Mr. Qian Mu: Guo Xiang and Xiang Xiu (Part 1)

Editor's Note

This article is selected from Mr. Qian Mu's History of Chinese Thought. Excerpts are hereby taken for the benefit of the reader.

Wang Bi zhu lao, Guo Xiang zhu zhuang, and later generations were pushed to be Taoist heroes, in fact, the two of them had absolutely different ideas. If Guo Xiangzhuzhuang also contributed, it is only at one end of the new cosmology of godless nature in the Wei and Jin dynasties. He said:

Heavenly one, isn't there another thing? The genus of bamboo, followed by the living and so on, will become a day's ear. If there is nothing, there can be no birth. Some are not born, and they cannot live, but who is born? Blocks are however self-generating.

Self-born ears, not self-born also. I cannot be a creature, and nothing can give birth to me, so I am natural. If you do it yourself, it is called natural. Natural ears, not for the sake of it, so it is said in heaven.

In the words of heaven, it is clear that it is natural and natural. Isn't that what the heavens are saying? Therefore, the heavenly one, the general name of all things. Mo Shi is the heavens, who is in charge of the service? Therefore, each thing is born and has nothing to do, and this heavenly path is also. (Notes on the Theory of QiWu)

This interpretation of "heaven" and "nature" is extremely clear. "Heaven" is only the general name of all things, not one other thing is heaven. All things are born of "nature." Born of oneself, there is no heaven of all things. This statement has two meanings, one is that all things in heaven and earth are born naturally, born of "nature", not from "nothing".

The second "nature" is "non-action", so the body of heaven and earth is nothing, not nothing. This righteous image is the king of the inheritance, and it is clearer than what the bow says. Guo Xiang originally said that the Creator and the Creator said:

Husband Creator, is there evil? Innocent? If there is none, then Hu can create things? If there is, it is not enough to form things. Therefore, the self-thing of the multitude of forms can then be associated with the ear of the creator of words. Therefore, the Creator, who has no master, creates each other, and everything is created and has nothing to do, and this heaven and earth are also righteous.

Therefore, the other and the self are related, and the form and scene are born, although they are complex and mysterious, they are not waiting. Minsley will also make all things anti-body, and not wait outside. There is nothing to thank on the outside, and nothing to be reserved on the inside, to be born without knowing that they are born, to have both, and not to know why they are born.

Then although all things are gathered together and become heavenly, they are all unique. (Notes on the Theory of JiWu)

If it is said that things must be born, then those who are to be waited for are waiting, and they must finally wait for a creator, and where is this creator born? If the Creator is also one thing, there is. Then there will still be something to be done. If the Creator is not one thing, then nothing cannot be born.

It is said that all things are born of one thing and nothing, and God is born. It is better to say that all things are born of each other, and that they are born of "nature" in nature. This meaning is explained in detail to Guo Xiang. Guo Xiang's opinion is not the same as zhuang and lao. Zhuang and Lao both spoke of "Tao", and Wang Biji said that "there is no Tao body", so Guo Xiang was specifically talking about "nature". Therefore, it is known that:

Who has to be the first to do it? I take yin and yang as the first thing, and the yin and yang are called the object ears. Who cares about yin and yang first? I take nature as the first, and nature as its own ear.

I think the Tao is the first, and the Tao is even nothing. What is the first thing to do? But who cares? And there is nothing left, and the nature of the clear thing is unless it is caused. (Zhibei Tour)

The nature is more visible here. Lao Tzu "has something born before the earth", and seems to recognize that there is indeed a so-called "Tao" who exists in heaven and earth. Wang Bi began to say that the Tao body is nothing, so Guo Xiang said that "the Tao is the ultimate nothing.". If there is none, it shall not exist in the first place. Therefore, it is known that:

It is not only that nothing must be transformed into existence, and there is also that it must not be transformed into nothing. It is a thing that is a man and a wife, and although it is ever-changing, it must not be nothing. One cannot be nothing, so it has existed since ancient times when there has been none. (Zhibei Tour)

In these places, compared with Wang Bi, it is one layer higher. Although it is known as Zhuzhuang, it is actually self-reliant. Also known:

If some are not born, what is the birth? Therefore it must have its own ears. Is there anything that can be done? Therefore, it is clear that there is no ear for being, and it is not that there is incompetence to have it. If there is nothing to do, what is nothing? (Gengsang Chu Note)

According to Guo Xiang's meaning, there is only one thing between heaven and earth, and there is absolutely nothing. And "being" cannot give birth to "being", and "being" must be born of "being", so what is the first "being"? Therefore, "being" cannot be self-existent for the sake of being, and if it is, then heaven and earth will always be one and the same. This kind of statement can be described as Guo Xiang's creation. In fact, it was attacked by Wang Bi and from Pei Jun's theory of worship. Therefore, it is known that:

One, there is the beginning, the most wonderful also. There is no physical ear. The beginning of the husband and wife, from the one, not from nothing. However, the reason why Zhuangzi has repeatedly claimed that there is no one in the beginning, why? The first is not born and is born, the difficulty of being born is not worth nothing, the lower is not waiting for existence, and suddenly he is born from this life.

