The golden age of Chinese painting and calligraphy collection began in the Song Dynasty, because the social structure of the Song Dynasty was very different from that of the Medieval society five generations ago. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, the noble clan has always controlled the political power at all levels of the state, "the upper product has no cold door, the lower product has no clan", this is a typical aristocratic political system, the children of the clan can "make progress in the same stream and sit on the gongqing" by virtue of their blood relatives, sit on the gongqing, and easily become officials. Although the Tang Dynasty had generally implemented the examination system, only 20 to 30 people were admitted to each entrance examination, and the wind of dryness and recommendation was prevalent, and most of the people who could pass the entrance examination were the children of the family. After Wu Zetian's blows against the Guanlong nobility, especially the sweeping of the peasant revolt of the late Tang Dynasty, the clan as a social class finally went to extinction.
Five Generations Wei Xian Gao Shi tu 134.5×52.5cm Collection of the Palace Museum
The "Gao Shi Tu" depicts the hermit life of Liang Hong in the Han Dynasty, originally a vertical banner, which was loaded as a hand scroll during the Xuanhe period, and still retains the regular "Xuanhe Suit" of the Northern Song Dynasty: the former yellow silk has the eight characters of the Song Huizong Thin Golden Book "Weixian Gaoshi Tu Liang Boluan", and the front of the volume has the Song Neifu "Imperial Book" Zhu Wen Huluan, the "Double Dragon" Zhu Wen FangYin, the "Xuanhe" Zhu Wen LianZhu Seal, the "Zhenghe" Zhu Wen Chang Fang Seal, the "Zhenghe" Zhu Wen Lian Zhu Seal, the "Inner House Book Seal" Zhu Wen Fang Yin, that is, the so-called " The Seven Seals are complete". From this, we can see the grandeur of the collection of calligraphy and paintings in the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty was a relatively equal civilian society, and at the economic level, the Song Dynasty "did not suppress annexation", the land ownership system changed from state-led to free trading, and the relationship between peasants and landlords changed from strong dependence and slaves to tenant farmers with contractual relations. The mobility and freedom of peasants have been greatly improved, and they can change their employers at will, and they can also go to the cities to work and do business at will. In terms of urban management, breaking the long-standing rigid factory system, people's freedom to do business has been greatly improved, the economy is highly prosperous, the city is highly developed, and overseas trade is very active. Unlike the self-sufficient manor economy of the Middle Ages, agricultural and handicraft products have begun to be commercialized and specialized on a large scale. The proportion of urbanization in the Song Dynasty reached more than 15%, and the level of urbanization not only far exceeded that of the Han and Tang Dynasties, but also the later Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and this record was maintained until the 1980s. Social wealth has increased sharply, the people's living standards have been improved to a certain extent, and there has been a new demand for culture and art. Although engraving printing technology was invented in the Tang Dynasty, it was mainly used to print a small number of Buddhist scriptures and Buddha statues, printing books and large-scale promotion began in the Northern Song Dynasty, especially in the Song Renzong era, the promotion of printed books greatly reduced the cost of learning, the wide dissemination of a large number of books greatly broadened the scope of knowledge audience, ordinary people finally have the opportunity to learn the cultural knowledge monopolized by the original clan, and enjoy the spiritual pleasure brought by literature and art.
Song Taizong era began to large-scale examination of scholars, an average of more than 500 people in a subject, the highest year is even as high as more than a thousand people, at the same time through the "seal", "transcription", "locked courtyard" and other systems to ensure the fairness and justice of the examination, anyone, even if you are a peasant, businessman, handicraft child, can also enter the bureaucratic class through the examination, for the whole society, the bureaucracy is open, mobile, the vast majority of Song Dynasty officials, the vast majority of them are from the examination, high level of education, good temperament, strong economic strength. Economic prosperity, cultural development, the general improvement of the cultural level of the whole society, and the expansion of the class of literati and doctors who lead the tasting and collection of calligraphy and painting works have made the collection of calligraphy and painting artworks rapidly move to a climax.
