84 hieroglyphs that match ancient Chinese oracle bones, distributed in the western States of the United States.
Translation of the inscription by Roskamp
In addition, the scholar also specialized in the Study of Mountains and Seas, carefully examining the text in the book and the actual situation of the North American terrain. It claims that the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Cascade Mountains, and the Pacific coast of the CoastAlties in the central and western United States coincide perfectly with the four mountain systems, peaks, river directions, flora and fauna, and distances between mountains and mountains recorded in the East Mountain Classic.
However, if we think about it carefully, Roskamp has no ability to confirm its hypothesis. First of all, let's not say whether the translated inscription is similar to the meaning of the oracle bone. Even if the meanings between the two are close or even identical, it does not mean anything — because human civilization used hieroglyphs in its initial state.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are best known
What is hieroglyph? To put it bluntly, it is a written text that is transformed from a picture. Also referring to the "bird", the words drawn by civilization A and civilization B are not too different, the difference is only in the degree of refinement, and the use of mud boards or sedges and other media issues.
So what's the second proof of the square? Under a little popular science, we all know who Confucius is, and those who are familiar with history also know that he is a descendant of Shang Tang. According to molecular anthropology, everyone has the same haploid as his/her father, the anecdotally rumored paternal gene. By analogy, today's descendants of Confucius have exactly the same haploid as Shang Tang.
Restored Shang Dynasty samurai figure
According to DNA testing, 60% of Han Chinese are O3, and O2 and the like account for about 80% of the total population. Today's descendants of Confucius are different from most Han Chinese. The proportion of O3 in the 17 sample populations is very small, and the proportion of C3 and Q1a1 is 80% added up. of which C is North Asian and Q is Indian. In this way, the probability that the Yin Shang royal family and today's Indians have a common ancestor is very high.
However, don't rush to make up your mind. The British royal family has had NTR events for hundreds of years, not to mention that Yin Shang has been more than three thousand years old? Before the pre-Qin, the social atmosphere was not conservative, and premarital sex was not unique. Even Confucius himself was a product of his parents. After that, there is a theory of Mongolian chaotic holes, otherwise it is impossible to explain the high-frequency North Asian haploidy of the Confucius family.
Some scholars claim that after the Mongol conquest of the Central Plains, the main branch of the Confucius family was brutally NTR, otherwise it would be impossible to explain why the Confucius family had high-frequency North Asian genes.
If all the "chaotic holes" in history are wild history and hypotheses, today's descendants of Confucius are really descendants of Shang Tang. That only means that the ancestors of the merchants came from North Asia. Because, out of the 17 sample populations, C3 accounted for nearly half of the proportion.
Evidence of the opposing side
After talking about the evidence and flaws of the square, let's talk about the example of the opposite side. The first and most powerful one is that the time is not right. Michael Ko claimed to have a direct connection with the Merchants as the earliest Indian civilization, the Olmec. This civilization existed in Central America from 1200 BC to 400 BC. The end of the Shang Dynasty is generally believed to be in 1046 BC. The two sides have a time difference of more than a century, and the so-called legend is self-defeating.
The Shang Dynasty was also famous for its bronze ware
The second is the difference in civilization between the two sides. Bronze smelting in the Shang Dynasty was very developed, and some scholars referred to shang as the "bronze kingdom". During that period, bronze was not only used as a wine vessel and decoration, but also as a particularly important war resource. From China to the Qin, the mainstream weapons and equipment were bronze products. Therefore, if the merchant wants to migrate, he can do nothing else, and the weapons and equipment and metallurgical processes that make a living cannot be discarded.
The Olmecs, who are considered by some to be the "direct descendants" of the Yin merchants, have not even traced a single bronze weapon. It was not until the pre-modern era that bronze products began to be gradually popularized. But before the Arrival of the Europeans, the mainstream equipment of the Indians was still stone tools, only a small number of officers were equipped with bronze weapons, and the level of smelting was very low.
The dominant weapon of the Indians has always been stone tools
The third article specifically refutes Chinese circles of scholars. According to them, Indian means "Indean." However, anyone with a little historical knowledge knows. The reason Why Columbus called native Americans in this way was purely because he regarded them as Indians. Even in today's English, "Indian" and "Indian" are exactly the same words. According to the logic that "Indian" equals "Yindian", then today's Indians are more likely to be descendants of Yin merchants, at least south to India is much more feasible than to cross the Americas in the east.
summary
Compared with the logic and evidence of the opposite side, the logic and evidence of the square have been falsified, or the confirmation is not so credible. Whether the Indians are descendants of Chinese, everyone should have a number in mind