Also known:

The Tao therefore cannot make existence, and those who have it are always natural. (Then Yang Note)

All this has to be caused by the natural ear, and the non-Tao can also be. (Zhibei Tour)

Things go by, hence the kana path. (Then Yang Note)

The old nobleman of the old village said that Wang Bi said that there was no body, and Guo Xiang did not take it. Guo Xiang's precious place is only known as "being" and "nature". Separate "Tao" from "nature." But Mr. Zhuang said that there is a historical evolution behind it.

However, The old man zhuang has a negative attitude, so his words change more and advance less. Now, as Guo Xiang said naturally, there is no historical evolutionary implication, and this is a sign of Guo Xiang's shallow attitude.

Although Guo Xiang did not speak of the Tao, he loved to speak of "Reason". If the word "Tao" is said, then if it is in advance, it has the meaning of causality. Words "reason" are in the matter, between things. Saying "reason" does not harm "nature", so Guo Xiang likes to say it. Its words:

Although the form of a human being is seven feet, but the five constants must be possessed, although the body is a mere body, it is to be worshipped by the heavens and the earth. Therefore, all things in heaven and earth, all owners, cannot be separated from each other for a day. If there is nothing, the living have no reason to be born. If you don't get it right, you won't be able to end it.

The owner of the body, know or not know. Those who remain in the right, for or without. Therefore, those who know are few, and those who are owned are many. There are fewer people who do what they do, but those who are reasonable are bo. (Grand Master's Note)

This paragraph is also exquisite. The physics between heaven and earth are all interconnected, and the one on which a thing depends is born, and its rationality is very extensive. Things are not self-aware, nor are they self-aware of themselves. There are often few people who know and act, and there are often many people who exist in ignorance and inaction. Therefore, it is known that:

He who knows what people do has a share, so he is responsible for it. Those who know what they know have extremes, so they use them without wavering. Therefore, knowing is not trapped by endless self-trapping, then in oneness, knowing and not knowing, and meeting with each other, all are complete. (Grand Master's Note)

Zhuang and Lao yan morality, Wang Bi also said morality, but Adopt Confucian righteousness. Guo Xiang, on the other hand, only speaks of nature. It means that all things between heaven and earth are often made up of knowledge and done, and there are often many who become ignorant and natural. Pushing this righteousness to the extreme, it is impossible to be disease-free. Its words:

Heavenly, nature also means. He who does what he does cannot do, but who does what he hears. For those who know cannot know, but know themselves and know their ears. Self-knowledge, do not know also. If you don't know, you know out of ignorance. Self-ear, not for also. If it is not for it, it is out of it.

For the sake of not doing, it is mainly about not doing. Knowing is out of ignorance, so ignorance is the sect. Therefore, the people who know and do not do it, so they know that they are absolutely called and go by name. (Grand Master's Note)

This Lord knows absolutely what to do, and when he goes with nature, he appears to be different from zhuang and lao's original purpose. Zhuang and the old saying, real life, but biased into negativity. The meaning of Guo Xiang is difficult to keep. The principles of nature are not known by man, nor can man do all, but how can life be purely natural with all the absolute knowledge? Guo Xiangyue:

Physics is infinite, so knowledge is infinite. Then empathize with things. (Then Yang Note)

This is a matter of considerability. Physics is infinite, but the rationalist does not have to be infinite, but only to stop at the person, and the so-called "knowing and not knowing meet" has only been obtained. If it must be infinite, then there will be no words. There is "knowing" and "being" and "speaking" in nature, and life would rather be absolutely known, to act, and to be wordless to be natural? Guo Xiang also said:

Everything is ignored, but it should be followed. (Zhibei Tour)

This is also a disease. There is nothing in heaven and earth that exists without "reason", and life cannot exist in accordance with all the existence of external things. It should have its own income and its own master. And it is also natural to treat people's knowledge and actions, and to know nothing and to do is to "obey", which is not the eyes of life.

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