Ming Qiuying West Garden Ya Collection
Scroll on paper Ink on paper 86.6x30cm Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty invited 16 literati represented by Su Shi and their attendants to come to their homes for a gathering, the main contents of which were painting, learning Zen, discussing art, chanting poetry, and tasting calligraphy and painting. The 16 scholars were: Su Shi, Wang Yi, Su Rui, Cai Tianqi, Li Ruishu, Huang Tingjian, Mi Yuanzhang, Qin Guan, Chen Bixu, Zhang Lai, Zheng Jinglao, Huang Shuzhi, Liu Juji, Wang Zhongzhi, Master Yuantong, and Li Gonglin. The work was completed by Li Gonglin and named "West Garden YaJitu". From this, we can get a glimpse of the daily life of the literati of the Song Dynasty.
Song Dynasty calligraphy and painting play collection, very popular, and large circulation, Li Qingzhao, Zhao Mingcheng and his wife collected the Golden Stone Calligraphy and Painting Tablet, full of several rooms, "Rong Jizi Yong cool good picture, Wu Guangzang storage, every three volts in the exposure, each of their own kind, carry out this, all over their homes, every kind of day to change, the beginning of the day, the good deeds are rarely compared." (Deng Chun, "Painting Succession, Volume VIII") "Liu Zili bought money for one hundred thousand dollars to paint five hundred scrolls by the Privy Councillor, did not open it, and handed it over directly." Qian Shixi, both paintings, only one axis Lu Hong self-painted "Caotang Tu" has been straight to 100,000 gold, and other often pens are fixed and multi-also. Although there is a clear price for calligraphy and painting works and a special market, the Literati of the Song Dynasty collected calligraphy and painting more for their own appreciation, not for the preservation and appreciation of value. In the circulation link, there is more mutual exchange, which reflects the song dynasty literati's open-minded and open-minded collection concept, and Mi Fu believes that "(calligraphy and painting collection) is a suitable thing in life, which is boring to see for a long time, and it is easy to play new." He who desires both is the one who attains it." Su Shi used his own experience to illustrate his open-minded collection mentality: "A gentleman can imply things, but cannot pay attention to things. The meaning is to things, although the micro things are enough for pleasure, although the special things are not enough for the disease, pay attention to the things, although the micro things are enough to be sick, although the special things are not enough for pleasure... The pleasing of all things is enough to please people, but not enough to move people, such as books and paintings... When I was young, I tasted both of them well, and I had everything at home, lest I lose them. All that man has, but I am afraid that I will not give it to me, and I laugh at myself, and I am thin and rich and thicker than a book, and I will not be redrawn by death and life, and will not be upside down and fallacious, and I will lose my original heart! Self is no longer good. Seeing the gratifying one, although it is restored from time to time, it is not regretted that it is taken away for people, for example, the smoke and clouds pass through the eyes, and the birds feel the ears, will not gladly take it, and go without repeating it. Therefore, the two things are often happy for me, but not for my illness. (Su Shi's "Baoyitang Record")
In the painting history and notes of the Song people, records of the exchange of calligraphy and painting abound. "Wang Jinqing Xi Yi six Huang Yi "Wind Peony Diagram" and Yu, Hou Yi Bai Dai Niu small in Weng Zi Hong zi yuanfu, on the Taizong imperial book 'Dai Song Niu'... Hou Niu Yi Huai Su silk and Lu Ji, Wei Heng and other Imitation Jin Ti, together with several kinds of Liu Jing. He also tasted Wang Jinqing's inscription "Wang Shizhong's family belongings" in "Illuminating the Night White", and twice placed the Yi Yan Book, Zhu Juchuan told Yu Yu, and Liu Yi went to Yanshan with a stone and a stone to go to The Horse. (Mi Fu", "History of Painting") "Jiang Changyuan zi Zhongyong, received the "Xuanwang Jiang Hou Without Crown Advice" Xuanwang White Hat, this six dynasties crown also. "Wang Rong Statue" Yuan in the Yu family, Yi Li Yong Ti and Lü Duanqing, have been on the false Gu Kai's pen, Yuan yi Huai Su Ti easy Wang Yi character Jin Qing family. (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Yu Xi bought a frame of Ding's Shu people Li Sheng landscape, delicate and moist, upper dangerous peaks, lower bridge wading, middle waterfall spring, pine has more than thirty plants, small characters titled loose body, known as: 'Shu people Li Sheng'. Take Yi Liu Jing Ancient Thesis. Liu scraped off the words, the inscription 'Li Sixun', Yi and Zhao Shu'an, this person is good and false, not true, making people sigh. (Mi Fu," "History of Painting")
Silk vertical shaft Color 165x107.9cm National Palace Museum, Taipei
Friends borrow calligraphy and paintings from each other to enjoy, because they love, often borrow and do not return. "Yu Harvest Yi Yuan Ji Yi color pen as Lu Ruzhen, the last partridge activity, Jin Qing borrowed and did not return." (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Wang Ji Gongjia used the 'Taiyuan Qinruo Book' for calligraphy and painting, and Yu tasted this gilded seal obtained by Jiang Shi, and Liu Juji borrowed it and did not return it." (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "I (Mi Fu) had been engaged in Huangzhou since Hunan, and when I first saw Gong (Su Shi), I was drunk: 'Jun pasted on this paper wall, Guanyin paper also,' that is, two branches of bamboo, a dead tree, a strange stone, see and then Jin Qing borrowed and did not return. "Sometimes I see that the calligraphy and paintings that I particularly like are in the hands of others, and in order to take them for myself, I do not hesitate to throw away tricks and seek death and work, from which we can see the obsession of the Song Dynasty literati with calligraphy and painting." Mi Fu was curious, and in Zhenzhou tasted Theaurus Cai Taibao was in the boat, and he was hidden, and the Right Army's "Wang Liu Ti" showed it, and Fu was amazed, asking him to exchange his paintings for easy, and it was difficult to think that it was difficult. "If the public does not see the subordinate, and so-and-so does not come back to life, he will die in this river." 'Because of the shouting, according to the ship's side, it is close to it. (Ye Mengde, "Shi Lin Yan Language, Volume 10")
"Fan Dajue, Zi Junxi, Fu Zheng Gonggong, Xiangguo Temple, the snow map bought for seven hundred gold, broken, ancient as the world is Called Wang Wei, Liu Boyu Xiang value, laughing and asking what to buy, because of the display in the crowd, Bo Yu Yue: 'Who is this pen,' Yu Yue: 'Wang Wei, 'Bo Yu Yue:'Of course, if it is not seen, will there be any return?'" Yu Fake Fan people held it, for a long time, and Fan did not see, the next day to get it, Yun has sent Xijing back. Mei Ziping, who was in a rage, said, "I have witnessed it, but I can be justified by the officials, and there is no reason for this," Yu Xiao said: "I (Mi Fu) the old man is also a gift." 'Twenty years now, fan has been ten years, and I don't know where it is.' "(Mi Fu's "History of Painting") In order to show off the high quality of his collection and the great value of his calligraphy and painting collection, like modern people, the style of pretending to be a famous artist was also popular in the Song Dynasty." Changsha Fumin collected six pictures of water birds and reeds, which were tang hands, and the title was 'Wei Yan,' and the inscription was also written by the posterity. (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Xue Shaopeng's "Three Days of Daughters" is called Gu Kaizhi, the first painting of the Tang Dynasty. (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Wang Shiyuan Landscape, as a fishing village, Puyu, snow scene, similar Jiangnan painting, Wang Martin Dingguo received four paintings, and later with Wang Jinqing, ordered to be Wang Right Beggar!" Uncle Zhao has a facsimile in the store. (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Jiangzhou Zhang Clan received Li Chongguang Dao costumed portrait, the gods and bones are complete, Yun Yue, 'Gu Hongzhong pen. (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Li Chengzhen saw two books, three hundred pseudo-sees, Xu Xi and Chongsi Huaguo saw thirty books, Huang Zhen, Ju Yuan, ju shi saw a hundred books, Li Chongguang saw twenty books, and pseudo-Wu Sheng saw three hundred books." (Mi Fu," "History of Painting")
Silk Vertical Scroll Ink 153x98.8 cm Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei
Sometimes, inadvertently, you can also pick up a big leak, Deng Chun's family engaged in decoration, "a day Xianjun (Deng Chun's father) looked at it, saw the back worker with the old silk landscape to wipe a few cases, took the view of Guo Xi's pen, asked what it came from, then the cloud 'did not know', and asked the ambassador, is the cloud out of the inner hidden, the library withdrew the material also." Former Shenzong good Xi pen, a hall dedicated to the back of xizuo, after the ascension to the throne is easy to take the ancient map, retreat into the treasury, not only this ear, first Junyun, fortunately played to know, if only this retreat painting is enough. Tomorrow there is a purpose, to give, and the destiny to the middle, so the middle of the house wall is nothing more than a Painting, and the meeting of a thousand generations is also. (Deng Chun's "Painting Succession, Volume 10") Famous calligraphy and paintings can not only sell money, but are even used by some people to exchange wine for meat. When Su Shi was alive, his fame was already extremely great, and he served in the Hanlin Academy, "his shorthand was hidden for people before he fell." Huang Lu directly played Dongpo Yue: "The right army of the former king is the book of changing the goose, Han Zong confucian is gluttonous, every time he gets a post, The palace marshal Yao Linxu exchanges ten pounds of mutton, and the name Erzhangshu is the book of changing sheep, and Po laughs." One day, the Gong was in hanyuan, writing in a state of sacrament, and ZongRu made a number of simple books, and reported books with pictures, so that people were in a hurry to supervise the court, and the public laughed and said: "Pass on the words of this official, today's slaughter." (Zhao Lingqing, "Hou Magi Records, Vol. 1")
The Northern Song Dynasty connoisseur Mi Fu once brilliantly summed up the difference between the connoisseur as an expert connoisseur and a vassal of elegance and a good deed who did not know how to pretend to understand, "The good deeds and the house of appreciation are second-class, and the connoisseurs say that they are good, they read the records, and they have negative experience, or they can paint themselves, so they all receive fine works, and the people in the near world may have the power to be on credit, the original is not cool, it means to rhyme, to pretend to be a good person, this is called a good deed, put the jade shaft as a treasure, open it or laugh it down." (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") "Good deeds" are not only vulgar, but even destroy famous paintings due to ignorance.
Silk page Color 22.8x22.2 cm From the Collection of the Yale Museum of Art
"Shen Kuo Cunzhong's family received five stars from Zhou Fang, and together with the Ding family, they were broken in their net places, so they cut it with their pens, and pasted them on the green silk on all four sides, forming a horizontal axis, making people too breathless," (Mi Fu's "History of Painting") A good zhou fang masterpiece was destroyed. "The old man who heard the old saying: There is a bad picture in the chengping, a box of quality paintings in people's homes, where there are more than ten pictures, each picture stops at half, or horizontal or vertical, and the middle is cut, such as Wei Shan, Dai Te, Xu Xi Furong Peach Blossom, Cui Bai Lingmao, none of them are complete, gai his brothers are unjust, everything is divided, think that if it is not as good as it is, it is uneven, and it is sincere to sigh!" (Deng Chun, "Painting Succession, Volume IX") Stupid loser, no one who has done so. Song Dynasty is a "civilian, secular, human culture" society, the level of development of material civilization and spiritual civilization are at the peak of ancient Chinese society, The Song people's life is elegant and exquisite, flower arrangement, painting, incense burning, tea ordering is the Song people's "four idle things", calligraphy and painting not only decorate public and private residences, but also the decoration of tea houses, liquor stores, street stores, becoming an indispensable part of daily life, and thus contributing to the comprehensive prosperity of calligraphy and painting collection.
#果宸艺术, Fruit Knowledge And Literature Exchange, Exhibition, Collection, Decorative Painting, Printmaking, Chinese Painting, Ink Painting, Zen Painting